Antibacterial biomaterials for skin wound dressing

Bacterial infection and the ever-increasing bacterial resistance have imposed severe threat to human health.And bacterial contamination could significantly menace the wound healing process.Considering the sophisticated wound healing process,novel strategies for skin tissue engineering are focused on the integration of bioactive ingredients,antibacterial agents included,into biomaterials with different morphologies to improve cell behaviors and promote wound healing.However,a comprehensive review on antibacterial wound dressing to enhance wound healing has not been reported.In this review,various antibacterial biomaterials as wound dressings will be discussed.Different kinds of antibacterial agents,including antibiotics,nanoparticles(metal and metallic oxides,lightinduced antibacterial agents),cationic organic agents,and others,and their recent advances are summarized.Biomaterial selection and fabrication of biomaterials with different structures and forms,including films,hydrogel,electrospun nanofibers,sponge,foam and three-dimension(3D)printed scaffold for skin regeneration,are elaborated discussed.Current challenges and the future perspectives are presented in thismultidisciplinary field.We envision that this review will provide a general insight to the elegant design and further refinement of wound dressing.

Molecular design, synthesis strategies and recent advances of hydrogels for wound dressing applications

With the changes in the modern disease spectrum,pressure ulcers,diabetic feet,and vascular-derived diseases caused refractory wounds is increasing rapidly.The development of wound dressings has partly improved the effect of wound management.However,traditional wound dressings can only cover the wound and block bacteria,but are generally powerless to recurrent wound infection and tissue healing.There is an urgent need to develop a new type of wound dressing with comprehensive performance to achieve multiple effects such as protecting the wound site from the external environment,absorbing wound exudate,anti-inflammatory,antibacterial,and accelerating wound healing process.Hydrogel wound dressings have the aforementioned characteristics,and can keep the wound in a moist environment because of the high water content,which is an ideal choice for wound treatment.This review introduces the wound healing process and the development and performance advantages of hydrogel wound dressings.The choice of different preparation materials gives the particularities of different hydrogel wound dressings.It also systematically explains the main physical and chemical crosslinking methods for hydrogel synthesis.Besides,in-depth discussion of four typical hydrogel wound dressings including double network hydrogels,nanocomposite hydrogels,drug-loaded hydrogels and smart hydrogels fully demonstrates the feasibility of developing hydrogels as wound dressing products and their future development trends.

Improving the Antibacterial Property of Chitosan Hydrogel Wound Dressing with Licorice Polysaccharide

A series of hydrogels with different ratios of chitosan and licorice polysaccharide(LP)were prepared by crosslinking to different concentrations of genipin(gp).They were characterized by FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy),SEM(Scanning electron microscope),swelling ratio,rheological measurements,degradation with time,cytotoxicity,and antibacterial efficacy.Results show that the hydrogels have porous structures.With an increase in LP content,the swelling rate grows in the early stage of immersion in buffer and drops later.The swelling ratio ranged from 986%to 1677%,and stiffness varied from 777 Pa to 1792 Pa.The addition of LP reduced the mechanical strength and delayed gelation and degradation of the hydrogels.However,the most important discovery was that gp increases the viability of NIH 3T3 cells from 94%to 137%,and LP raises the bacteriostatic efficacy from 51%to 78%.Hydrogels synthesized from 1%genipin,3%chitosan,and 4%licorice polysaccharide showed the best antibacterial and fibroblast proliferation promoting activities.They exhibited moderate swelling and degradation rates over time,while being more suitable to affect healing of chronic wound infections.These results provide a new strategy to improve the antibacterial effectiveness and cyto-compatibility of chitosan hydrogels with water soluble active LPs from Glycyrrhiza that derive from traditional Chinese medicine.

Electrospun antibacterial nanofibers for wound dressings and tissue medicinal fields:A Review

Bacterial infections are a major cause of chronic infections.Thus,antibacterial material is an urgent need in clinics.Antibacterial nanofibers,with expansive surface area,enable efficient incorporation of antibacterial agents.Meanwhile,structure similar to the extracellular matrix can accelerate cell growth.Electrospinning,the most widely used technique to fabricate nanofiber,is often used in many biomedical applications including drug delivery,regenerative medicine,wound healing and so on.Thus,this review provides an overview of all recently published studies on the development of electrospun antibacterial nanofibers in wound dressings and tissue me-dicinal fields.This reviewer begins with a brief introduction of electrospinning process and then discusses electrospun fibers by incorporating various types of antimicrobial agents used as in wound dressings and tissue.Finally,we finish with conclusions and further perspectives on electrospun antibacterial nanofibers as 2D biomedicine materials.

