Integrated Weed Management Through Tillage and Herbicides for Wheat Production in Rice-Wheat Cropping System in Northwestern Pakistan

Conservational tillage （CT） in combination with broad spectrum herbicide may be more efficient and economical in controlling weeds, reducing cost of cultivation, and enhancing wheat yield. Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of tillage and herbicides on weeds and wheat yield under rice-wheat cropping system （RWCS）. The results indicated that broad spectrum herbicides particularly, carfentrazone ethyl ester＋ isoproturon （Affinity 50 WDG） reduced weeds density by 93 and 95% compared to control and also produced the maximum grain yield （6 818 and 6 996 kg ha-l） and HI （harvest index, 44.7 and 44.6%） in 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 growing seasons, respectively. The maximum weeds infestation and the lowest yield were recorded in control. Tillage methods significantly influenced grain yield and HI, while no significant effect on all other parameters. The overall mean yield was significantly higher in zero tillage （5 575 kg ha-l） and reduced tillage （5 584 kg ha-l） compared to CT （5 479 kg ha-^-1）. Besides increasing wheat yield, Affinity 50 WDG and zero tillage are important weed management practices that can be integrated into wheat production in RWCS. However, in case of perennial weeds or insect pests＇ infestation, CT in combination with Affinity 50 WDG would be more productive than conservation tillage.

Control of Common Chickweed in Winter Wheat with Postemergence Herbicides

A total of six experiments were conducted over a two-year period (2018, 2019) at the University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus to assess the efficacy of various herbicides applied postemergence (POST) for the control of common chickweed in winter wheat. Fluroxypyr/bromoxynil/MCPA, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil,pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil/fluroxypyr,pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil/thiencarbazone, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil/thiencarbazone + MCPA ester, tolpyralate and fluroxypyr/halauxifen + MCPA EHE, applied POST, controlled common chickweed only 5% - 42% at 2 weeks after treatment (WAT) and 1% - 23% at 4 WAT and resulted in common chickweed density and biomass that was similar to non-treated weedy control. Fluroxypyr/halauxifen + pyroxsulam + MCPA EHE, applied POST, provided 57% - 82% control of common chickweed and reduced density 93% and biomass 98% compared to the non-treated control. Thifensulfuron/tribenuron, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA ester, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + fluroxypyr + MCPA ester, tribenuron + thiencarbazone, and tribenuron + thiencarbazone + MCPA ester, applied POST, controlled common chickweed 98% - 100% and reduced common chickweed density 96% - 98% and common chickweed biomass 99%. Based on these results, herbicide treatments which contained tribenuron including thifensulfuron/tribenuron, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA ester, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + fluroxypyr + MCPA ester, tribenuron + thiencarbazone, and tribenuron + thiencarbazone + MCPA ester were the most efficacious for the control of common chickweed in wheat. In addition, fluroxypyr/halauxifen + pyroxsulam + MCPA EHE, applied POST, can provide adequate control of common chickweed in winter wheat.

Weeds of Wheat Crop and Their Control Strategies in Dera Ismail Khan District, Khyber Pakhtun Khwa, Pakistan

This study is based on research work conducted during 2008-2010 inDera Ismail Khan, KPK,Pakistan. The research area was extensively surveyed to investigate weed species. About 32 weed species, belonging to two monocot and thirteen dicot families, were collected from the study area. Plants were identified with the help of available literature and by comparing with the already identified plant specimens of the herbarium ofQuaid-i-AzamUniversity,Islamabad,Pakistan. Data inventory constitutes botanical name, vernacular name, English name, family, and flowering and fruiting period. Phalarus minor, Rumax dentatus, and Chenopodium album were the dominant weeds in the study area having comparatively higher relative weed density. Weeds having tough competition with wheat crop for light, moisture, and nutrients adversely affect wheat production. Hence, a constant effort is needed to keep the weed population under control. Many methods of weed control and eradication have been devised but chemical control is the most effective one. However, it may have some environmental consequences if not handled properly.

