NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WET STEAM CONDENSING FLOW WITH AN EULERIAN/EULERIAN MODEL

Wet steam condensing flow in low-pressure steam turbine leads to efficiency losses and blade erosions.In order to investigate this problem by numerical approach, an Eulerian/Eulerian model has been developed, in which the wet steam is regarded as mixture comprising two coupled systems: the vapor phase and the liquid phase.These two systems are both described by conservation equations.High resolution TVD scheme is employed to capture condensing phenomena in wet steam flow.This model has been validated by numerical simulations of condensing flows in 1D and 2D nozzles.Compared with experimental data, a good agreement is observed.This Eulerian/Eulerian model can be extended to 3D calculation of condensing flow.

2D-simulation of wet steam flow in a steam turbine with spontaneous condensation

Removal of condensates from wet steam flow in the last stages of steam turbines significantly promotes stage efficiency and prevents erosion of rotors. In this paper, homogeneous spontaneous condensation in transonic steam flow in the 2-D rotor-tip section of a stage turbine is investigated. Calculated results agree with experimental data reasonably well. On the basis of the above work, a 2-D numerical simulation of wet steam flow in adjacent root sections of a complex steam turbine stage was carried out. Computational results were analyzed and provide insights into effective removal of humidity.

Improvement of Heating Method for Measuring the Wetness of Flowing Wet Steam

In this paper, an improvement of heating method for measuring wetness of the flowing wet steam is developed, the basic principle of the heating method is presented and the mathematical model has been built for analyzing the thermodynamics problezns during the process of heating. Moreover, an instru-ment for measuring wetness of wet steam flow was designed and made out. This instrument has been used for measuring wetness of the wet steam flow at the outlet of the nozzle rig in Thermal TUrbine Laboratory Xi’an Jiaotong University. By analyzing the relative error of the result, it was found that this instrument has fairly high accuracy it can be used as the prototype of practical instrument and has an important applicable value in engineering.

Research on Wet Steam Spontaneous Condensing Flows Considering Phase Transition and Slip

A new dual-fluid model considering phase transition and velocity slip was proposed in this paper and the Cunningham correction was used in the droplet resistance calculation. This dual-fluid model was applied to the numerical simulations of wet steam flow in a 2D LAVAL nozzle and in the White cascade respectively. The results of two simulations demonstrate that the model is reliable. Meanwhile, the spontaneous condensing flow in White cascade was analyzed and it infers that the irreversible loss caused by condensation accounts for the largest share (about 8.78% of inlet total pressure) in total pressure loss while the loss caused by velocity slip takes the smallest share (nearly 0.42%), and another part of total pressure loss caused by pneumatic factors contributes a less share than condensation, i.e. almost 3.95% of inlet total pressure.

DETERMINATION OF DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND WETNESS OF FLOWING STEAM FROM LIGHT EXTINCTION MEASUREMENTS

提出一种新方法，用光全散射测量数据确定流动蒸汽的湿度及水滴分布，并应用于一试验汽轮机的测量结果，计算得到的汽轮机排汽湿度与测功器的结果吻合良好。该法采用线性优化及合理的物理限制条件，可推广应用于光部分散射测量分析。

Losses Estimation in Transonic Wet Steam Flow through Linear Blade Cascade

Experimental investigations of non-equilibrium spontaneous condensation in transonic steam flow were carried out in linear blade cascade. The linear cascade consists of the stator blades of the last stage of low pressure steam turbine. The applied experimental test section is a part of a small scale steam power plant located at Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice. The steam parameters at the test section inlet correspond to the real conditions in low pressure part of 200 MWe steam turbine. The losses in the cascade were estimated using measured static pressure and temperature behind the cascade and the total parameters at inlet. The static pressure measurements on the blade surface as well as the Schlieren pictures were used to assess the flow field in linear cascade of steam turbine stator blades.

Correction of Non-Isokinetic Sampling of Wetness Measurement for Wet Steam Flow

A mathematical model for predicting the behavior of wet steam flow in the vicinity of the intake head of the sampling probe is presented. The vapor flow field and droplet trajectory in the calculated region have been obtained. The errors caused by non-isokinetic sampling for different conditions have been analyzed and the analytical results would provide useful data for the design and application of a heating method-based wetness measurement probe in practice.