Development of a poly(arylene sulfide sulfone)antibacterial electrospun film as a skin wound dressing application

Tissue engineering has become a hot issue for skin wound healing because it can be used as an alternative treatment to traditional grafts.Nanofibrous films have been widely used due to their excellent properties.In this work,an organic/inorganic composite poly(arylene sulfide sulfone)/ZnO/graphene oxide(PASS/ZnO/GO)nanofibrous film was fabricated with the ZnO nano-particles blending in an electrospun solution and post-treated with the GO deposition.The optimal PASS/ZnO/GO nanofibrous film was prepared by 2%ZnO nanoparticles,3.0g/mL PASS electrospun solution,and 1%GO dispersion solution.The morphology,hydrophilicity,mechanical property,and cytotoxicity of the PASS/ZnO/GO nanofibrous film were character-ized by using scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscope,water contact angle,tensile testing,and a Live/Dead cell staining kit.It is founded that the PASS/ZnO/GO nanofibrous film has outstanding mechanical properties and no cytotoxicity.Furthermore,the PASS/ZnO/GO nanofibrous film exhibits excellent antibacterial activity to both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Above all,this high mechanical property in the non-toxic and antibacterial nanofibrous film will have excellent application prospects in skin wound dressing.

Collagen/Chitosan Electrospun Nanofibrous Membrane for Wound Dressing

Collagen(Col)/chitosan(CS)nanofibrous membrane has great potential to be used as wound dressing.However,current Col/CS nanofibrous membrane produced from electrospinning can not offer sufficient mechanical strength for practical applications.Herein,a novel mixed solvent was used to prepare next-generation high-strength Col/CS nanofibrous membrane.Meanwhile,the optimal Col to CS weight ratio was investigated as well.The asproduced membrane was examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),and XF-1A tester to study its morphological,chemical,thermal and mechanical properties.The preliminary results demonstrated that the mechanical properties of Col/CS nanofibrous membranes were enhanced substantially with the increase of CS weight ratios from 0 to 90%and the optimal Col to CS weight ratio was determined to be 1∶1.A promising way was presented to fabricate Col/CS electrospun nanofibrous membrane with sufficient mechanical strength for practical wound dressing applications.

A Promising Wound Dressing from Regenerated Silk Fibroin Sponge with Sustain-ed Release of Silver Nanoparticles

A silk fibroin(SF)spongy wound dressing incorporated with silver nanoparticles(Ag-NPs)was developed for biomedical applications.Ag-NPs were efficiently synthesized in situ via ultra violet(UV)with AgNO_(3) as precursor and silk fibroin as reducing and protecting agent,respectively.After lyophilization,the formed silk fibroin spongy wound dressing(SFWD)exhibited polyporous morphology and inner lamellae structures,with uniform dispersion of Ag-NPs.The porous structure provided SFWD with the ability to absorb tissue exudatealmost 6 times of its own weight,which could guarantee the sustained release of Ag-NPs.By methanol treatment,SFWD showed much improved mechanical properties and more stable to protease XIV.The cyto-compatibility of SFWD was supported by normal adherence and proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts in sponges extracting culture medium.More important,the SFWD showed significant growth inhibition in both plate culture assays and bacterial suspension assays,with Gram-positive(Staphylococcus aureus)and Gram-negative(Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli).In a cutaneous excisional mouse model,the average healing rates of SFWD was significantly higher than control and commercial bandages.The hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining results of the wound section also showed that SFWD could recruit more cells and promote tissue formation on the wound edges.