Comparative Efficacy of Different Herbicides for Weed Management and Yield Attributes in Wheat

Weed competes with crops for water, nutrients and light so weed infestation is one of the major threats to crop. Present investigation was aimed to asses the comparative efficacy of different herbicides for weed management in wheat crop under agro-climatic conditions of Pakistan. This experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) design with five replications. Different herbicides were used for weed management in wheat crop. The post emergence application of herbicides included Aim 40 DF @ 0.02 kg a.i. ha-1, Agritop 500 GL-1 @ 0.43 kg a.i. ha-1, Isoproturon 50 WP @ 1 kg a.i. ha-1, Puma super 75 EW @ 0.75 kg, Topik 15 WP @ 0.04 kg and Buctril super 60 EC @ 0.45 kg. For comparison hand weeding and weedy check were also included. In each replication six treatments of these six herbicides were kept. The significantly affected parameters were fresh weed biomass (kg·ha-1), thousand grain weight (g), number of tillers m-2, weed control efficiency (%) and grain yield (kg·ha-1). Statistical analysis showed that maximum weed efficiency (84%) was recorded for Isoproturon 50 WP whereas minimum value (37%) was for Aim 40 DF. Similarly maximum number of tillers m-2 (250) was recorded for Isoproturon 50 WP and minimum (133) in weedy check. The herbicide Isoproturon 50 WP @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 was applied at post emergence performed well and exhibited effectively weed control and better yield in wheat.

Green Control Measures of Weeds in Wheat Fields in Hetao Irrigation Area along the Yellow River

This study was conducted to solve the problem of green weed control in wheat fields in Hetao irrigation area among the Yellow River.Based on the observation of the competition between wheat and weeds in areas where weeds occurred seriously in wheat fields in Hetao irrigation area among the Yellow River,we measured the effects of green weed control measures and wheat yield using different wheat varieties,planting densities,different organic fertilizers,different ploughing times,and different mulching methods.The results showed that the emergence of weeds in wheat fields dominated by Chenopodiaceae weeds,grain amaranth and barnyard grass was more than 10 d later than wheat.Weeds were mainly distributed between rows(holes),and the number of plants accounted for 66.6%(drill seeding)and 97.6%(hole seeding),respectively.And the growth of weeds in rows(holes)was weaker,and the fresh weight of individual plants was 39.3%-41.9%lower than that between rows(holes).The ecological weed inhibitory effect was significant in the early stage of wheat growth;and among the green weed control measures,except that different varieties and planting densities caused no significant difference in weed control effect,other measures had obvious weed control effects.Comprehensive comparison showed that the control effects of plant number in black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding,increasing ploughing times,and applying organic fertilizer free of weed seed pollution were 82.3%,71.7%,22.0%,and 8.6%,respectively;the fresh weight control effects of black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding,increasing ploughing times,and applying organic fertilizer free of weed seed pollution were 98.0%,97.1%,23.9%,and 9.6%,respectively;and the fresh weight control effects of black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding and increasing ploughing times increased wheat yield by 69.4%,56.4%and 21.1%,respectively.The technologies in this study can realize the purposes of mechanized green weed control in organic wheat production and low-cost,high-yield,large-scale production.

On the Parable of Weeds and Wheat

This paper probes on one of the famous parables of Jesus-the Wheat and Weeds, and demonstrates some implied meaning and morals connoted in it. Through an interesting contrast between the calm restraint of the householder and high anxi ety of his slaves, this parable suggests that people should stay calm and learn from God to be tolerate and lenient religiously to"let wheat and weeds grow together until the harvest". Meanwhile, God drops a subtle hint to seed wheat positively in stead of sug gesting people to remove weeds negatively.

7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂对小麦和青稞田杂草的防效研究

为了有效防除青海地区小麦和青稞田的杂草,开展了7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂防除小麦、青稞田杂草的效果及其对作物的安全性研究。结果表明,7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂199.95 g/hm^(2)对小麦田野燕麦的鲜重防效达97.32%,对阔叶杂草鲜重防效达80%以上,对青稞田苣荬菜、大刺儿菜两种菊科杂草有一定防效。7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂在试验剂量下对作物安全。施用7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂199.95 g/hm^(2)后,小麦增产10%以上,青稞增产15%以上。7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂是青海高寒地区麦类作物田较为适宜的除草剂。

