Application of the back-error propagation artificial neural network(BPANN) on genetic variants in the PPAR-γ and RXR-α gene and risk of metabolic syndrome in a Chinese Han population

This study was aimed to explore the associations between the combined effects of several polymorphisms in the PPAR-γ and RXR-α gene and environmental factors with the risk of metabolic syndrome by back-error propaga- tion artificial neural network （BPANN）. We established the model based on data gathered from metabolic syndrome patients （n = 1012） and normal controls （n = 1069） by BPANN. Mean impact value （MIV） for each input variable was calculated and the sequence of factors was sorted according to their absolute MIVs. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction （GMDR） confirmed a joint effect of PPAR-9＂ and RXR-a based on the results from BPANN. By BPANN analysis, the sequences according to the importance of metabolic syndrome risk fac- tors were in the order of body mass index （BMI）, serum adiponectin, rs4240711, gender, rs4842194, family history of type 2 diabetes, rs2920502, physical activity, alcohol drinking, rs3856806, family history of hypertension, rs1045570, rs6537944, age, rs17817276, family history of hyperlipidemia, smoking, rs1801282 and rs3132291. However, no polymorphism was statistically significant in multiple logistic regression analysis. After controlling for environmental factors, A1, A2, B1 and B2 （rs4240711, rs4842194, rs2920502 and rs3856806） models were the best models （cross-validation consistency 10/10, P = 0.0107） with the GMDR method. In conclusion, the interaction of the PPAR-γ and RXR-α gene could play a role in susceptibility to metabolic syndrome. A more realistic model is obtained by using BPANN to screen out determinants of diseases of multiple etiologies like metabolic syndrome.

Relationship between Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in TNF-α Gene Promoter Region and Inhibitory Effects of Triptolide on TNF-α Production in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Healthy Humans

The relationship between tumour necrosis lactose （TNF-α） gene polymorphism and inhibitory effects of triptolide on TNF-α production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC） of healthy humans was investigated. Genomic DNA from 41 healthy people was typed for TNF-α- 308 polymorphism by allele-specific polymorphism chain reaction （AS-PCR）. The TNF-α concentration in the supernatant was measured by ELISA. The results showed that the production of TNF-α from TNF-α -308 non-G/G genotype PBMC was higher than that from TNF-α-308 G/G genotype PBMC after stimulated by LPS. Triptolide could lower the production of TNF-α from G/ G genotype PBMC, but had no effect on the level of TNF-α from non-G/G genotype PBMC. It was concluded that TNF-α gene polymorphism was related to the TNF-α production from triptolide-inhibited PBMC culture in healthy humans.

Association of UCP3,APN,and TNF-α Gene Polymorphisms with Type 2 Diabetes in a Population of Northern Chinese Han Patients

We observed the polymorphism distribution and coaction of uncoupling protein 3（UCP3）-55C/T,adiponectin（APN）＋45T/G and tumor necrosis factor（TNF）-α-308G/A on the onset and development of T2DM in a Northern Chinese Han population of 213[100 type 2 diabete（T2DM） patients and 113 health control subjects] by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisum（PCR-RFLP） method.Results demonstrate the polymorphism of UCP3-55C/T,APN＋45T/G,and TNF-α-308G/A related to T2DM onset and developement.And the individuals carrying UCP3-55T,APN＋45G and TNF-α-308A allele had higher T2DM risk.Those results are the first report to evaluate the association of the coaction of UCP3,APN,TNF-α genes polymorphism on T2DM risk and the susceptibility of T2DM in the Northern Chinese Han population.