Electrospun P(LLA-CL) Nanofibers Loaded with Vitamins E TPGS as Antibacterial Wound Dressing Materials

To obtain the wound dressings which can accelerate healing effectively,vitamin E D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate(vitamin E TPGS),one of the common derivatives of the unstable vitamins E,was successfully incorporated into P(LLA-CL)nanofibers by electrospinning.Electron microscopy showed that the smooth cylindrical fibers were obtained,albeit with a small amount of beading visible for the vitamins-loaded fibers.The diameters of the P(LLA-CL)fibers decreased with the addition of vitamins.The incorporation of the vitamin E TPGS in the electrospun fibers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).Moreover,X-ray diffraction(XRD)indicated that vitamin E TPGS existed in the amorphous physical form after electrospinning.Fibers containing vitamin E TPGS showed a sustained release profile over more than 100 h in vitro.Antibacterial tests demonstrated that fibers loaded with vitamin E TPGS were effective in inhibiting the growth of E.coli and S.aureus.MTT assay showed that the fibers could promote the proliferation of L929 fibroblasts.These results above demonstrate the potential of P(LLA-CL)/vitamins E TPGS(P/E)as advanced wound dressing materials.

An Antibacterial Wound Dressing Based on GS-SF Composite Scaffold

Although the treatment of burn wounds has made great progress, the incidence of wound infection is still the main cause of high mortality. In this study, a silk fibroin (SF) scaffold wound dressing incorporated with Gentamicin Sulfate (GS) was developed for the treatment of burn infected wounds, in which GS was used as anti-bacterial agent. GS was mixed with silk fibroin solution and then processed into GS-SF composite scaffold via electro-spinning. The results showed the scaffold exhibited uniform polyporous morphology with 80% porosity. Induced by methanol, the scaffold presented much improved mechanical properties and stability to protease XIV. More important, the scaffold presented significant growth inhibition on both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria.

Design of Novel Wound Dressing Composed of Collagen and Hyaluronic Acid Containing Epidermal Growth Factor

This research aims to develop a wound dressing composed of collagen (Col) and hyaluronic acid (HA) containing epidermal growth factor (EGF). First important issue is to contain EGF in the wound dressing in a stable state. The sheet-shaped sponge was manufactured by freeze-vacuum drying an aqueous solution of Col. Both sides of sponge were treated with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to introduce intermolecular cross links between collagen molecules. This sponge was named Sponge-Col. Another sheet-shaped sponge was manufactured by freeze-vacuum drying an aqueous solution of HA containing EGF. This sponge was named Sponge-HA/EGF. The wound dressing was manufactured by laminating Sponge-Col on the top, Sponge-HA/EGF in the middle, and Sponge-Col on the bottom to create a sandwich structure. This method can prevent the reducing of EGF activity due to UV irradiation for intermolecular cross-linking. Second important issue is to enable gradual release of EGF from the wound dressing. The elution behavior of this wound dressing was investigated by measuring the weight change after immersion in water for a predetermined time. This wound dressing showed initially fast elution and subsequent very slow elution properties. The upper layer and lower layer Sponge-Col enabled gradual release of the middle layer Sponge-HA/EGF. This result suggests that EGF contained in the wound dressing is gradually released together with HA from the wound dressing. Third important issue is to provide moist wound-healing environment. The upper layer and lower layer Sponge-Col can provide the wound dressing with high water absorption and long-term water retention properties.

Surface morphology and cell viability of samarium(Ⅲ) oxide/chromium(Ⅲ) oxide/graphene oxide/polycaprolactone targeting wound dressing

Combinations of metal and lanthanide oxides have been done through casted films for potential medical applications. In this regard, samarium(Ⅲ) oxide/chromium(Ⅲ) oxide/graphene oxide(GO)/polycaprolactone(PCL) based films nano-composites(NCs) were fabricated, pointing their utilization as a biological scaffold for wound dressing purposes. Also, samarium(Ⅲ) oxide and chromium(Ⅲ) oxide have been merged as promising optical constituents due to their unique optical behavior. The structural and compositional examination of the studied NCs was executed by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Raman, and field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM). The Sm_(2)O_(3)/Cr_(2)O_(3)/GO/PCL NC exhibits a surface with a lower roughness degree owing to the presence of GO. Cr_(2)O_(3)shows size reduction upon GO insertion to reach 1.2 μm as the average grain size, whilst Sm_(2)O_(3)records an average grain size of less than 1 μm. As well, the polymeric nano-compositions exhibit variation in contact angle values that hit 29.76°± 3.52°for Sm_(2)O_(3)/PCL, and 48.62°± 1.37°for Sm_(2)O_(3)/Cr_(2)O_(3)/GO/PCL as the second lowest contact angle. The optical behavior contributes to absorption edge relocation along the x-axis from 1.7 eV for pure PCL, to 2.65 eV for Sm_(2)O_(3)/Cr_(2)O_(3)/GO/PCL. Regarding biological responses, the cell exposed to 2.5 μg/m L of Sm_(2)O_(3)/Cr_(2)O_(3)/GO/PCL shows cell viability of 119.31%, while 5 μg/m L hits 99.6%. Additionally, the resulting cell attachment micrographs show layers of fibroblast tissue, besides the proliferation and growth of cultivated cells. Thus, the Sm_(2)O_(3)/Cr_(2)O_(3)/GO/PCL scaffold provides 3D proliferation of fibroblast cells endorsing the wound healing process.

