Water transport at the root/soil interface of 1 year old Pinus sylvestris Linn. var. sylvestriformis (Takenouchi) Cheng et C. D. Chu seedlings under CO 2 doubling was studied by measuring soil electric conductanc...Water transport at the root/soil interface of 1 year old Pinus sylvestris Linn. var. sylvestriformis (Takenouchi) Cheng et C. D. Chu seedlings under CO 2 doubling was studied by measuring soil electric conductance to survey soil water profiles and comparing it with root distribution surveyed by soil coring and root harvesting in Changbai Mountain in 1999. The results were: (1) The profiles of soil water content were adjusted by root activity. The water content of the soil layer with abundant roots was higher. (2) When CO 2 concentration was doubled, water transport was more active at the root/soil interface and the roots were distributed into deeper layer. It was shown in this work that the method of measuring electric conductance is an inexpensive, non_destructive and relatively sensitive way for underground water transport process.展开更多
The optimal selection of schemes of water transportation projects is a process of choosing a relatively optimal scheme from a number of schemes of water transportation programming and management projects, which is of ...The optimal selection of schemes of water transportation projects is a process of choosing a relatively optimal scheme from a number of schemes of water transportation programming and management projects, which is of importance in both theory and practice in water resource systems engineering. In order to achieve consistency and eliminate the dimensions of fuzzy qualitative and fuzzy quantitative evaluation indexes, to determine the weights of the indexes objectively, and to increase the differences among the comprehensive evaluation index values of water transportation project schemes, a projection pursuit method, named FPRM-PP for short, was developed in this work for selecting the optimal water transportation project scheme based on the fuzzy preference relation matrix. The research results show that FPRM-PP is intuitive and practical, the correction range of the fuzzy rained is both stable and accurate; preference relation matrix A it produces is relatively small, and the result obtherefore FPRM-PP can be widely used in the optimal selection of different multi-factor decision-making schemes.展开更多
In this article,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)are used to explore the dynamics of water transport inside the pitted thickening of a plant xylem vessel.A pitted thickening model combined with the Bernoulli equation ...In this article,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)are used to explore the dynamics of water transport inside the pitted thickening of a plant xylem vessel.A pitted thickening model combined with the Bernoulli equation is used to analyze the influence of various factors(namely,the inner diameter,thickening width,thickening height,thickening spacing,number of laps and adjacent pit axial rotation).The pressure drop and the flow resistance coefficient are the variable parameters for our analysis.The results show that these two parameters are proportional to the thickening height and thickening width,and inversely proportional to the inner diameter,thickening spacing and number of laps.Three different wall thickening structures of the vessel are compared and the pitted thickening vessel is shown to provide the largest structural flow resistance,the annular thickening vessel has the second largest resistance and the helical thickening vessel corresponds to the smallest resistance of the three structures.展开更多
The slice-weighing method was used to investigate the unsaturated water transport of different cement pastes. The experimental results show that a sharp wetting front existed during water transport, the transport can ...The slice-weighing method was used to investigate the unsaturated water transport of different cement pastes. The experimental results show that a sharp wetting front existed during water transport, the transport can be described by a non-linear diffusion equation, and transport coefficient of different materials exhibit various rules with water content of materials. The addition of fly-ash decreases transport coefficient of cement pastes in all the various water contents, even changes the transport mechanism.展开更多
An important property of moisture absorption and sweat discharge yarns is their water transport property. In the paper, two water transport models of moisture absorption and sweat discharge yarns were developed to inv...An important property of moisture absorption and sweat discharge yarns is their water transport property. In the paper, two water transport models of moisture absorption and sweat discharge yarns were developed to investigate the influence factors on their wicking rate. In parallel Column Pores Model, wicking rate is determined by the equivalent capillary radius R and length of the capillary tube L. In Pellets Accumulation Model, wicking rate is decided by the capillary radius r and length of the fiber unit assemble L0.展开更多
