Higgs-Like Mechanism by Confinement of Quarks in a Chemical Non-Equilibrium Model

A chemical non-equilibrium equation for binding of massless quarks to antiquarks, combined with the spatial correlations occurring in the condensation process, yields a density dependent form of the double-well potential in the electroweak theory. The Higgs boson acquires mass, valence quarks emerge and antiparticles become suppressed when the system relaxes and symmetry breaks down. The hitherto unknown dimensionless coupling parameter to the superconductor-like potential becomes a re-gulator of the quark-antiquark asymmetry. Only a small amount of quarks become “visible”—the valence quarks, which are 13% of the total sum of all quarks and antiquarks—suggesting that the quarks-antiquark pair components of the becoming quark-antiquark sea play the role of dark matter. When quark-masses are in-weighted, this number approaches the observed ratio between ordinary matter and the sum of ordinary and dark matter. The model also provides a chemical non-equilibrium explanation for the information loss in black holes, such as of baryon number.

On the constituent counting rule for hard exclusive processes involving multi-quark states

At high energy,the cross section at finite scattering angle of a hard exclusive process falls off as a power of the Manderstam variable s.If all involved quark-gluon compositions undergo hard momentum transfers,the fall-off scaling is determined by the underlying valence structures of the initial and final hadrons,known as the constituent counting rule.In spite of the complication due to helicity conservation,it has been argued that when applied to exclusive process with exotic multiquark states,the counting rule is a powerful way to determine the valence degrees of freedom inside hadron exotics.In this work,we demonstrate that for hadrons with hidden flavors,the naive application of the constituent counting rule is problematic,since it is not mandatory for all components to participate in hard scattering at the scale s1/2.We illustrate the problems in the viewpoint based on effective field theory.We clarify the misleading results that may be obtained from the constituent counting rule in exclusive processes with exotic candidates such as Z_c~±（cd/cu）,Z_b~±（bd/bdu）,X（3872）,etc.

Dynamical parton distributions from DGLAP equations with nonlinear corrections

Determination of proton parton distribution functions is presented under the dynamical parton model assumption by applying DGLAP equations with GLR-MQ-ZRS corrections.We provide two data sets,referred to as IMParton16,which are from two different nonperturbative inputs.One is the naive input of three valence quarks and the other is the input of three valence quarks with flavor-asymmetric sea components.Basically,both data sets are compatible with the experimental measurements at high scale（Q^2〉 2 GeV^2）.Furthermore,our analysis shows that the input with flavor-asymmetric sea components better reproduces the structure functions at high Q^2.Generally,the parton distribution functions obtained,especially the gluon distribution function,are good options for inputs to simulations of high energy scattering processes.The analysis is performed under the fixed-flavor number scheme for nf = 3,4,5.Both data sets start from very low scales,around 0.07 GeV^2,where the nonperturbative input is directly connected to the simple picture of the quark model.These results may shed some lights on the origin of the parton distributions observed at high Q^2.