青海省春小麦田杂草群落组成及其多样性分析

为明确青海省春小麦田杂草发生种类及其群落特征,采用倒置“W”九点取样法对青海省东部农业区和柴达木盆地农业区春小麦田杂草种类、生活型、科属组成、群落结构及杂草多样性进行调查。统计分析发现:小麦田有85种杂草,隶属24科64属。其中,菊科和禾本科是数量最多的科别,杂草分别为16种和14种。从杂草的综合优势度来看,藜(Chenopodium album L.)、野燕麦(Avena fatua L.)、萹蓄(Polygonum aviculare L.)、苦苣菜(Sonchus oleraceus L.)、苣荬菜(Herba Sonchi Brachyoti)5种杂草为优势杂草,芦苇(Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin.)、赖草(Leymus secalinus(Georgi)Tzvel.)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis(Linn.)Beauv.)、藏蓟(Cirsium eriophoroides)、荞麦蔓(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)、节裂角茴香(Hypecoum leptocarpum Hook.f.et Thoms.)、猪殃殃(Galium spurium L.)、大刺儿菜(Cirsium arvense var.setosum(willd.)Ledeb)、密花香薷(Elsholtzia densa Benth.)、野油菜(Brassica juncea(L.)Czern.et Coss.)10种杂草为区域性优势杂草。此外有常见杂草22种,一般性杂草48种。东部农业区田间杂草物种丰富度较柴达木地区高,湟中区、大通县、互助县麦田杂草的物种丰富度依次为46、45、42;柴达木盆地的都兰县、德令哈市、乌兰县、格尔木市麦田杂草的物种丰富度依次为30、26、23、13,调查区以格尔木市的物种丰富度最小。比较杂草的生活型发现,同一地区越年生杂草、多年生杂草的发生数量和一年生杂草的数量基本接近50%;从杂草群落的相似性来看,东部农业区的湟中区、互助县、大通县杂草群落组成极为相似,而柴达木盆地绿洲农业区的都兰县、德令哈市、格尔木市、乌兰县杂草群落相似性程度高,杂草群落结构的相似性结果与区域小麦生产实际相吻合。群落结构组成和区域耕作制度、气候条件、土壤理化性质、田间管理水平等具有较大的相关性,建议加强杂草优势种和区域性优势杂草的防控和监测,因地制宜制定杂草绿色防控措施。

减量施肥对冬小麦休闲期农田杂草物种多样性及生态化学计量特征的影响

【目的】分析减量施肥对冬小麦休闲期农田杂草物种多样性及生态化学计量特征的影响,旨在为化肥农药“双减”政策产生的生态环境效应科学评价提供参考。【方法】以陕西杨凌曹新庄试验地冬小麦肥料试验为基础,设置不施肥(CK)、减量施肥(氮(N)、磷(P_(2)O_(5))用量分别为165和122 kg/hm^(2))和常规施肥(N、P_(2)O_(5)用量分别为220和160 kg/hm^(2))3个处理,测定不同处理小麦产量及夏季休闲期农田杂草的生物量、株高、盖度、多度、频度、丰富度,以及藜、狗尾草和马唐的有机碳、全氮、全磷含量,计算植物多样性指标及生态化学计量比(C/N、C/P、N/P),研究减量施肥对农田杂草物种多样性及生态化学计量特征的影响。【结果】与对照相比,减量施肥和常规施肥处理均对冬小麦休闲期农田杂草的生物量、株高、盖度、多度、频度有明显影响,冬小麦籽粒产量和杂草生物量增加;施肥处理藜和地锦草的株高和生物量均显著增加,其他农田杂草的株高和生物量总体降低。与对照相比,施肥处理苋的有机碳含量以及藜、狗尾草、马唐和葎草的全氮含量均显著增加,藜、马唐全磷含量显著降低。相较于常规施肥,减量施肥处理狗尾草全磷含量显著降低。与对照相比,减量施肥和常规施肥处理藜、狗尾草和马唐氮磷比和碳磷比总体显著增加,碳氮比显著降低。相对于常规施肥处理,减量施肥处理缓解了藜和马唐氮磷比的增加幅度。与对照相比,施肥处理的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数均显著降低;与减量施肥处理相比,常规施肥处理Pielou均匀度指数与丰富度显著降低。植物β多样性指数表明,常规施肥对小区植物多样性的影响最大。【结论】减量施肥和常规施肥处理冬小麦休闲期农田杂草的物种多样性均明显降低,但减量施肥处理缓解了常规施肥对农田杂草生物多样性和生态化学计量特征的影响。