The Association between Polymorphism of TNF-α Gene and Hypertensive Disorder Complicating Pregnancy

To study whether the development of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy is associated with --308G→A, -850C→T mutation at promoter of TNF-α gene, the --308G→A, --850C→T polymorphism was examined in patients and healthy pregnant women by PCR-RFLP technique. The frequencies of genotype and allele were compared between the two groups. The results showed that with-308G→A polymorphism distribution, the allele frequency of TNF2 and the frequency of the genotype TNF2/1 in the patient group was significantly higher in the patient group than in control group （P〈0.05）. A significant difference in genotype distribution of --850C→T polymorphism was observed between the two groups. The allele frequencies of T in patient group was higher in the control group as compared with the patient group. The frequencies of CT and TT genotypes were lower in the patient group. It is concluded that the TNF2 allele of -308 is associated with the occurrence of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy, while T allele of--850 may be the protective factor against the development of the disease. TNF2/1 CC may be susceptibility genotype of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy.

RETROVIRUS-MEDIATED TNF-α GENE TRANSFER INTO TCA8113 CELLS

Objective To investigate whether TNF-α gene-modified Tca8113 cells (Tca8113/TNF-α) canbe used as vaccine for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods TNF-α gene was transduced into Tca8113 cellsin vitro with retroviral vector carring genes for both TNF-α and NeoR. After that, presence and expression of exoge-nous gene in the transgenic cells, expression of HLA antigen on the cells, expression of TNF-α and survival rate ofthe cells after irradiation and cryopreservation, and mutagenic activity of the cells were analyzed by PCR technique,EL1SA technique, FACS technique, 60Co irradiation inactivation test, cryopreservation test, and Ames test, respec-tively. Results The presence of both TNF-a and NeoR gene and expression of TNF-α gene were demonstrated intransgenic cells. The levels of the HLA-A, B, C, DR expressed by Tca8113/TNF-α were higher than by the parentalcells. Tca8113/TNF-α continued to secrete TNF-α for 14 d, there was a secretion peak time from d4 to d6;and, allthe cells died by dl4 after irradiation. The Level of TNF-α secreted by Tca8113/TNF-α cryopreserved for 48 h wasno different from that cryopreserved for 1 week after irradiation, the level of TNF-α secreted by the cryopreservedcells was just a little lower than that secreted by the noncryopreserved cells. Both DNA and supernatant of the cellshave no mutagenic activity. Conclusion TNF-α gene can be transduced into Tca8113 cells with retroviral vec-tor, and the cells can express TNF-α. Expression of HLA 1,11 antigens on Tca8113 cells can be increased by TNF-αgene transduction. Irradiation is a reliable inactivation method, and cryopreservation is a feasible conservationmethod for Tca8113/TNF-α. Ames test result indicate that Tca8113/TNF-α has no mutagenic activity.

Antitumor Effects of the Fibroblasts Transfected TNF-α Gene and its Mutants

Summary: To compare the anti-tumor effects of transmembrane TNF-α (TM-TNF) and secreted TNF-α (S-TNF) in vivo, mouse fibroblasts NIH3T3 were transfected separately with three types of retrovirus containing wild type TNF-α (Wt-TNF), TM-TNF mutant (TM-TNFm), S-TNF mutant (S-TNFm). Southern blot, RT-PCR, FACS and bioassay were used to investigate TNF-α gene integration, expression and its biological activity. It was found that both fixed cells and supernatant of NIH3T3/Wt-TNF, the fixed cells of NIH3T3/TM-TNFm and the supernatant of NIH3T3/S-TNFm could express high level of TNF-α or its mutants and effectively kill H22 in vitro. The transfected NIH3T3 were separately injected into the mice at the sites of H22 tumor cell inoculation according to a ratio of 5∶1 or 1∶1 (effector/target cells, E/T) after the third day of H22 challenge, respectively. At the E/T=5∶1, the NIH3T3/TM-TNFm induced the highest tumor regression, while NIH3T3/S-TNFm exerted the strongest tumor depressing effect at the E/T=1∶1 in vivo. No obvious side effects were noted throughout the course of treatment. The results suggest that both TM-TNF and S-TNF could cause tumor regression. The anti-tumor effect of TM-TNF would be more powerful and safe than that of S-TNF at the proper E/T ratio.