The coordinated development is the core of sustainable development and the hot issue of international research.Inland water transport(IWT) is an important part of the water resources exploiting system and comprehensiv...The coordinated development is the core of sustainable development and the hot issue of international research.Inland water transport(IWT) is an important part of the water resources exploiting system and comprehensive transport system under socio-economic context of river basin,and also the country's sustainable development priorities to achieve resource-conserving and environment-friendly strategy.Based on the coordinated development content,the paper combined Germany's successful development experience,explored the elements and problem of the coordinated development of IWT system of China's national economic strategy and basin economy,water resourse system,comprehensive transport system,and system itself,and their countermeasures and suggestions,in order to facilitate rapid and coordinated development of China's inland water transport.展开更多
Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh is one of the most overpopulated city in the world and traffic jam is the most severe and regular affliction in the daily life. Also, the existing vehicles are not sufficient in c...Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh is one of the most overpopulated city in the world and traffic jam is the most severe and regular affliction in the daily life. Also, the existing vehicles are not sufficient in compared to the population of the city. People have to spend many hours simply sitting in the traffic jam. This lessens the productivity of people and brings sufferings to them. Gulshan-Banani-HatirJheel area is the busiest regions within the city and face severe traffic jam during working hours. These lakes are totally unused. Therefore, there is a possibility to build a waterways network for passengers transport through these lakes. This will reduce the affliction of people via reducing traffic jam. The proposed transportation networks will also preserve the natural environment of the lakes and bring a source of entertainment in the city life. Many developed cities in the world like London, New York, Paris, Venice, Shanghai etc. already have implemented waterways network inside the city and successfully made the best use of cistern side.展开更多
ACLMT is a Lys49-phospholipase A2 myotoxin isolated from the venom of the Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus snake. This study investigated the mechanisms involved in effect of ACLMT on membrane water permeability by ...ACLMT is a Lys49-phospholipase A2 myotoxin isolated from the venom of the Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus snake. This study investigated the mechanisms involved in effect of ACLMT on membrane water permeability by examining the role of extracellular calcium and strontium in this effect. Water flow across the membrane was gravimetrically measured in bladder sac preparations. The decrease in extracellular calcium promoted a higher response of epithelium to ACLMT, suggesting that the extracellular calcium protects the membrane from the action of the toxin. No alteration in the effect of the toxin on water transport was observed when calcium was replaced by strontium, indicating that this effect is independent of its enzymatic activity. These findings may bring an important contribution towards the comprehension of the mechanisms involved in the effect of Lys49-phospholipase A2 myotoxins on water permeability of epithelial membranes, with implications for the understanding of renal toxicity.展开更多
The coastal port deep-water berths from existing 135 berths increase to 164 berths, and the throughput capacity will rising from current 231 million tons to 340 million tons which include build container berths from c...The coastal port deep-water berths from existing 135 berths increase to 164 berths, and the throughput capacity will rising from current 231 million tons to 340 million tons which include build container berths from current 54 berths increase to 69 berths, the throughput capacity will from current 12 million TEUs increase to 19.4 million TEUs. In the final stage of Tenth Five-year plan, the quantity of national coastal port deep-water berths will from current 800 berths increase to展开更多
Four trawl-resistant bottom mounts, with acoustic Doppler current profilers(ADCPs) embedded, were deployed in the Karimata Strait from November 2008 to June 2015 as part of the South China Sea-Indonesian Seas Transpor...Four trawl-resistant bottom mounts, with acoustic Doppler current profilers(ADCPs) embedded, were deployed in the Karimata Strait from November 2008 to June 2015 as part of the South China Sea-Indonesian Seas Transport/Exchange and Impact on Seasonal Fish Migration(SITE) Program, to estimate the volume and property transport between the South China Sea and Indonesian seas via the strait. The observed current data reveal that the volume transport through the Karimata Strait exhibits significant seasonal variation. The winteraveraged(from December to February) transport is –1.99 Sv(1 Sv=1×10~6 m^3/s), while in the boreal summer(from June to August), the average transport is 0.69 Sv. Moreover, the average transport from January 2009 to December2014 is –0.74 Sv(the positive/negative value indicates northward/southward transport). May and September are the transition period. In May, the currents in the Karimata Strait turn northward, consistent with the local monsoon. In September, the southeasterly trade wind is still present over the strait, driving surface water northward, whereas the bottom flow reverses direction, possibly because of the pressure gradient across the strait from north to south.展开更多
