The Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction Technology of Total Flavonoids in Leaves of Mallotus apelta by Response Surface Analysis Methodology

[Objectives] Response surface analysis methodology was used to optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids from Mallotus apelta leaves. [Methods] The total flavonoids were extracted using ultrasonic assisted ethanol extraction,and extraction rate of total flavonoids was taken as evaluation index. On the basis of single-factor experiment,Box-Behnken response surface methodology was employed for selecting the optimum extraction process. [Results]The optimum extraction conditions of total flavonoids were as follows: 75% of ethanol concentration,1∶ 25 of ratio of material to liquid,31 min of ultrasonic time. Under these conditions,the extraction rate of total flavonoids was 1. 115%.[Conclusions] The extraction process obtained by response surface methodology was stable,reasonable,accurate and reliable. It was a feasible method to extract the total flavonoids from M. apelta leaves.

Study on Ultrasonic Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Angelica keiskei Koidzumi

[Objective] This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic extraction process of total flavonoids from Angelica keiskei Koidzumi. [Method] Using the yield of total flavonoids as an indicator, the ultrasonic extraction process of total flavonoids from A. keiskei was optimized by orthogonal experimental design. [ Result ] Among four factors in orthogonal experimental design, extraction time exhibited the most significant effect on the extraction result; ethanol concentration exhib- ited a significant effect on the extraction result; ultrasonic power and solid-to-liquid ratio had no significant effect. The optimal conditions for ultrasonic extraction of total flavonoids from A. keiskei were extraction time of 25 min, ethanol concentration of 80%, ultrasonic power of 60 W, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1：20 （g/ml）, under which the yield of total flavonoids reached 1.56%. [ Conclusion] This study provides the basis for further development and utilization of total flavonoids from A. keiskei.

Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Polyporus umbellatus

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the optimal conditions for ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from Polyporus umbeUatus, thus providing a reliable basis for the development and utilization of P. umbellatus. [ Method ] By single-factor experiment, the ultrasonic extraction process of polyperus pelysac- charides was optimized. [Result] The optimal conditions for ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from P. umbeUatus were： solid-liquid ratio 1：40 （g： ml）, ex- traction duration 60 rain, extraction temperature 70 ℃, ultrasonic power 100 W. [ Conclusion] Compared with conventional water extraction method, ultrasonic ex- traction could significantly improve the content of polyporus polysaccharides with shorter extraction duration, lower solid-liquid ratio and lower extraction tempera-

Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Mulberry Leaves by Orthogonal Experiment

In this study, by using mulberry leaves as raw materials, ultrasonic extraction process of total flavonoids from mulberry leaves was optimized by orthogonal experiment. Results showed that the maximum yield of total flavonoids （6.1% ） was obtained from mulberry leaves with addition of 45 times the volume of water by ultrasonic extraction at 55 ℃ for three times, 55 min each. According to the verification test, the optimized technical process was reasonable and feasible with high stability.

Determination of 7 Indictor Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Residues in Porphyra by Ultrasonic Extraction and Gas Chromatography (GC)

A method was developed for determination of 7 indictors the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues in porphyra by gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detector (ECD). The PCBs were extracted with hexane/methylene chloride (1:1, v/v) by ultrasonic extraction and the samples were cleaned up by concentrated sulfuric acid and Alumina-N solid phase extraction cartridge. The analytes were quantified by an internal standard method. Under optimal experimental conditions, good linearity was observed in the range of 5 - 200 ng/mL and the correlation coefficients were 0.9994 - 0.9998. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for target analytes ranged from 6.0 to 10.0 μg/kg. At the spiked levels of 10, 50, 100 μg/kg, the average recoveries ranged from 90.9% to 102% with the relative standard deviations 2.12% - 6.32%. The result showed that the proposed method was rapid, and could be used for the determination of the PCBs in porphyra.

Simultaneous determination of three classes of antibiotics in the suspended solids of swine wastewater by ultrasonic extraction,solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

This work describes a systematic approach to the development of a method for simultaneous determination of three classes of veterinary antibiotics in the suspended solids （SS） of swine wastewater, including five sulfonamides, three tetracyclines and one macrolide （tiamulin）. The entire procedures for sample pretreatment, ultrasonic extraction （USE）, solid-phase extraction （SPE）, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS） quantification were examined and optimized. The recovery efficiencies were found to be 76%-104% for sulfonamides, 81%-112% for tetracyclines, and 51%--64% for tiamulin at three spiking levels. The intra-day and inter-day precisions, as expressed by the relative standard deviation （RSD）, were below 17%. The method detection limits （MDLs） were between 0.14 and 7.14 μg/kg, depending on a specific antibiotic studied. The developed method was applied to field samples collected from three concentrated swine feeding plants located in Beijing, Shanghai and Shandong province of China. All the investigated antibiotics were detected in both SS and liquid phase of swine wastewater, with partition coefficients （logKd） ranging from 0.49 to 2.30. This study demonstrates that the SS can not be ignored when determining the concentrations of antibiotics in swine wastewater.