表达IFN-α的重组猪繁殖与呼吸综合病毒的构建及生物学特性分析

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)是危害我国生猪业的重要疫病之一,其病原是猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV),是一种免疫抑制性病毒。干扰素(IFN)是一类具有免疫调节功能和抗病毒作用的细胞因子。IFN-α除更直接的抗病毒作用外,还可以调节宿主的先天性和适应性免疫。论文构建表达IFN-α的重组PRRSV,分析重组病毒的生物学特性以及IFN-α的生物学活性。通过反向遗传操作方法将IFN-α插入到PRRSV ORF1b和ORF2a之间,重组质粒转染细胞后可以拯救出重组病毒(rGXAM-P-IFN-α)。插入到PRRSV基因组中的IFN-α可遗传稳定9代。重组病毒生长特性分析可发现rGXAM-P-IFN-α复制能力显著低于亲本病毒。rGXAM-P-IFN-α感染猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)可显著上调抗病毒基因(PKR,ISG15和ISG54)mRNA表达水平,为进一步研发新型PRRSV疫苗提供参考。

产气荚膜梭菌α-毒素基因数字PCR方法的建立及其在标准物质研制方面的应用

产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)是一种重要的人兽共患病原菌,α-毒素是其分子生物学检测的主要靶标。试验选取Clper引物及探针建立微滴式数字PCR(droplet digtial PCR,ddPCR)方法,最佳引物浓度0.85μmol/L,探针浓度为0.3μmol/L,退火温度为60℃。利用建立的ddPCR方法检测单核细胞增生李斯特菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、弯曲杆菌的DNA,结果均为阴性,表明该方法具有较好的特异性。合成产气荚膜梭菌α-毒素基因,制成DNA标准品,选取3个稀释梯度的标准品进行重复试验,组内和组间变异系数均小于5%,证明该方法具有较好的重复性。采用7个稀释梯度的标准品进行重复检测,计算出该方法的检测限为12.39 copies/μL,定量限为33.97 copies/μL。通过对68份临床样品进行检测,证实该方法可用于临床,且用于检测质粒DNA时无明显的基质效应。应用ddPCR方法对标准品进行均匀性和稳定性检验,并联合9家实验室进行定值,最终获得了国家市场监督管理总局颁发的标准物质证书(GBW(E)091237)。α-毒素基因ddPCR方法的建立和DNA标准物的研制,为产气荚膜梭菌分子生物学检测试剂的标准化奠定了基础。

Association of-238G/A and -857C/T Polymorphisms of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Gene Promoter Region With Outcomes of Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Objectives To determine whether -238G/A and -857C/T polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-o0 gene promoter were associated with outcomes of hepatitis B virus infection. Methods A total of 246 HBV self-limited infected subjects and 443 chronic hepatitis B （HB） patients were recruited in this case-control study. TNF-α-238G/A and -857C/T gene promoter polymorphisms were examined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP）. Results The frequency of TNF-α-238 GG （90.7%） in chronic HB group was significantly lower than that （95.1%） in self-limited group （P=0.041）. The frequency of TNF-oc-857 CC （79.7%） in chronic HB patients was significantly higher than that （70.9%） in self-limited infected subjects （P=0.021）. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that both TNF-oc-238GA and -857CC were independently associated with chronic HB. Conclusions TNF-α promoter variants are likely to play a substantial role in influencing the outcomes of HBV infection.