The effect of an external charge on water transportation through T-shaped carbon nanotubes is tested by molecular dynamics simulations.The simulation results show that a relatively small charge reduces the water flux ...The effect of an external charge on water transportation through T-shaped carbon nanotubes is tested by molecular dynamics simulations.The simulation results show that a relatively small charge reduces the water flux through the canbon nanotubes,but a large enough charge prompts the water transportation.This finding may be helpful to biological amplifiers and nanodevices researches.展开更多
The sorption behaviour and water transport mechanisms inside Spirulina platensis samples were experimentally analysed during isothermal drying at 25℃ and 50℃. Two different products grown in semi-industrial farms fr...The sorption behaviour and water transport mechanisms inside Spirulina platensis samples were experimentally analysed during isothermal drying at 25℃ and 50℃. Two different products grown in semi-industrial farms from Burkina Faso and France with initial water contents respectively of the range from 2.73 kg w /kg dm to 3.12 kg w /kg dm were characterized. A novel procedure has been developed to determine the water content profiles inside samples during isothermal drying. At both temperatures, experimental results underlined that the physical properties of Spirulina are not sensitive to the geographical origin, Burkina-Faso or France. To keep Spirulina at an water activity below 0.6 in order to preserve it from micro-organisms development, sorption isotherm curves show that a sufficient requirement is to lower the water content until an upper limit of w = 0.075 db. The evolution of water transport coefficient as a function of water content highlights a monotonous exponential dependence with a transport coefficient ranging from 1.70 × 10–10 to 94 × 10–10 m2/s. The contribution of solid phase shrinkage to the transport of water is negligible for the last drying steps.展开更多
The Janus fabrics designed for personal moisture/thermal regulation have garnered significant attention for their potential to enhance human comfort.However,the development of smart and dynamic fabrics capable of mana...The Janus fabrics designed for personal moisture/thermal regulation have garnered significant attention for their potential to enhance human comfort.However,the development of smart and dynamic fabrics capable of managing personal moisture/thermal comfort in response to changing external environments remains a challenge.Herein,a smart cellulose-based Janus fabric was designed to dynamically manage personal moisture/heat.The cotton fabric was grafted with N-isopropylacrylamide to construct a temperature-stimulated transport channel.Subsequently,hydrophobic ethyl cellulose and hydrophilic cellulose nanofiber were sprayed on the bottom and top sides of the fabric to obtain wettability gradient.The fabric exhibits anti-gravity directional liquid transportation from hydrophobic side to hydrophilic side,and can dynamically and continuously control the transportation time in a wide range of 3–66 s as the temperature increases from 10 to 40℃.This smart fabric can quickly dissipate heat at high temperatures,while at low temperatures,it can slow down the heat dissipation rate and prevent the human from becoming too cold.In addition,the fabric has UV shielding and photodynamic antibacterial properties through depositing graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets on the hydrophilic side.This smart fabric offers an innovative approach to maximizing personal comfort in environments with significant temperature variations.展开更多
Graphene oxide (GO) is a graphene derivative bearing various oxygen-containing functional groups attached to the basal plane and to the edges of the graphene lattice and hence has a unique structure in which numerou...Graphene oxide (GO) is a graphene derivative bearing various oxygen-containing functional groups attached to the basal plane and to the edges of the graphene lattice and hence has a unique structure in which numerous hydrophobic sp2 clusters are isolated within the hydrophilic sp3 C-O matrix. In this study, the hydrophilic nature and water-transporting properties of GO were exploited to promote germination and growth of plants. It was found that a low dose of GO significantly promoted the germination of spinach and chive in soil. The oxygen-containing functional groups of GO collected water, and the hydrophobic sp2 domains transported water to the seeds to accelerate the germination of plants. The strong interaction between GO and the surfaces of soil grains stabilized GO in the soil and prevented dissipation of GO. In addition, no GO was detected either on the surface or inside the cells of plants; this finding confirmed that GO was not phytotoxic. Therefore, GO may serve as a promising nontoxic additive to increase a plant yield.展开更多