Spatially engineering tri-layer nanofiber dressings featuring asymmetric wettability for wound healing

Inspired by the skin structure,an asymmetric wettability tri-layer nanofiber membrane(TNM)consisting of hydrophilic inner layer loaded with lidocaine hydrochloride(LID),hydrophobic middle layer with ciprofloxacin(CIP)and hydrophobic outer layer has been created.The hydrophobic outer layer endows the TNM with waterproof function and anti-adhesion from contaminants.The hydrophobic middle layer with CIP preserves long-term inhibition of bacteria growth and the hydrophilic inner layer with LID possesses optimal waterabsorbing capacity and air permeability.The TNM dramatically elevates the water contact angles from 10°(inner layer)to 120(outer layer),indicating an asymmetric wettability,which could directionally transport wound exudate within the materials and meanwhile maintain a comfortable and moist environment to promote wound healing.Furthermore,the sequential release of LID and CIP could relieve pain rapidly and achieve antibacterial effect in the long run,respectively.In addition,the TNM shows superior biocompatibility towards L929 cells.The in vivo results show the TNM could prevent infection,accelerate epithelial regeneration and significantly accelerate wound healing.This study indicates the developed TNM with asymmetrical wettability and synergetic drug release shows great potential as a wound dressing in clinical application.

Designing of tragacanth gum-poly [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide and poly(acrylamide) based hydrogels for drug delivery and wound dressing applications

Bioactive tragacanth gum(TG)was functionalized by covalent crosslinking of poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide(PMEDSAH)to design network structure in form of hydrogel wound dressings(HWD).These copolymers were encapsulated with antibiotic drug vancomycin to enhance wound healing potential of the dressings.The copolymers were characterized by SEM,AFM,FTIR,13C NMR,XRD,and TGA-DSC analysis.SEM demonstrated uneven heterogeneous morphology and AFM revealed rough surface of copolymer.Inclusion of synthetic component into HD was confirmed by FTIR and 13C NMR.Hydrogel dressings absorbed 8.491.03 g/g simulated wound fluid and exhibited non-hemolytic(3.70.02%hemolytic potential)and antioxidant(37.421.54%free radical scavenging in DPPH assay)properties.Polymers required 35.05.0 mN detachment force to get it detach from the mucosal surface during mucoadhesive test.Tensile strength was found to be 1.880.13 N/mm2 during mechanical stability test.Hydrogel dressings were permeable to O2/H2O and impermeable to microbes.Release of drug vancomycin occurred through non-Fickian diffusion mechanism and release profile was best described by Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model.Overall,these results revealed that these hydrogels could be explored as materials for hydrogel wound dressings.

Mussel-inspired adhesive antioxidant antibacterial hemostatic composite hydrogel wound dressing via photo-polymerization for infected skin wound healing