HBA2基因非编码区罕见突变分子诊断及家系分析

目的:对1例不符合遗传规律的α-地中海贫血病例进行分子诊断及家系分析,探索新发现的罕见突变(HBA2:c.*12G>A)对临床表型的影响。方法:采集先证者及其家系成员的血液样本进行血常规检测,毛细管电泳法进行血红蛋白组分分析,常规技术(Gap-PCR、RDB-PCR)检测中国人群常见的α-及β-珠蛋白基因位点,Sanger测序法分析α-珠蛋白基因序列(HBA1、HBA2)。结果:通过分析先证者及其家系成员的检测结果,检出先证者基因型为-α^(3.7)/HBA2:c.*12G>A,其父亲为罕见α-珠蛋白基因HBA2:c.*12G>A杂合突变携带者。结论:本研究发现了一种未报道的罕见α-珠蛋白基因突变HBA2:c.*12G>A,其杂合突变携带者表现为静止型α-地中海贫血。

Role of the Pentanucleotide (tttta)_n Polymorphisms of CYP11αGene in the Pathogenesis of Hyperandrogenism in Chinese Women with PolycysticOvary Syndrome

Summary: To determine the (tttta) n repeat polymorphisms at the promoter region of CYP11α gene, and study its linkage to hyperandrogenism of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Chinese women, a case-control study was conducted in the Reproductive Medical Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, China). 96 PCOS patients and 78 healthy control women were included. CYP11α (tttta) n repeat-polymorphism genotyping analysis was performed by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serum pituitary hormone and total testosterone levels were measured by ELISA. 4 different CYP11α (tttta) n allelles were identified, corresponding to 4-, 6-, 8-, and 9-repeat-unit alleles. The frequency and distribution of these alleles are 0.16, 0.33, 0.38, and 0.13 respectively in PCOS patients, as compared with 0.20, 0.34, 0.35, and 0.11 respectively in healthy controls. There were no significant differences between these two groups. Moreover, no correlation between the polymorphism of CYP11α gene and serum testosterone level of patients with PCOS and controls was observed. It is concluded that microsatellite polymorphism (tttta) n of gene CYP11α exists in Chinese women and the polymorphism of CYP11α gene does not play an important role in the pathogenesis of Chinese patients with PCOS, especially in patients with hyperandrogenism.

Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of PsSFBB Gene in Xinjiang Pear

[ Objective] This study aimed to clone the PsSFBB gene from Xinjiang pear for bioinformatics analysis. [ Method ] PsSFBB gene was cloned from an- thers of Qipan pear by using RT-PCR and RACE technologies for bioinformatics analysis. [Result] A SFBBt-α gene with a full-length of 1 231 bp was cloned and named PsSFBB6-α （Genbank accession number： EU909685）. PsSFBBt-ct gene encodes a protein of 378 amino acids, with an F-box motif composed of about 50 amino acids in the N-temfinal. According to the bioinformatics analysis, the molecular formula of PsSFB6-α protein is C2000 H3034 N517 O558S223, with relative molecu- lar mass of 43 987.5 and isoelectric point of 6.02, and the secondary structure is dominated by or-helices ; theoretically, the half life period is 30 h and the instabil- ity parameter is 55.21, so PsSFBB6-α protein is an instable protein ; in addition, it is predicted that PsSFBB6-α protein is a hydrophilic and non-secreted protein with lyases activity and specifically recognized substrates, which was consistent with the function of F-box protein. [ Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for further research on SFBB proteins and the mechanism of self-incompatibility and provided theoretical basis for breeding of self-compatible cultivars of Xinjiang pear and scientific arrangement of pollination trees in production to increase the yield and quality.

HBA2:c.2T>C和HBA2:c.2delT两例罕见突变引起血红蛋白H病家系分析

目的:分别对HBA2:c.2T>C和HBA2:c.2delT两种罕见HBA2基因起始密码子突变复合东南亚型α-地贫的血红蛋白H病病例及其家系成员进行致病基因分析,了解HBA2:c.2T>C和HBA2:c.2delT突变与临床表型的关系。方法:采集家系成员外周血进行血细胞分析及毛细管电泳血红蛋白分析,缺口PCR(Gap-PCR)、反向点杂交法(RDB)检测ɑ-地贫基因常见类型突变,Sanger测序法对HBA1和HBA2基因序列进行分析。结果:检测出两个先证者基因型分别为--SEA/αα复合HBA2:c.2T>C和--SEA/αα复合HBA2:c.2delT,家系成员中检出HBA2:c.2T>C/WT和HBA2:c.2delT/WT,均表现为小细胞低色素性贫血。结论:HBA2:c.2T>C和HBA2:c.2delT为杂合突变时机体可出现静止型α-地贫的表型,当其复合轻型α-地贫时可使机体出现血红蛋白H病的临床表现,本研究为遗传咨询提供依据。