Ethylene participates in the regulation of numerous cellular events and biological processes, including wa- ter loss, during leaf and flower petal wilting. The diverse ethylene responses may be regulated via dynamic i...Ethylene participates in the regulation of numerous cellular events and biological processes, including wa- ter loss, during leaf and flower petal wilting. The diverse ethylene responses may be regulated via dynamic interplays between protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated protein degradation and protease cleavage. To address how ethylene alters protein phosphorylation through multi-furcated signaling pathways, we performed a lSN stable isotope labelling-based, differential, and quantitative phosphoproteomics study on air- and ethylene-treated ethylene-insensitive Arabidopsis double loss-of-function mutant ein3-1/eill-1. Among 535 non-redundant phosphopeptides identified, two and four phosphopeptides were up- and downregulated by ethylene, respectively. Ethylene- regulated phosphorylation of aquaporin PIP2;1 is positively correlated with the water flux rate and water loss in leaf. Genetic studies in combination with quantitative proteomics, immunoblot analysis, protoplast swelling/shrinking experiments, and leaf water loss assays on the transgenic plants expressing both the wild-type and S280A/S283A-mutated PIP2;1 in the both Col-O and ein3eill genetic backgrounds suggest that ethylene increases water transport rate in Arabidopsis cells by enhancing S280/S283 phosphorylation at the C terminus of PIP2;1. Unknown kinase and/or phosphatase activities may participate in the initial up- regulation independent of the cellular functions of EIN3/EIL1. This finding contributes to our understanding of ethylene-regulated leaf wilting that is commonly observed during post-harvest storage of plant organs.展开更多
The development of membranes featuring carbon nanotubes(CNTs)have provided possibilities of next-generation solar desalination technologies.For solar desalination,the microstructures and interactions between the filte...The development of membranes featuring carbon nanotubes(CNTs)have provided possibilities of next-generation solar desalination technologies.For solar desalination,the microstructures and interactions between the filter membrane and seawater play a crucial role in desalination performance.Understanding the mechanisms of water evaporation and ion rejection in confined pores or channels is necessary to optimize the desalting process.Here,using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations,we found that continuous water-water hydrogen bonding network across the rims of CNTs is the key factor in facilitating water transport through CNTs.With the continuous hydrogen bonding network,the water flux is two times of that without the continuous hydrogen bonding network.In CNT arrays,each CNT transports water molecules and rejects salt ions independently.Based on these observations,using CNT arrays consisted with densely packed thin CNTs is the most advisable strategy for evaporation desalination,possessing high transport flux as well as maintaining high salt rejection.展开更多
A better understanding of water transport processes is highly desirable for the exploitation of the ocean resources and the protection of the ocean ecological system. In this paper, the Lagrangian methods are used to ...A better understanding of water transport processes is highly desirable for the exploitation of the ocean resources and the protection of the ocean ecological system. In this paper, the Lagrangian methods are used to study the water transport processes in Xiangshan Bay in China, a typical semi-closed and narrow-shaped bay with complex coastline and topography. A high-resolution 3-D hydrodynamic model is developed and verified, and the results from the model agree well with the field data. Based on the hydrodynamic model, the Lagrangian residual current is computed by using the particle tracking method. A concept based on the dynamical systems theory, the Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs), is introduced to uncover the underlying structures which act as the transport barriers in the flow. The finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) fields are computed from the hydrodynamic model results to extract the LCSs. The results indicate that the LCSs act as the internal structures of the Lagrangian residual current and the Lagrangian residual current displays the residual current speed and direction of different water regimes separated by the LCSs. The water masses with different transport characteristics can be identified and their exchange ability with other water masses can be estimated by combining the Lagrangian particle tracking with the LCSs methods. The comprehensive applications of these Lagrangian methods reveal the underlying structures and the inhomogeneous characteristics of the water transport in Xiangshan Bay.展开更多
OCCAM global ocean model results were applied to calculate the monthly water transport through 7 straits around the East China Sea (ECS) and the South China Sea (SCS). Analysis of the features of velocity profiles and...OCCAM global ocean model results were applied to calculate the monthly water transport through 7 straits around the East China Sea (ECS) and the South China Sea (SCS). Analysis of the features of velocity profiles and their variations in the Togara Strait, Luzon Strait and Eastern Taiwan Strait showed that: 1) the velocity profiles had striped pattern in the Eastern Taiwan Strait, where monthly flux varied from 22.4 to 28.1 Sv and annual mean was about 25.8 Sv; 2) the profiles of velocity in the Togara Strait were characterized by core structure, and monthly flux varied from 23.3 to 31.4 Sv, with annual mean of about 27.9 Sv; 3) water flowed from the SCS to the ECS in the Taiwan Strait, with maximum flux of 3.1 Sv in July and minimum of 0.9 Sv in November; 4) the flux in the Tsushima Strait varied by only about 0.4 Sv by season and its annual mean was about 2.3 Sv; 5) Kuroshio water flowed into the SCS in the Luzon Strait throughout the year and the velocity profiles were characterized by multi core structure. The flux in the Luzon Strait was minimum in June (about 2.4 Sv) and maximum in February (about 9.0 Sv), and its annual mean was 4.8 Sv; 6) the monthly flux in the Mindoro Strait was maximum in December (3.0 Sv) and minimum in June (only 0.1 Sv), and its annual mean was 1.3 Sv; 7) Karimata Strait water flowed into the SCS from May to August, with maximum inflow flux of about 0.75 Sv in June and flowed out from September to April at maximum outflow flux of 3.9 Sv in January. The annual mean flux was about 1.35 Sv.展开更多