Aqueous Two-phase Systems with Ultrasonic Extraction Used for Extracting Phenolic Compounds from Inonotus obliquus

Objective To optimize the extracting technology of assessing the maximum yield of phenolic compounds (PC) from Inonotus obliquus by single factor experiments and orthogonal array design methods through aqueous two-phase systems combined with ultrasonic extraction. Methods The range of the independent variables, namely levels of acetone and ammonium sulfate, and ultrasonic time were identified by a first set of single factor experiments. The actual values of the independent variables coded at four levels and three factors were selected based on the results of the single factor experiments. Subsequently, the levels of acetone and ammonium sulfate, and ultrasonic time were optimized using the orthogonal array method. Results The optimum conditions for the extraction of PC were found to use 7.0 mL acetone, 5.5 mg ammonium sulfate, with ultrasonic time for 5 min. Under these optimized conditions, the experimental maximum yield of PC was 37.8 mg/g, much higher than that of the traditional ultrasonic extraction (UE, 29.0 mg/g). And the PC obtained by this method had stronger anti-oxidative activities than those by traditional UE method. Conclusion These results indicate the suitability of the models developed and the success in optimizing the extraction conditions. This is an economical and efficient method for extracting polyphenols from I. obliquus.

Rapid determination of volatile constituents in safflower from Xinjiang and Henan by ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction and GC-MS

The total volatile components were extracted from safflower by ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction （USE） and their chemical constituents were analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry （GC-MS） to provide scientific basis for the quality control of safflower. Five different solvents （diethyl ether, ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and acetone） were used and compared in terms of number of volatile components extracted and the peak areas of these components in TIC. The results showed that USE could be used as an efficient and rapid method for extracting the volatile components from safflower. It also could be found that the number of components in the TIC of ethyl acetate extract was more than that in the TIC of other solvent ones. Meanwhile, the volatile components of safflower from Xinjiang Autonomous Region and Henan Province of China were different in chemical components and relative contents. It could be concluded that both the extraction solvents and geographical origin of safflower are responsible for these differences. The experimental results also indicated that USE/GC-MS is a simple, rapid and effective method to analyze the volatile oil components of safflower.

Feature extraction of wood-hole defects using wavelet-based ultrasonic testing

The primary bottleneck to extracting wood defects during ultrasonic testing is the accuracy of identifying the wood defects. The wavelet energy moment was used to extract defect features of artificial wood holes drilled into 120 elm samples that differed in the number of holes to verify the validity of the method. Wavelet energy moment can reflect the distribution of energy along the time axis and the amount of energy in each frequency band,which can effectively extract the energy distribution characteristics of signals in each frequency band; therefore,wavelet energy moment can replace the wavelet frequency band energy and constitute wood defect feature vectors. A principal component analysis was used to normalize and reduce the dimension of the feature vectors. A total of 16 principal component features were then obtained, which can effectively extract the defect features of the different number of holes in the elm samples.

Ultrasonic Nebulization Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Volatile Components in Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine

The ultrasonic nebulization extraction（UNE） was developed and applied to the extraction of volatile components from traditional Chinese patent medicine Xiaoyao Pills. Several parameters of ultrasonic nebulization extraction including the sample particle size, solvent volume, extraction time and ultrasonic power were studied and selected. As a result, 2.4 g of sample with particle size of 80 mesh was extracted with 15 mL of n-hexane for 20 min at an ultrasonic power of 35 W. The volatile components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） under the optimal conditions and 57 compounds were identified. The precision, repeatability and stability of the proposed method were also studied. Compared with ultrasonic-assisted extraction（UAE） and hydrodistillation（HD） extraction, the proposed method is more efficient, faster and easier to be operated at room temperature with smaller sample and energy consumption. It is suggested that the ultrasonic nebulization extraction can be used as a novel alternative method for the extraction of volatile components from traditional Chinese patent medicine.