广州市从化区育龄人群α-珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血筛查及基因鉴定结果分析

目的了解和分析广州市从化区育龄人群中α-珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血发病率及基因突变类型。方法应用血细胞分析和血红蛋白电泳对24083例育龄人群血样进行初筛,初筛阳性者采用跨越断裂点聚合酶链反应(GAP-PCR)和PCR反向点杂交技术检测α-珠蛋白变异基因,使用PCR反向点杂交方法检测β-珠蛋白17种常见突变基因。结果经基因鉴定共检出α-珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血基因异常者2596例,异常发生率10.78%。α-β复合基因突变者170例,复合发生率0.71%。在突变基因中,包括缺失型2550例,占98.23%;非缺失型46例,占1.77%。共含有14种基因突变类型,其中血红蛋白H(HbH)病5种,以--^(SEA)/-α^(3.7)为主;轻型4种,--^(SEA)/αα基因型达到了68.61%;静止型5种,占比最高的前两种基因型为-α^(3.7)/αα和-α^(4.2)/αα。αβ复合基因突变类型检出23种,检出率最高的前六种分别为--^(SEA)/β^(CD41-42),-α^(3.7)/β^(CD41-42),--^(SEA)/β^(654),--^(SEA)/-28,-α^(3.7)/β^(654)和-α^(3.7)/βCD17,占全部复合类型的75.27%。结论广州市从化区α-珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血基因异常发生率较高,基因突变类型和构成比具有自己的特点,是α-珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血一个较为特殊的区域。

受体酪氨酸激酶Mer对高糖环境培养的大鼠雪旺细胞系RSC96增殖调控作用观察

目的观察受体酪氨酸激酶Mer(MER tyrosine kinase,Mertk)在高糖环境培养条件下的大鼠雪旺细胞系RSC96增殖的调控作用。方法取RSC96分为一、二、三、四、五组,分别置于含25(正常葡萄糖浓度)、50、75、100及125 mmol/L葡萄糖的培养基中培养,培养48 h时采用Western Blotting法检测各组细胞Mertk,筛选Mertk蛋白相对表达量最高浓度为后续研究的高糖浓度。取RSC96细胞先饥饿处理4 h,置入含100 mmol/L的葡萄糖培养基中,分别于培养0、24、36、48、60 h时取各组细胞,采用Western Blotting法检测各组细胞Mertk,最终筛选Mertk蛋白相对表达量高的时间为后续研究培养时间。取RSC96细胞,分为对照组、高糖组、高糖敲降组及敲降组:高糖组细胞饥饿处理4 h,置于含100 mmol/L葡萄糖的培养基中培养;高糖敲降组细胞饥饿处理4 h,置于含100 mmol/L葡萄糖的培养基中,后加入5μL的敲降Mertk基因表达siRNA溶液;敲降组细胞饥饿处理4 h,加入5μL的敲降Mertk基因表达siRNA溶液;对照组细胞用正常培养基培养。培养48 h时取各组细胞,采用Edu法测算各组细胞增殖活力,采用Western Blotting法检测各组细胞Mertk、磷酸化核转录因子κB、P65及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)。结果与一组相比,四、五组细胞Mertk蛋白相对表达量高(P均<0.05);与培养0 h相比,培养48、60 h时RSC96细胞Mertk相对表达量高(P均<0.05)。与对照组相比,高糖组细胞增殖活力低(P<0.05),敲降组细胞增殖活力高(P<0.05);与对照组相比,高糖敲降组细胞P65、TNF-α相对表达量高(P均<0.05),敲降组细胞Mertk相对表达量低、P65及TNF-α相对表达量高(P均<0.05),高糖组细胞Mertk、P65及TNF-α相对表达量高(P均<0.05)。结论敲降Mertk基因表达的高糖环境培养RSC96细胞的增殖能力高,细胞P65、TNF-α表达高。Mertk可能通过促进细胞P65、TNF-α表达,促进高糖环境培养RSC96细胞的增殖。