文摘Water transport at the root/soil interface of 1 year old Pinus sylvestris Linn. var. sylvestriformis (Takenouchi) Cheng et C. D. Chu seedlings under CO 2 doubling was studied by measuring soil electric conductance to survey soil water profiles and comparing it with root distribution surveyed by soil coring and root harvesting in Changbai Mountain in 1999. The results were: (1) The profiles of soil water content were adjusted by root activity. The water content of the soil layer with abundant roots was higher. (2) When CO 2 concentration was doubled, water transport was more active at the root/soil interface and the roots were distributed into deeper layer. It was shown in this work that the method of measuring electric conductance is an inexpensive, non_destructive and relatively sensitive way for underground water transport process.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the funding support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 50579009, 70425001 ) the National 10th Five Year Scientific Project of China for Tackling the Key Problems (2004BA608B-02-02)the Excellence Youth Teacher Sustentation Fund Program of the Ministry of Education of China (Department of Education and Personnel [ 2002 ] 350).
文摘The optimal selection of schemes of water transportation projects is a process of choosing a relatively optimal scheme from a number of schemes of water transportation programming and management projects, which is of importance in both theory and practice in water resource systems engineering. In order to achieve consistency and eliminate the dimensions of fuzzy qualitative and fuzzy quantitative evaluation indexes, to determine the weights of the indexes objectively, and to increase the differences among the comprehensive evaluation index values of water transportation project schemes, a projection pursuit method, named FPRM-PP for short, was developed in this work for selecting the optimal water transportation project scheme based on the fuzzy preference relation matrix. The research results show that FPRM-PP is intuitive and practical, the correction range of the fuzzy rained is both stable and accurate; preference relation matrix A it produces is relatively small, and the result obtherefore FPRM-PP can be widely used in the optimal selection of different multi-factor decision-making schemes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51279071,51969009)the Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China for Ph.D candidates in University(Grant No.2013531413002).
文摘In this article,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)are used to explore the dynamics of water transport inside the pitted thickening of a plant xylem vessel.A pitted thickening model combined with the Bernoulli equation is used to analyze the influence of various factors(namely,the inner diameter,thickening width,thickening height,thickening spacing,number of laps and adjacent pit axial rotation).The pressure drop and the flow resistance coefficient are the variable parameters for our analysis.The results show that these two parameters are proportional to the thickening height and thickening width,and inversely proportional to the inner diameter,thickening spacing and number of laps.Three different wall thickening structures of the vessel are compared and the pitted thickening vessel is shown to provide the largest structural flow resistance,the annular thickening vessel has the second largest resistance and the helical thickening vessel corresponds to the smallest resistance of the three structures.
基金the National Natural Science Fundation of China(50472042)Doctoral Base Fund of Ministry of Education of China(20050497010)
文摘The slice-weighing method was used to investigate the unsaturated water transport of different cement pastes. The experimental results show that a sharp wetting front existed during water transport, the transport can be described by a non-linear diffusion equation, and transport coefficient of different materials exhibit various rules with water content of materials. The addition of fly-ash decreases transport coefficient of cement pastes in all the various water contents, even changes the transport mechanism.
基金Supported by National Nature Science Fund ( No.50643014)"Yangtze Scholar and Innovation Team Development Plan"Innovation Team(No.IRT0654)Science Research Fund of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University (No.0601065-Y)
文摘An important property of moisture absorption and sweat discharge yarns is their water transport property. In the paper, two water transport models of moisture absorption and sweat discharge yarns were developed to investigate the influence factors on their wicking rate. In parallel Column Pores Model, wicking rate is determined by the equivalent capillary radius R and length of the capillary tube L. In Pellets Accumulation Model, wicking rate is decided by the capillary radius r and length of the fiber unit assemble L0.