Numerical Investigation on Wet Steam Non-equilibrium Condensation Flow in Turbine Cascade

Based on the two-phase wet steam flow with spontaneous condensation,experimental verification and flow analysis on nozzle and 2D cascade are carried out.The 3D Reynolds-Averaged gas-liquid two-phase flow control equation solver is explored with k ε k p turbulence model.Furthermore,3D flow numerical simulation on the last stage stator of the steam turbine is carried out.The results show that a sudden pressure rise on blade suction surface is mainly caused by the droplet growth in condensation flow.The more backward the condensation position is in cascade passage,the less the sudden pressure rise from condensation is,and the larger the nucleation rate is,the maximum under-cooling and the number of droplets per unit volume are.Interaction of condensation wave and shock wave has imposed greater influence on the parameters of the blade cascade outlet.

Short wet-steam dyeing process of cotton fabrics with reactive dyes

The effects of Reactive Black 5 utilized to cotton fabrics by short wet-steam process on the dyeing properties were investigated. This study will provide a theoretical reference for short wet-steam process of cotton fabrics with bifunctional reactive dyes. The optimal amount of Selilao agent was 20 g/L, while the soaping and rubbing fastness of the dyed cotton fabrics were both reached to 4-5 rating.

地热能全流发电用两相单螺杆膨胀机理论膨胀过程热力特性研究

针对地热能发电技术存在的系统效率与热源利用率低的问题,对全流循环发电系统中替代传统汽轮机使用的单螺杆膨胀机进行了热力特性分析。基于质量守恒方程、能量守恒方程与湿蒸汽维里状态方程,建立了考虑液体闪蒸与气液平衡的单螺杆膨胀机理论全流膨胀过程的热力学模型,探索了进气温度与干度对气液两相工质状态及膨胀机热力特性的影响机理。结果表明:当进气温度由140℃升高至170℃时,湿蒸汽工质的质量、压力和温度均得到提升,单螺杆膨胀机的输出功率也由210 kW提升至约260 kW,等熵效率在进气温度为160℃时取得77%的最佳值;进气干度的提高会减少进入工作腔湿蒸汽工质质量,进而导致膨胀结束后介质压力与温度的降低,但显著促进了膨胀机的性能参数包括输出功率和等熵效率的提高,当进气干度为0.3时,单螺杆膨胀机的输出功率超过了500 kW,等熵效率也可达76.5%。上述研究结果对应用于地热能全流发电的两相单螺杆膨胀机的热力特性分析与改善以及全流发电技术的优化有一定的参考意义。

活性深蓝B-2GLN的泡沫法给碱-湿蒸无尿素印花

针对活性染料常规印花废水氨氮含量高等问题,研究活性染料的泡沫法给碱-湿蒸无尿素印花。以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作发泡剂、海藻酸钠(SA)作稳泡剂配制发泡原液,探讨了SDS和SA用量对泡沫的初见液时间(t_(0))和破裂半衰期(t_(1/2))的影响,以及泡沫的耐碱稳定性。研究了汽蒸时间和碱剂用量对活性深蓝B-2GLN泡沫法给碱-湿蒸印花棉织物表观色深的影响,并分析了综合印花效果。结果表明:含4 g/L SDS和16 g/L SA的发泡原液在Na_(2)CO_(3)质量浓度为35 g/L时,泡沫的t_(1/2)仍高达2222 s,耐碱稳定性良好。质量分数为3%的活性深蓝B-2GLN采用泡沫法给碱-湿蒸工艺印花的适宜固色条件为Na_(2)CO_(3)20 g/L、102℃汽蒸11 min;印花织物花型轮廓清晰度尚可、无明显渗化,颜色递深性良好,耐摩擦达4级及以上,耐皂洗色牢度为4~5级。

核电末级双联低加中湿蒸汽的影响及预防

核电末级双联低加是核电汽轮发电机组回热系统中不可或缺的辅助设备之一,它可以有效利用汽轮机低品位抽汽来加热再热器给水,并带走级间疏水,从而极大的提高了热力系统的循环效率。由于混入级间疏水,进入双联低加的蒸汽湿度很大。本文通过分析湿蒸汽的来源以及特点,研究了湿蒸汽对低压加热器的影响,提出了一些预防措施,以期使低压加热器在核电机组中运行的更安全,提高设备的利用效率。

氯碱生产中的节能降耗措施

介绍了某公司对10万t/a烧碱和12万t/a聚氯乙烯生产装置进行的节能降耗改造及达到的效果。

Numerical Simulation of Water Droplets Deposition on the Last-Stage Stationary Blade of Steam Turbine

Based on the method of discrete phase, the law of droplets’ deposition in the last stage stationary blade of a supercritical 600 MW Steam Turbine is simulated in the first place of this paper by using the Wet-steam model in commercial software FLUENT, where the influence of inlet angle of water droplets of the stationary blades is also considered. Through the calculation, the relationship between the deposition and the diameter of water droplets is revealed. Then, the amount of droplets deposition in the suction and pressure surface is derived. The result is compared with experimental data and it proves that the numerical simulation result obtained in this paper is reasonable. Finally, a formula of the relationship between the diameter of water droplets and the inlet angle is fit, which could be used for approximate calculation in the engineering applications.