ASI基因家族结构及表达分析

为研究编码α-淀粉酶/枯草杆菌蛋白酶抑制剂(α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor, ASI)的基因结构特征及功能,本研究利用NCBI、Phytozome等平台工具鉴定到来源于23种植物的33个ASI基因家族成员,分析其进化特点及其编码蛋白的理化性质和保守基序等信息.同时结合RT-qPCR技术分析水稻ASI在干旱和盐胁迫条件下的表达模式.结果表明,ASI基因家族具有较高的保守性,但其编码蛋白上下游区域的保守性强弱不一,同时顺式作用元件预测结果提示ASI基因可能参与植物生长发育调控、响应生物及非生物胁迫等生理过程. RT-qPCR分析发现,较未胁迫条件下,幼苗期水稻的根、叶鞘和叶片等组织中RASI基因发生了不同的表达变化,提示ASI基因可能具有多样性的生物学功能.

Association of polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter region with outcome of hepatitis B virus infection

AIM: To determine whether -238G/A and -857C/T polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), gene promoter and hepatitis B (HB) viral genotypes were associated with outcomes of HBV infection.METHODS: A total of 244 HBV self-limited infected subjects, 208 asymptomatic carriers, and 443 chronic HB patients were recruited to conduct a case-control study.TNF-α -238G/A and -857C/T gene promoter polymorphisms were examined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and HBV genotypes were examined by nested PCR.RESULTS: The positive rate of HBV DNA in asymptomatic carrier group and chronic HB group was 46.6% and 49.9%,respectively. HBV genotype proportion among the asymptomatic carriers was 2.1% for genotype A, 25.8% for genotype B, 68.0% for genotype C, and 4.1% for genotype B+C mixed infection, and 0.9% for genotype A,21.7% for genotype B, 71.5% for genotype C, 5.9% for genotype B+C mixed infection in chronic HB group. There was no significant difference in genotype distribution between the asymptomatic carrier group and chronic HB group (x2 = 1.66, P = 0.647). The frequency of -238GG genotype in self-limited group was 95.1%, significantly higher than 90.7% in chronic HB group and 89.0% in asymptomatic carrier group (P = 0.041 and P = 0.016,respectively).The frequency of TNF-α-857 CC in chronic HB group was 79.7%, significantly higher than 64.4% in asymptomatic carrier group and 70.9% in self-limited group (P＜0.001 and P = 0.023, respectively). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that TNF-α-238GA and -857CC were independently associated with chronic HB after gender and age were adjusted.CONCLUSION: TNF-α promoter variants are likely to play a substantial role in the outcome of HBV infection.

Gene expression in cisplatin ototoxicity and protection with p53 inhibitor

Cisplatin damages cochlear hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons through cell death signaling pathways that are not fully understood. We used focused apoptosis gene microarrays to study early changes in gene expres- sion in cochlear cultures from P3 neonatal rats treated with cisplatin (0.2 mM). After 12 hours of cisplatin treat- ment, more than 50% of the 96 genes on the array showed a significant decrease in expression, consistent with widespread cell death. However, after 3 hours of cisplatin treatment, 10 genes showed significant increase in ex- pression in total cochlear tissue. In experiments with subsets of cochlear tissues, at 3h, cisplatin induced increased expression of 12 genes in the cochlear sensory epithelium (basilar membrane) and 11 genes in the spiral ganglion (tissue of Rosenthal’s canal, containing the spiral ganglion). These included pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in- volved in the p53 signaling pathway, TNF receptor family, NF-kappaB pathway, death domain family, death effec- tor domain family, Bcl-2 family, CARD family, TRAF family, and GTP signal transduction. Although the changes in gene expression showed an overlap between basilar membrane and spiral ganglion, other changes, which may reflect the unique response of each tissue, were also observed. Pifithrin-α blocked cisplatin-induced up-regulation of genes in the p53 signaling pathway when assayed by both superarray and real time PCR. The data add to our understanding of the involvement of p53 in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and otoprotection, conferred by the p53 inhibitor Pifithrin-α.