基金German BMBF(No. APR10 /810)Hunan Social Science Fund key Project(No. 12ZDB04)+1 种基金Innovation Group Foundation of China Education Department(No. IRT0916)International Project in Hunan Province(No. 2010WK3041)
文摘The coordinated development is the core of sustainable development and the hot issue of international research.Inland water transport(IWT) is an important part of the water resources exploiting system and comprehensive transport system under socio-economic context of river basin,and also the country's sustainable development priorities to achieve resource-conserving and environment-friendly strategy.Based on the coordinated development content,the paper combined Germany's successful development experience,explored the elements and problem of the coordinated development of IWT system of China's national economic strategy and basin economy,water resourse system,comprehensive transport system,and system itself,and their countermeasures and suggestions,in order to facilitate rapid and coordinated development of China's inland water transport.
文摘Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh is one of the most overpopulated city in the world and traffic jam is the most severe and regular affliction in the daily life. Also, the existing vehicles are not sufficient in compared to the population of the city. People have to spend many hours simply sitting in the traffic jam. This lessens the productivity of people and brings sufferings to them. Gulshan-Banani-HatirJheel area is the busiest regions within the city and face severe traffic jam during working hours. These lakes are totally unused. Therefore, there is a possibility to build a waterways network for passengers transport through these lakes. This will reduce the affliction of people via reducing traffic jam. The proposed transportation networks will also preserve the natural environment of the lakes and bring a source of entertainment in the city life. Many developed cities in the world like London, New York, Paris, Venice, Shanghai etc. already have implemented waterways network inside the city and successfully made the best use of cistern side.
文摘ACLMT is a Lys49-phospholipase A2 myotoxin isolated from the venom of the Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus snake. This study investigated the mechanisms involved in effect of ACLMT on membrane water permeability by examining the role of extracellular calcium and strontium in this effect. Water flow across the membrane was gravimetrically measured in bladder sac preparations. The decrease in extracellular calcium promoted a higher response of epithelium to ACLMT, suggesting that the extracellular calcium protects the membrane from the action of the toxin. No alteration in the effect of the toxin on water transport was observed when calcium was replaced by strontium, indicating that this effect is independent of its enzymatic activity. These findings may bring an important contribution towards the comprehension of the mechanisms involved in the effect of Lys49-phospholipase A2 myotoxins on water permeability of epithelial membranes, with implications for the understanding of renal toxicity.
文摘The coastal port deep-water berths from existing 135 berths increase to 164 berths, and the throughput capacity will rising from current 231 million tons to 340 million tons which include build container berths from current 54 berths increase to 69 berths, the throughput capacity will from current 12 million TEUs increase to 19.4 million TEUs. In the final stage of Tenth Five-year plan, the quantity of national coastal port deep-water berths will from current 800 berths increase to
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2016YFC1402604the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project financially supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology under contract No.2015ASKJ01+4 种基金the SOA Program on Global Change and Air-Sea Interactions under contract Nos GASI-IPOVAI-03,GASI-IPOVAI-02 and GASI-IPOVAI-01-02the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 40476025,41876027and 41506036the China-Indonesia Maritime Cooperation Fund under contract No.U1406405the National Science Foundation of the United States under contract No.OCE-07-25935the Office of Naval Research of United States under contract No.N00014-08-01-0618
文摘Four trawl-resistant bottom mounts, with acoustic Doppler current profilers(ADCPs) embedded, were deployed in the Karimata Strait from November 2008 to June 2015 as part of the South China Sea-Indonesian Seas Transport/Exchange and Impact on Seasonal Fish Migration(SITE) Program, to estimate the volume and property transport between the South China Sea and Indonesian seas via the strait. The observed current data reveal that the volume transport through the Karimata Strait exhibits significant seasonal variation. The winteraveraged(from December to February) transport is –1.99 Sv(1 Sv=1×10~6 m^3/s), while in the boreal summer(from June to August), the average transport is 0.69 Sv. Moreover, the average transport from January 2009 to December2014 is –0.74 Sv(the positive/negative value indicates northward/southward transport). May and September are the transition period. In May, the currents in the Karimata Strait turn northward, consistent with the local monsoon. In September, the southeasterly trade wind is still present over the strait, driving surface water northward, whereas the bottom flow reverses direction, possibly because of the pressure gradient across the strait from north to south.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China under grant No.10825520Shanghai Supercomputer Center of China
文摘The effect of an external charge on water transportation through T-shaped carbon nanotubes is tested by molecular dynamics simulations.The simulation results show that a relatively small charge reduces the water flux through the canbon nanotubes,but a large enough charge prompts the water transportation.This finding may be helpful to biological amplifiers and nanodevices researches.