With the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial infections and the slow healing of chronically infected wounds,the development of new antibacterial and accelerated wound healing dressings has become a serious challenge.In order to solve this problem,we developed photo-crosslinked multifunctional antibacterial adhesive anti-oxidant hemostatic hydrogel dressings based on polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether modified glycidyl methacrylate functionalized chitosan(CSG-PEG),methacrylamide dopamine(DMA)and zinc ion for disinfection of drug-resistant bacteria and promoting wound healing.The mechanical properties,rheological properties and morphology of hydrogels were characterized,and the biocompatibility of these hydrogels was studied through cell compatibility and blood compatibility tests.These hydrogels were tested for the in vitro blood-clotting ability of whole blood and showed good hemostatic ability in the mouse liver hemorrhage model and the mouse-tail amputation model.In addition,it has been confirmed that the multifunctional hydrogels have good inherent antibacterial properties against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).In the full-thickness skin defect model infected with MRSA,the wound closure ratio,thickness of granulation tissue,number of collagen deposition,regeneration of blood vessels and hair follicles were measured.The inflammation-related cytokines(CD68)and angiogenesis-related cytokines(CD31)expressed during skin regeneration were studied.All results indicate that these multifunctional antibacterial adhesive hemostatic hydrogels have better healing effects than commercially available Tegaderm™Film,revealing that they have become promising alternative in the healing of infected wounds.

Design of a biofluid-absorbing bioactive sandwich-structured Zn-Si bioceramic composite wound dressing for hair follicle regeneration and skin burn wound healing

The deep burn skin injures usually severely damage the dermis with the loss of hair follicle loss,which are difficult to regenerate.Furthermore,severe burns often accompanied with large amount of wound exudates making the wound moist,easily infected,and difficult to heal.Therefore,it is of great clinical significance to develop wound dressings to remove wound exudates and promote hair follicle regeneration.In this study,a sandwich-structured wound dressing(SWD)with Janus membrane property was fabricated by hot compression molding using hydrophilic zinc silicate bioceramics(Hardystonite,ZnCS)and hydrophobic polylactic acid(PLA).This unique organic/inorganic Janus membrane structure revealed excellent exudate absorption property and effectively created a dry wound environment.Meanwhile,the incorporation of ZnCS bioceramic particles endowed the dressing with the bioactivity to promote hair follicle regeneration and wound healing through the release of Zn^(2+)and SiO^(2-)_(3)ions,and this bioactivity of the wound dressing is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of Zn^(2+)and SiO^(2-)_(3)to promote the recruitment,viability,and differentiation of hair follicle cells.Our study demonstrates that the utilization of the Janus membrane and synergistic effect of different type bioactive ions are effective approaches for the design of wound dressings for burn wound healing.

Polymeric hydrogels for burn wound care:Advanced skin wound dressings and regenerative templates

Wound closure represents a primary goal in the treatment of very deep and/or large wounds,for which the mortality rate is particularly high.However,the spontaneous healing of adult skin eventually results in the formation of epithelialized scar and scar contracture(repair),which might distort the tissues and cause lifelong deformities and disabilities.This clinical evidence suggests that wound closure attained by means of skin regeneration,instead of repair,should be the true goal of burn wound management.The traditional concept of temporary wound dressings,able to stimulate skin healing by repair,is thus being increasingly replaced by the idea of temporary scaff olds,or regenerative templates,able to promote healing by regeneration.As wound dressings,polymeric hydrogels provide an ideal moisture environment for healing while protecting the wound,with the additional advantage of being comfortable to the patient,due to their cooling eff ect and non-adhesiveness to the wound tissue.More importantly,recent advances in regenerative medicine demonstrate that bioactive hydrogels can be properly designed to induce at least partial skin regeneration in vivo.The aim of this review is to provide a concise insight on the key properties of hydrogels for skin healing and regeneration,particularly highlighting the emerging role of hydrogels as next generation skin substitutes for the treatment of fullthickness burns.

A sandwich structure composite wound dressing with firmly anchored silver nanoparticles for severe burn wound healing in a porcine model

Wounds may remain open for a few weeks in severe burns,which provide an entry point for pathogens and microorganisms invading.Thus,wound dressings with long-term antimicrobial activity are crucial for severe burn wound healing.Here,a sandwich structure composite wound dressing anchored with silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)was developed for severe burn wound healing.AgNPs were in situ synthesized on the fibers of chitosan nonwoven fabric(CSNWF)as the interlayer of wound dressing for sustained release of silver ion.The firmly anchored AgNPs could prevent its entry into the body,thereby eliminating the toxicity of nanomaterials.The outer layer was a polyurethane membrane,which has a nanoporous structure that could maintain free transmission of water vapor.Chitosan/collagen sponge was selected as the inner layer because of its excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability.The presence of AgNPs in the CSNWF was fully characterized,and the high antibacterial activity of CSNWF/AgNPs was confirmed by against Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.The superior wound healing effect on deep dermal burns of presented composite wound dressing was demonstrated in a porcine model.Our finding suggested that the prepared AgNPs doped sandwich structure composite wound dressing has great potential application in severe wound care.