稠油热采湿饱和蒸汽流量计量技术在河南油田的应用研究

注蒸汽吞吐开发稠油油田,油层注入蒸汽为湿饱和蒸汽时,计量误差大,为了解决单井注汽精准计量问题,在锥形孔板流量计基础上,引入“差压噪声”理论,建立了湿蒸汽流量、干度双参数测量模型,通过高频采集分析及数据库动态补偿运算,提高不同干度下的流量精度。单台注汽锅炉对单井注汽时,在注汽管线串连接入锥形孔板流量计,通过锅炉进水用电磁流量计来标定蒸汽流量,然后在组合注汽井进行试验,现场应用46井次,湿饱和蒸汽流量计量误差在5%以内,满足了注汽计量要求。

基于做功曲线外推法计算汽轮机排汽焓的方法研究

汽轮机排汽点常处于湿蒸汽区,由于在现场缺乏蒸汽湿度的测量手段,排汽焓难以直接确定,一直是火电机组热力系统热经济性在线分析诊断的难点之一。文章利用低压缸抽汽点参数对做功曲线进行在线拟合,并外推至湿蒸汽区,与过冷蒸汽的排汽定压线相交,由此得到汽轮机的排汽焓值;同时考虑湿汽损失的影响,对交点焓值进行修正,即为最后的排汽焓,从而提出一种排汽焓在线计算的新方法。通过对不同容量、不同工况的汽轮机进行实例计算与误差分析,结果表明:该计算方法简单,所需测点少,计算量小,计算精度高,满足在线计算的要求,适于工程实际应用。

水蒸气喷射制冷系统中蒸汽喷射器性能研究

利用自然工质的水蒸气喷射制冷系统可有效利用低品位余热制冷,但系统性能受制于关键部件喷射器的性能,而有关研究中采用的理想气体模型,不能真实反映内部情况。通过建立蒸汽喷射器的湿蒸汽模型,着重研究流体参数对蒸汽喷射器引射性能的影响,并比较不同模型的差异。结果表明:湿蒸汽模型的引射系数高于理想气体模型6.92%;蒸汽喷射器存在临界压力值,超过临界值后,随着流体出口压力升高,引射系数下降;随着入口压力升高,引射系数先增加后减小,存在最佳工作流体入口压力;随着引射流体入口压力的增加,引射系数增加;引射系数随工作流体过热度的增加而增长,但随引射流体过热度的增加无明显变化。

湿法磷酸装置蒸汽冷凝水的梯级回收利用

硫磺制酸法湿法磷酸装置中,为平衡脱盐水站的水热平衡,减少蒸汽冷凝水外排量,提高蒸汽利用率,开展了蒸汽冷凝水的梯级回收利用技术改造。根据冷凝水的质量,确定不同质量冷凝水的去处,分析合格后的冷凝水可直接送往除氧器,无需再经脱盐水站处理,从而降低脱盐水站内部消耗。并且可以直接利用温度在100℃左右的冷凝水余热,实现了水蒸汽资源的梯级高效回收利用,节约了能源。

联氨对蒸汽发生器湿保养效果的影响机制研究

采用氧含量测试、腐蚀形貌观察和电化学法,在模拟压水堆核电站蒸汽发生器湿保养水化学工况下,开展联氨的除氧效果对比和对典型金属材料的腐蚀风险评估。联氨的除氧效果在低浓度下(<75mg/kg)无明显差异,在150mg/kg时略有提升。试片在低浓度(≤50mg/kg)联氨溶液浸泡后表面有大量球状腐蚀产物堆积,联氨浓度提高至75mg/kg时,试片表面腐蚀产物显著减少。联氨通过在金属表面吸附并形成钝化膜,阻碍氧化还原反应的电荷转移过程,增大金属在溶液中发生电化学腐蚀的动力学阻力,从而降低腐蚀。随着联氨浓度增加,所形成的钝化膜均匀性增强,膜层厚度增大。