文摘The sorption behaviour and water transport mechanisms inside Spirulina platensis samples were experimentally analysed during isothermal drying at 25℃ and 50℃. Two different products grown in semi-industrial farms from Burkina Faso and France with initial water contents respectively of the range from 2.73 kg w /kg dm to 3.12 kg w /kg dm were characterized. A novel procedure has been developed to determine the water content profiles inside samples during isothermal drying. At both temperatures, experimental results underlined that the physical properties of Spirulina are not sensitive to the geographical origin, Burkina-Faso or France. To keep Spirulina at an water activity below 0.6 in order to preserve it from micro-organisms development, sorption isotherm curves show that a sufficient requirement is to lower the water content until an upper limit of w = 0.075 db. The evolution of water transport coefficient as a function of water content highlights a monotonous exponential dependence with a transport coefficient ranging from 1.70 × 10–10 to 94 × 10–10 m2/s. The contribution of solid phase shrinkage to the transport of water is negligible for the last drying steps.
基金This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China projects[grant numbers 42305178 and U2344224]the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project“Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility”(EarthLab).
基金support of this work by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC19059003)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(23KJB430024)+1 种基金Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2023ZB680)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘The Janus fabrics designed for personal moisture/thermal regulation have garnered significant attention for their potential to enhance human comfort.However,the development of smart and dynamic fabrics capable of managing personal moisture/thermal comfort in response to changing external environments remains a challenge.Herein,a smart cellulose-based Janus fabric was designed to dynamically manage personal moisture/heat.The cotton fabric was grafted with N-isopropylacrylamide to construct a temperature-stimulated transport channel.Subsequently,hydrophobic ethyl cellulose and hydrophilic cellulose nanofiber were sprayed on the bottom and top sides of the fabric to obtain wettability gradient.The fabric exhibits anti-gravity directional liquid transportation from hydrophobic side to hydrophilic side,and can dynamically and continuously control the transportation time in a wide range of 3–66 s as the temperature increases from 10 to 40℃.This smart fabric can quickly dissipate heat at high temperatures,while at low temperatures,it can slow down the heat dissipation rate and prevent the human from becoming too cold.In addition,the fabric has UV shielding and photodynamic antibacterial properties through depositing graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets on the hydrophilic side.This smart fabric offers an innovative approach to maximizing personal comfort in environments with significant temperature variations.
基金This work was supported by Beijing Natural Sdence Foundation (No. 2172027), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51372133 and 51672150).
文摘Graphene oxide (GO) is a graphene derivative bearing various oxygen-containing functional groups attached to the basal plane and to the edges of the graphene lattice and hence has a unique structure in which numerous hydrophobic sp2 clusters are isolated within the hydrophilic sp3 C-O matrix. In this study, the hydrophilic nature and water-transporting properties of GO were exploited to promote germination and growth of plants. It was found that a low dose of GO significantly promoted the germination of spinach and chive in soil. The oxygen-containing functional groups of GO collected water, and the hydrophobic sp2 domains transported water to the seeds to accelerate the germination of plants. The strong interaction between GO and the surfaces of soil grains stabilized GO in the soil and prevented dissipation of GO. In addition, no GO was detected either on the surface or inside the cells of plants; this finding confirmed that GO was not phytotoxic. Therefore, GO may serve as a promising nontoxic additive to increase a plant yield.