FEATURE EXTRACTION OF BONES AND SKIN BASED ON ULTRASONIC SCANNING

In the prosthetic socket design, aimed at the high cost and radiation deficiency caused by CT scanning which is a routine technique to obtain the cross-sectional image of the residual limb, a new ultrasonic scanning method is developed to acquire the bones and skin contours of the residual limb. Using a pig fore-leg as the scanning object, an overlapping algorithm is designed to reconstruct the 2D cross-sectional image, the contours of the bone and skin are extracted using edge detection algorithm and the 3D model of the pig fore-leg is reconstructed by using reverse engineering technology. The results of checking the accuracy of the image by scanning a cylinder work pieces show that the extracted contours of the cylinder are quite close to the standard circumference. So it is feasible to get the contours of bones and skin by ultrasonic scanning. The ultrasonic scanning system featuring no radiation and low cost is a kind of new means of cross section scanning for medical images.

Ultrasonic wave extraction and simultaneous analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic esters in soil

A method is developed for detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs) in soil samples. Ultrasonic Wave Extraction under airtight circumstances is adopted to extract the analytes in soil samples with n-hexane–acetone(V:V=1:1) as extraction solvent. This method has several advantages, including high extraction efficiency, short time, convenience and simplicity. It can be used to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs) in soil.

Simultaneous Determination of Four Estrogens in Compost Based on Ultrasonic Solvent Extraction, Solid-Phase Extraction Clean-Up and Analysis by UHPLC-MS/MS

A rapid, cost effective and reliable analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of four estrogens (17 β-estradiol, 17 α-ethinylestradiol, estrone, and estriol) in compost samples from the biodegradation of biological infectious hazardous wastes. Ultrasonic solvent extraction, using methanol as extraction solvent, coupled with SPE clean-up, using cartridges HLB 60 mg - 6 ml Supelco® and acetonitrile for reconstitution of eluents, was used for the simultaneous extraction of the four estrogens. Mean recoveries in the range of 98% - 107% were obtained. All compounds were separated in a single gradient run by UHPLC KinetexTM 2.6 μm XB-C18 100 ÅLC (50 × 4.6 mm) column. Analytes were detected via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using an AB SCIEX API-5000TM triple quadrupole (Applied Biosystems/MDS SCIEX) with electrospray ionization in negative mode. Isocratic mobile phase of Water:ACN (50:50) resulted to be the optimum. Limits of detection and quantification were on the order of 0.66 ng·g-1 and 2 ng·g-1 for all the estrogens. These limits were lower than most of the values reported in the literature for similar matrices. Suitable level of linearity, good repeatability and reproducibility with coefficients of variation is lower than 11.7%, 6.8% and 8.3%, respectively.

Extraction, purification and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from bamboo leaves

Ultrasonic extraction （UE） was employed for the extraction of bamboo leaf polysaccharides （BLP）. The influential parameters of UE procedure including extraction time, ultrasonic power and solid/liquid ratio were optimized by orthogonal experiments. DEAE-cellulose col- umn chromatography was applied to purify BLP and then the radical scavenging activity of BLP was also evaluated. Optimal extraction con- ditions were： extraction time .of 15 min, ultrasonic power of 300 W, and solid/liquid ratio of 1：15. Four kinds of polysaccharides were obtained by DEAE-cellulose colunm chromatography; the maximum superoxide radical scavenging rate （20.4%） of BLP was inferior to that of vitamin C （Vc, the control） and the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate （50%） was equivalent to that of Vc.

Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment on the Extracting Activity of Kid Rennet

Using 2-3 weeks kid abomasums as materials, the ultrasound intensity, extracting time, NaCl concentration and pH valuein extracting solution and ratio of abomasums to extracting solution were studied by ultrasonic method. The resultsshowed that the main factor affecting kid rennet activity during extraction was ultrasound intensity, and then NaClconcentration, extracting time and ratio of abomasums to extracting solution in order. Kid rennet activity reached peakwith ultrasound intensity 30 W cm-2, extraction time 40 min, NaCl concentration 8%, pH value 3.0, ratio of abomasums toextracting solution 1:15.

Study on the Technological Conditions of Ultrasound-assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Ajuga ciliata Bunge (Fujian)

[Objectives]To determine the optimum technological conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Ajuga ciliata Bunge.[Methods]In this study,Ajuga ciliata Bunge was used as raw material,and an orthogonal experiment was designed based on the single factor experiment to investigate the effects of ultrasonic time,solid-liquid ratio,ultrasonic temperature and ultrasonic power on the extraction rate of polysaccharides from A.ciliata Bunge(Fujian).Range analysis,variance analysis and SSR test of significant differences between groups were carried out with SPSS 20.0,and the test results were verified.[Results]Under the conditions of ultrasonic temperature of 85℃,ultrasonic time of 80 min,solid-liquid ratio of 1∶15 g/mL and ultrasonic power of 500 W,the yield of polysaccharides from A.ciliata Bunge(Fujian)was the best.[Conclusions]This study can provide theoretical basis for the application of A.ciliata Bunge(Fujian).