40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂防除小麦田杂草应用技术研究

为明确40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂在小麦田的应用技术,采用土壤喷雾法评价40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂对小麦田杂草的防除效果及对小麦的安全性。结果表明:40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂对小麦田杂草具有较好的防效,持效期达120 d以上,对禾本科杂草的防效优于对阔叶杂草的防效。施药后120 d,40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂150~360 g a.i./hm^(2)对禾本科杂草看麦娘和菵草的株防效和鲜重防效均大于95%,对阔叶杂草荠菜和牛繁缕的株防效分别为90.1%~96.3%和80.4%~85.5%,鲜重防效分别为93.6%~95.4%和83.2%~88.4%。40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂150~360 g a.i./hm^(2)对小麦出苗和生长安全,对小麦增产明显,增产率为16.3%~17.5%。40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂是防除小麦田杂草的优良除草剂,推荐施用剂量为150~180 g a.i./hm^(2),适宜施用时期为小麦播种后出苗前。

不同药械喷施33%氟噻·吡酰·呋SC防控小麦田杂草的效果

为进一步优化麦田杂草防控器械使用技术,2022年选用多旋翼植保无人机、自走式喷杆喷雾机、担架式植保机、背负式电动喷雾器喷施土壤封闭除草剂33%氟噻·吡酰·呋SC,比较防控小麦田杂草的效果和作业效率。结果表明:药后30、100 d,4种施药器械处理阔叶杂草的防效分别为96.94%~98.98%、91.84%~95.92%,多旋翼植保无人机、自走式喷杆喷雾机和背负式电动喷雾器处理禾本科杂草的防效分别为84.36%~94.40%、74.00%~84.53%,均显著高于担架式植保机处理。综合自走式喷杆喷雾机防效及安全性较好、作业效率较高的优势,应作为规模化小麦生产封闭除草剂喷施主要器械。

不同除草剂和药械防除小麦田杂草的田间药效

为了掌握不同药剂、不同药械对小麦田杂草的防除效果及安全性,试验选用不同药剂、不同施药器械防除小麦田杂草。结果表明:用植保无人机喷施4%啶磺草胺可分散油悬浮剂375 mL/hm^(2)+聚醚改性的七甲基三硅氧烷可溶性液剂277.5 mL/hm^(2)处理对小麦田杂草的防除效果最好,药后15、30、45 d对小麦田总草的株防效分别为61.84%、88.07%和83.40%,药后45 d对总草的鲜重防效达到90.72%;在药剂种类及剂量相同的条件下,植保无人机飞防处理对小麦田杂草的防效明显高于人工喷雾处理。

小麦病虫草害综合防控及减药增效技术示范

通过推广小麦抗性品种、药剂拌种、适期适量播种、精选高效药剂等综合防控措施,对小麦病虫草害进行全程综合防控,研究病虫草防控效果、农药减量增效成果及小麦增产情况。结果表明:小麦病虫草全程综合防控区赤霉病、叶锈病、穗蚜、杂草防效及小麦产量等均高于群众自防区,全程综合防控区农药用量减少29.13%,用药成本降低22.14%,增加的纯收益是群众自防区的2.37倍,减药增效成果显著,且全程综合防控区小麦生长好,籽粒饱满,品质良好。

Impact of Climate Change on Epidemiology of Various Pests of Wheat Crop in Punjab Pakistan

Wheat [Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae)] is the staple diet of people in Pakistan. It is attacked by many types of pests. Therefore the purpose of this study was to assess the impact of climate change on the ecology and epidemiology of various wheat pests in Punjab, Pakistan. Results indicate that maximum weeds hot spots 242 (5.98%) Phalaris minor, 45 (1.18%) wild oat and 203 (5.01%) broad leaf weeds were noted in 2015. Aphid 31 (0.86%) hot spots were recorded in 2016 while maximum army worm 13 (0.26%) hot spots were noted in 2017. Maximum 70 (1.73%) spots of yellow rust and 85 (2.10%) hot spots of brown rust were observed during 2015 while 84 (4.16%) spots of loose smut were observed during 2017. ANOVA shows that years have no significant difference (P > 0.05) but weeks have significant effect on occurrence of these pest incidences except brown rust. But regression ANOVA was significant (P ≤ 0.05) and regression models equations have been developed on the bases of recorded data. Pest incidence was taken as dependent variable Y and weather factors i.e. minimum temperature as X1, maximum temperature as X2, relative humidity as X3 and rain fall as X4 were taken as independent variables. This study will help in recommendations for moving forward aiming at integration of biology of rust and smut diseases of wheat with changing climate for development of resistant varieties for resilient and durable management of these pathogens.