文摘Ethylene participates in the regulation of numerous cellular events and biological processes, including wa- ter loss, during leaf and flower petal wilting. The diverse ethylene responses may be regulated via dynamic interplays between protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated protein degradation and protease cleavage. To address how ethylene alters protein phosphorylation through multi-furcated signaling pathways, we performed a lSN stable isotope labelling-based, differential, and quantitative phosphoproteomics study on air- and ethylene-treated ethylene-insensitive Arabidopsis double loss-of-function mutant ein3-1/eill-1. Among 535 non-redundant phosphopeptides identified, two and four phosphopeptides were up- and downregulated by ethylene, respectively. Ethylene- regulated phosphorylation of aquaporin PIP2;1 is positively correlated with the water flux rate and water loss in leaf. Genetic studies in combination with quantitative proteomics, immunoblot analysis, protoplast swelling/shrinking experiments, and leaf water loss assays on the transgenic plants expressing both the wild-type and S280A/S283A-mutated PIP2;1 in the both Col-O and ein3eill genetic backgrounds suggest that ethylene increases water transport rate in Arabidopsis cells by enhancing S280/S283 phosphorylation at the C terminus of PIP2;1. Unknown kinase and/or phosphatase activities may participate in the initial up- regulation independent of the cellular functions of EIN3/EIL1. This finding contributes to our understanding of ethylene-regulated leaf wilting that is commonly observed during post-harvest storage of plant organs.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.21975209,21673197,51706191,and 21621091)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA0209500)+3 种基金the 111 Project(Grant No.B16029)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.20720190037)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(Grant No.2018J06003)CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science,Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘The development of membranes featuring carbon nanotubes(CNTs)have provided possibilities of next-generation solar desalination technologies.For solar desalination,the microstructures and interactions between the filter membrane and seawater play a crucial role in desalination performance.Understanding the mechanisms of water evaporation and ion rejection in confined pores or channels is necessary to optimize the desalting process.Here,using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations,we found that continuous water-water hydrogen bonding network across the rims of CNTs is the key factor in facilitating water transport through CNTs.With the continuous hydrogen bonding network,the water flux is two times of that without the continuous hydrogen bonding network.In CNT arrays,each CNT transports water molecules and rejects salt ions independently.Based on these observations,using CNT arrays consisted with densely packed thin CNTs is the most advisable strategy for evaporation desalination,possessing high transport flux as well as maintaining high salt rejection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant No.51279028)the Foundation for In-novative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51221961)the Public Welfare Projects of China’s Oceanic Administration(Grant Nos.200805086,201105009)
文摘A better understanding of water transport processes is highly desirable for the exploitation of the ocean resources and the protection of the ocean ecological system. In this paper, the Lagrangian methods are used to study the water transport processes in Xiangshan Bay in China, a typical semi-closed and narrow-shaped bay with complex coastline and topography. A high-resolution 3-D hydrodynamic model is developed and verified, and the results from the model agree well with the field data. Based on the hydrodynamic model, the Lagrangian residual current is computed by using the particle tracking method. A concept based on the dynamical systems theory, the Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs), is introduced to uncover the underlying structures which act as the transport barriers in the flow. The finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) fields are computed from the hydrodynamic model results to extract the LCSs. The results indicate that the LCSs act as the internal structures of the Lagrangian residual current and the Lagrangian residual current displays the residual current speed and direction of different water regimes separated by the LCSs. The water masses with different transport characteristics can be identified and their exchange ability with other water masses can be estimated by combining the Lagrangian particle tracking with the LCSs methods. The comprehensive applications of these Lagrangian methods reveal the underlying structures and the inhomogeneous characteristics of the water transport in Xiangshan Bay.
文摘OCCAM global ocean model results were applied to calculate the monthly water transport through 7 straits around the East China Sea (ECS) and the South China Sea (SCS). Analysis of the features of velocity profiles and their variations in the Togara Strait, Luzon Strait and Eastern Taiwan Strait showed that: 1) the velocity profiles had striped pattern in the Eastern Taiwan Strait, where monthly flux varied from 22.4 to 28.1 Sv and annual mean was about 25.8 Sv; 2) the profiles of velocity in the Togara Strait were characterized by core structure, and monthly flux varied from 23.3 to 31.4 Sv, with annual mean of about 27.9 Sv; 3) water flowed from the SCS to the ECS in the Taiwan Strait, with maximum flux of 3.1 Sv in July and minimum of 0.9 Sv in November; 4) the flux in the Tsushima Strait varied by only about 0.4 Sv by season and its annual mean was about 2.3 Sv; 5) Kuroshio water flowed into the SCS in the Luzon Strait throughout the year and the velocity profiles were characterized by multi core structure. The flux in the Luzon Strait was minimum in June (about 2.4 Sv) and maximum in February (about 9.0 Sv), and its annual mean was 4.8 Sv; 6) the monthly flux in the Mindoro Strait was maximum in December (3.0 Sv) and minimum in June (only 0.1 Sv), and its annual mean was 1.3 Sv; 7) Karimata Strait water flowed into the SCS from May to August, with maximum inflow flux of about 0.75 Sv in June and flowed out from September to April at maximum outflow flux of 3.9 Sv in January. The annual mean flux was about 1.35 Sv.