Application of ultrasonic to speciation analysis of heavy metals in soil

In order to reduce the operation time and improve the extraction efficiency, ultrasonic energy by means of ultrasonic bath was used to the modified Tessier sequential extraction for speciation analysis of heavy metals in soil. Extractable contents of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS). The merit of the ultrasonic extraction(UE) applied to the modified Tessier method is not only that the operation time for the first 4 fractions was reduced from ca.18 h to 8 h, comparing with conventional extraction(CE), but also the extraction efficiency was higher. The results for both of UE and CE were consistent. The extractable Cu, Ni and Zn in the sample No.1 were mainly associated with the third fraction(Fe-Mn oxides fraction), and fourth fraction(organic matter fraction) in the sample No.2. The extractable Fe and Mn were all mainly associated with the third fraction, and Pb the fourth fraction in both of the samples. The effects of concentration of hydroxylamine chloride on the capability for the extraction of studied metals were also studied.

Study on the Extraction Techniques of Impatiens balsamina(Tougucao)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the extraction method of Impatiens balsamina L.(Tougucao),and to optimize the extraction process conditions and parameters.[Methods]Different ethanol concentrations,ethanol amounts and extraction time were investigated by an orthogonal test L_(9)(3^(4))and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),and the extraction process parameters were evaluated by the yield of extract and the content of quercetin.[Results]Under the three optimal extraction conditions of impregnation,heating reflux and ultrasound,the extract yield and quercetin contents of I.balsamina were 8.27%,9.50%,7.09%and 1.60,3.05,3.03μg/g,respectively.Heating reflux extraction and ultrasonic extraction showed higher extract yields and quercetin contents of I.balsamina,while the values were lower under the impregnation extraction conditions.The primary and secondary factors were:ethanol amount(C)>ethanol concentration(A)>extraction time(B).The optimal extraction process of I.balsamina was as follows:adding 10 times of 60%ethanol and ultrasonically extracting for 30 min.[Conclusions]The method is simple,convenient,accurate and reliable,and provides a scientific basis for the research on the extraction process of I.balsamina and its preparations.

Optimization of extraction process of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides by response surface methodology

Objective:To optimize the technological conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides and increase the yield of polysaccharides.Methods:The polysaccharide was prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method,and the yield of polysaccharide was taken as an index.The effects of ultrasonic time,extraction times,ultrasonic temperature,and water-to-material ratio on polysaccharide yield were investigated through a single factor experiment.Combined experimental design and response surface analysis were used to optimize the extraction process of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides.Results:The optimum conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction were determined as follows:extraction time of 29 min,three extraction times,water bath extraction temperature of 68℃,water-to-material ratio of 15:1;under these conditions,the polysaccharide yield was 10.69%.Conclusion:The results are close to the predicted values of the model.This optimization test is effective and feasible,and provides a reference for the related research of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu.

Optimization of Extraction Process of Chlorogenic Acid from Sambucus chinensis Lindl

[Objectives] The chlorogenic acid in Sambucus chinensis Lindl is a kind of biologically active substance with multiple pharmacological effects, but the content is relatively small. It is of great significance to find the best extraction process. Therefore, we designed single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments to screen the best conditions for extracting chlorogenic acid from S. chinensis. [Methods] With ethanol concentration, ultrasonic power, and extraction time as three single factors, single factor experiments were performed on S. chinensis, and its chlorogenic acid content was calculated from a standard curve. The contents of chlorogenic acid obtained under various conditions were compared, and then, orthogonal experiments were designed according to the orthogonal table to analyze the optimal extraction conditions of chlorogenic acid. [Results] The optimal extraction conditions of chlorogenic acid for S. chinensis were: the ethanol concentration 60%, the ultrasonic power 36 W, and the extraction time 40 min.[Conclusions] The factor that had the greatest effect on the extraction rate of chlorogenic acid in S. chinensis was ethanol concentration, followed by extraction time, and the least influencing factor was ultrasonic power. With 60% ethanol solution serving as the extractant, the ultrasonic power of 36 W, and the extraction time of 40 min, a better extraction rate was obtained. These conditions can be used as the best extraction conditions for chlorogenic acid.