我国小麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性研究进展

小麦是我国主要的粮食作物,麦田草害的发生与危害严重影响小麦的产量与品质。我国小麦田的禾本科杂草主要包括日本看麦娘、看麦娘、菵草和多花黑麦草等,田间杂草防除主要依靠化学除草剂。精噁唑禾草灵自20世纪80年代进入我国市场以来,长期用于小麦田禾本科杂草防除,已经报道麦田多种禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵产生了高水平抗药性。为更加科学合理地控制小麦田杂草的发生与危害,一些学者就麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性水平监测和抗性机理进行了系统研究。本文系统总结了我国小麦田抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的发生种群、抗性水平、靶标酶抗性机理与非靶标抗性机理,还梳理了抗性杂草的交互抗性与多抗性发生情况,分析了我国在抗性杂草治理方面的经验以及面临的问题,为农田杂草防除提供指导。

多种药剂防除冬小麦田多花黑麦草的效果初步评价

为了开发更好的防除冬小麦田多花黑麦草的除草剂,在小麦主产区进行了唑啉草酯、甲基二磺隆、吡氟酰草胺、异丙隆和吡氟酰草胺·异丙隆复配除草剂防除多花黑麦草的田间试验。结果表明:55%吡氟·异丙隆悬浮剂在冬小麦田茎叶喷雾施用,可有效防除冬小麦田多花黑麦草,且防除彻底;药后45d,株防效在90%以上,鲜重防效在95%以上。综合考虑,55%吡氟·异丙隆悬浮剂可用于防除冬小麦田多花黑麦草,推荐剂量150mL/667m2。

6%双氟磺草胺·唑嘧磺草胺SC防除春小麦田阔叶杂草药效试验

为明确新型除草剂6%双氟磺草胺·唑嘧磺草胺SC对春小麦田杂草防治效果、最佳用量和对春小麦的安全性,采用田间随机区组试验设计,在春小麦3~5叶期进行茎叶喷雾处理,通过两年药效试验,调查杂草防除效果及春小麦安全性。结果表明,推荐剂量6%双氟磺草胺·唑嘧磺草胺SC有效成分用量10.35~12.60 g·hm^(-2),药后40 d对密花香薷、黎、野油菜防效达80%以上,后期目测防效81.33%~89.32%,并对小麦具有较好的安全性,增产率为10%以上。

西藏麦类作物对恶性杂草白茅抑制作用分析

以西藏青稞‘藏青2000’和小麦品种‘高原437’为研究对象,研究了不同种植密度对西藏恶性杂草白茅的抑制作用。结果表明,供试的青稞和小麦品种对恶性杂草白茅种群数量有显著抑制作用。不同密度的青稞对白茅种群数量和干重的抑制作用没有显著差异。随着小麦种植密度增大,白茅种群数量差异显著,而干重差异不显著;当小麦种植密度达到15 kg/667m^(2)时,抑制白茅的作用最佳。在青稞与小麦种植密度相同时,对白茅种群数量和干重的抑制差异极显著,小麦的抑草效果更佳。

综合因素对麦类作物田杂草群落的影响

概述土壤温度、大气温度、光照等气候因素,深耕、免耕、轮作等耕作方式和种植制度以及施肥、浇灌、化学除草剂的使用等田间管理综合防控措施对麦田杂草群落变化、杂草群落演替的影响,并结合本地麦田杂草群落的特点,提出有效改善麦田杂草的防控措施。

黑土禾本科杂草生长特征及其对长期施肥的响应

农田杂草防控是保证作物稳产高产的重要举措。利用始于1979年的黑土肥力长期定位试验,分析长期不同施肥措施下麦田禾本科杂草生长特征及其对土壤养分的响应,探讨利用合理施肥防控杂草的可行性。结果表明:黑土长期不同施肥处理下禾本科优势杂草为马唐和金色狗尾草,狗尾草和稗分布较少。均衡施肥对禾本科杂草抑制效果最佳,杂草密度较偏施肥处理(氮磷、氮钾、磷钾)分别减少94.4%、96.6%、98.0%。长期施氮肥(均衡施肥和偏施氮肥)可显著降低黑土农田禾本科杂草群落密度,降幅在41.5%~98.0%之间;也可显著降低黑土农田禾本科杂草生物量。禾本科杂草干重与小麦产量显著负相关,较低的禾本科杂草生物量能够反映黑土小麦的高产。优势杂草马唐、金色狗尾草密度与土壤全氮、碱解氮显著负相关,与土壤pH显著正相关。总之,长期平衡施用化肥可增加小麦产量并抑制禾本科杂草生长,对于黑土麦田防控杂草具有积极作用,但应注重调节土壤pH及氮素供应之间的平衡关系。