α-突触核蛋白的异常修饰及在帕金森病中的作用机制

背景:因α-突触核蛋白异常聚集而形成的路易体是帕金森病特征性病理变化。近年多项研究揭示α-突触核蛋白聚集体的形成与其翻译后修饰关系密切。α-突触核蛋白的磷酸化、硝基化、乙酰化、泛素化等修饰在帕金森病的发病和进展中的作用得到广泛关注。目的:通过文献综述的方法阐述关于α-突触核蛋白修饰类型、修饰位点对帕金森病的特征性病理形成和进展的影响。方法:由第一作者系统检索中国知网和PubMed数据库,以“α-突触核蛋白,帕金森病,磷酸化,乙酰化,泛素化,硝基化”为中文检索词,以“α-Synuclein,Parkinson’s disease,phosphorylation,acetylation,ubiquitination,nitration”为英文检索词,收集整理近年来与α-突触核蛋白异常修饰相关的文献,最终纳入61篇文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:①α-突触核蛋白异常修饰与其蛋白结构和其带有正负电荷密切相关,其氨基端带有正电荷,易发生泛素化和乙酰化修饰;其中心疏水区域因其疏水特性易形成β片层结构,其羧基端带有负电荷,是主要磷酸化修饰区域。②磷酸化修饰位点可促进磷酸化修饰并与α-突触核蛋白的聚集密切相关,而蛋白激酶可靶向激活翻译修饰,可能有助于促进或抑制聚集体形成。③α-突触核蛋白的降解途径主要发挥清除病理性蛋白的作用,各种激酶催化促使蛋白泛素化修饰后,使其功能受损,导致蛋白异常堆积,从而加重神经退变。④α-突触核蛋白的氨基端经过乙酰化修饰后,可提升蛋白对细胞膜的穿梭能力,减缓蛋白聚集,可能为神经细胞保护靶点,但是在突变型蛋白发生乙酰化修饰后反而产生相反作用。⑤α-突触核蛋白的硝基化修饰主要与氧化应激相关,在活性氧的作用下,硝基化修饰的蛋白聚集倾向增强。⑥由于α-突触核蛋白不同翻译后修饰产生的影响各异,因此阐明其翻译后修饰的主要机制,抑制促使蛋白聚集的翻译后修饰,可能为帕金森病早期诊断和治疗提供新靶点参考。

Isolation and Analysis of α-Gliadin Gene Coding Sequences from Triticum durum

Three coding sequences of gliadins genes, designed as Gli2_Dul, Gli2_Du2 and Gli2_Du3, were isolated from the genomic DNA of Triticum durum accessions CItr5083. Gli2_Dul and Gli2_Du2 contain 945 and 864 bp, encoding the mature proteins with 314 and 287 amino acid residues, respectively. Gli2_Du3 is recognized as a pseudogene due to the stop codon occurring in the coding region. The pseudogenes, commonly occurring in gliadins family, are attributed to the single base change C→T. The amino acid sequences deduced from these gene sequences were characterized with the typical structure of α-gliadin proteins, including the toxic sequences （PSQQQP）. The peptide fraction PF（Y）PP（Q）is thought to be an extra unit of repetitive domain, slightly diverging from the previous report. Six cysteine residues were observed within two unique domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed Gli2_Du2 and Gli2_Du3 were closely related to the genes on chromosome 6A, whereas Gli2_Dul seems to be more homologous with the genes on chromosome 6B.