DEHYDRATION KINETICS OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL HYDROGEL WOUND DRESSINGS DURING WOUND HEALING PROCESS

The hydrogel wound dressing based on polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） was prepared by the freezing-thawing cyclic method. The dehydration kinetics of prepared hydrogels was determined using the experimental method and mathematical modeling based on diffusion mechanism. The results show that the dehydration rate of PVA hydrogel wound dressing inversely depends on the hydrogel thickness as well as water content of the wound. On the other hand, the initial water content of hydrogel and the atmospheric humidity have little direct effect on the dehydration rate. The good agreement between experimental and mathematical modeling results in early stages of dehydration process shows that the predominate factor determining the dehydration of these wound dressings is diffusion.

Antimicrobial-free knitted fabric as wound dressing and the mechanism of promoting infected wound healing

Fibrous biomaterials are widely used in the design and fabrication of antibacterial wound dressings.Two strategies are used to make anti-infective dressings:antibacterial and probiotic therapies,which have potential biotoxicity and other side-effects.Herein,we report a new strategy for fabricating wound dressings to combat infection.Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)(PMP) fabric can remove bacteria from infectious wounds through dressing changes based on its efficient bacterial adhesion.The maximum adhered count of S.aureus and E.coli on the PMP fabric was 1.63 × 106CFU/cm~2 and 4.77 × 105CFU/cm~2,respectively.In addition,the PMP fabric could inhibit the twitching motility of bacteria,which is beneficial for inhibiting infection.The ability of the PMP fabric to accelerate wound healing was demonstrated in vivo in a rat wound model.After treatment with the PMP fabric dressing,pathogenic bacteria in the wound were removed through dressing change;therefore,the wound exhibited better healing speed than when the commercial dressing was used.The low bacterial concentration effectively stimulated the expression of growth factors and suppressed wound inflammation,thereby accelerating wound healing.PMP fabric has three advantages:(1) it has been approved for use in clinical treatment by the Food and Drug Administration;(2) no antibacterial agent or probiotics were used;(3) the fabric could be manufactured through an industrial production process.These results indicate that the new strategy can be used in the design of new-generation wound dressings for antibacterial applications.

A facile and general method for synthesis of antibiotic-free protein-based hydrogel:Wound dressing for the eradication of drug-resistant bacteria and biofilms

Antibacterial protein hydrogels are receiving increasing attention in the aspect of bacteria-infected-wound healing. However, bacterial drug resistance and biofilm infections lead to hard healing of wounds, thus the construction of biological agents that can overcome these issues is essential. Here, a simple and universal method to construct antibiotic-free protein hydrogel with excellent biocompatibility and superior antibacterial activity against drug-resistant bacteria and biofilms was developed. The green industrial microbicide tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate (THPS) as cross-linking agent can be quickly cross-linked with model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) to form antibacterial hydrogel through simple mixing without any other initiators, subsequently promoting drug-resistance bacteria-infected wound healing. This simple gelatinization strategy allows at least ten different proteins to form hydrogels (e.g. BSA, human serum albumin (HSA), egg albumin, chymotrypsin, trypsin, lysozyme, transferrin, myohemoglobin, hemoglobin, and phycocyanin) under the same conditions, showing prominent universality. Furthermore, drug-resistance bacteria and biofilm could be efficiently destroyed by the representative BSA hydrogel (B-Hydrogel) with antibacterial activity, overcoming biofilm-induced bacterial resistance. The in vivo study demonstrated that the B-Hydrogel as wound dressing can promote reepithelization to accelerate the healing of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected skin wounds without inducing significant side-effect. This readily accessible antibiotic-free protein-based hydrogel not only opens an avenue to provide a facile, feasible and general gelation strategy, but also exhibits promising application in hospital and community MRSA disinfection and treatment.