Expression analysis of a-smooth muscle actin and tenascin-C in the periodontal ligament under orthodontic loading or in vitro culture

α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA） and tenascin-C are stress-induced phenotypic features of myofibroblasts. The expression levels of these two proteins closely correlate with the extracellular mechanical microenvironment. We investigated how the expression of α-SMA and tenascin-C was altered in the periodontal ligament （PDL） under orthodontic loading to indirectly reveal the intrinsic mechanical microenvironment in the PDL. In this study, we demonstrated the synergistic effects of transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1） and mechanical tensile or compressive stress on myofibroblast differentiation from human periodontal ligament cells （hPDLCs）. The hPDLCs under higher tensile or compressive stress significantly increased their levels of α-SMA and tenascin-C compared with those under lower tensile or compressive stress. A similar trend was observed in the tension and compression areas of the PDL under continuous light or heavy orthodontic load in rats. During the time-course analysis of expression, we observed that an increase in α-SMA levels was matched by an increase in tenascin-C levels in the PDL under orthodontic load in vivo. The time-dependent variation of α-SMA and tenascin-C expression in the PDL may indicate the time-dependent variation of intrinsic stress under constant extrinsic loading.

转化生长因子-β1对人Tenon囊成纤维细胞表型转化的作用

目的探讨转化生长因子-β1（transforming growth factor-β1，TGF-β1）对人Tenon囊成纤维细胞（human subconjunctival Tenon’s capsule fibroblast，HTCF）表型转化的作用。方法人白内障手术中取结膜下Tenon囊组织块培养成纤维细胞。用第5～9代细胞，以不同浓度TGF-β1（0μg·L^-1，2μg·L^-1，5μg·L^-1。，10μg·L^-1，20μg·L^-1）、不同时间（24h、48h、72h）诱导成纤维细胞表型转化为肌成纤维细胞。用蛋白质印迹免疫检测技术和免疫细胞化学技术鉴定细胞表型。结果体外用TGF-β1诱导HTCF，在0～10μg·L^-1，TGF-β1呈剂量依赖性增加平滑肌肌动蛋白在蛋白水平的表达，至20μg·L^-1时表达迅速下降；10μg·L^-1 TGF-β1诱导48h后其平滑肌肌动蛋白的表达与24h、72h相比，差异有显著性（P〈0．01，n=6）。结论一定浓度和剂量的TGF-β1能显著诱导HTCF表型转化为肌成纤维细胞，在人Tenon囊组织局部组织损伤修复及瘢痕形成中具有重要作用。

参杖颗粒含药血清对HSC增殖及α-SMA表达的抑制效应

目的:研究参杖颗粒对α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(alpha smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)表达的影响,探讨该方影响肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cell,HSC)迁移和增殖的调节机制.方法:将HSC分别培养于不同浓度的参杖颗粒含药血清中,采用Western blot测定α-SMA的表达量;RT-PCR检测α-SMA mRNA表达量;流式细胞仪检测不同浓度的含药血清对HSC周期的影响;细胞划痕实验检测不同浓度的含药血清对HSC迁移的影响.结果:Western blot实验结果显示10倍浓度的参杖颗粒含药血清对HSC的α-SMA的表达有明显减少;同时RT-PCR结果显示α-SMA的mRNA水平在10倍浓度血清处理的HSC中最低;细胞周期检测结果显示细胞明显被阻滞于G2期,以10倍浓度组抑制增殖效果最明显;划痕实验显示10倍浓度血清处理的HSC迁移能力明显被抑制.结论:参杖颗粒对HSC的α-SMA的表达有明显抑制作用,并明显阻止HSC的迁移和增殖.

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The role of Rho/Rho-kinase pathway and the neuroprotective effects of fasudil in chronic cerebral ischemia

The Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway plays an important role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, very few studies have examined in detail the changes in the Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway in chronic cerebral ischemia. In this study, rat models of chronic cerebral ischemia were established by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion and intra- gastrically administered 9 mg/kg fasudil, a powerful ROCK inhibitor, for 9 weeks. Morris water maze results showed that cognitive impairment progressively worsened as the cerebral ischemia proceeded. Immunohistochemistry, semi-quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of Rho-kinase, its substrate myosin-binding subunit, and its relat- ed protein alpha smooth muscle actin, significantly increased after chronic cerebral ischemia. TUNEL staining showed that chronic cerebral ischemia could lead to an increase in neuronal apoptosis, as well as the expression level of caspase-3 in the frontal cortex of rats subjected to chronic cerebral ischemia. Fasudil treatment alleviated the cognitive impairment in rats with chronic cerebral ischemia, and decreased the expression level of Rho-kinase, myosin-binding subunit and alpha smooth muscle actin. Furthermore, fasudil could regulate cerebral injury by reducing cell apoptosis and decreasing caspase-3 expression in the frontal cortex. These findings demonstrate that fasudil can protect against cognitive impairment induced by chronic cerebral ischemia via the Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway and anti-apoptosis mechanism.

银杏叶提取物对TGF-β_1诱导的人Tenon's囊成纤维细胞增殖的影响及其机制的初步探讨

目的:观察银杏叶提取物(GBE)对转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)诱导的人Tenon's囊成纤维细胞(HTCFs)增殖的影响及可能机制。方法:体外培养HTCFs及鉴定;MTT法检测不同浓度的GBE(25、50、100、200mg/L)对TGF-β1(2ng/mL)诱导的HTCFs增殖的影响;流式细胞仪检测细胞周期;免疫细胞化学法观察α-平滑肌动蛋白(α-SMA)表达的情况。RT-PCR检测细胞结缔组织生长因子mRNA(CTGF mRNA)的表达。结果:TGF-β1可显著促进HTCFs的增殖,促进细胞由G0/G1期进入S期,上调α-SMA、CTGF在蛋白和mRNA水平的表达;GBE能够抑制TGF-β1的上述作用。结论:GBE具有抑制TGF-β1诱导的人Tenon's囊成纤维细胞增殖的作用,其机制可能是阻止细胞进入S期,下调α-SMA及CTGF的表达。

高糖通过蛋白激酶C改变肾小球系膜细胞的间隙连接与细胞表型

目的观察高糖环境下，蛋白激酶C（PKC）活性的变化对肾小球系膜细胞间隙连接与细胞表型的影响。方法将体外培养的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞分为低糖组、高糖组、高糖＋PKC抑制剂十字孢碱（SP）组，测定细胞间隙连接蛋白-43（connexin 43）、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α—SMA）的表达。结果①与低糖组相比，高糖组细胞PKC活性、mSMA mRNA表达增高，connexin 43 mRNA表达下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；②与高糖组相比，高糖＋SP组细胞PKC活性、α—SMA mRNA表达下降，connexin 43 mRNA表达增高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论高糖通过PKC改变肾小球系膜细胞的间隙连接与细胞表型。

Dynamic Variation of RAS on Silicotic Fibrosis Pathogenesis in Rats

The dynamic variation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in silicosis remains unclear.Seventy Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups including control group,silicosis groups (inhaling SiO2 for 2,4,8,16 and 24 weeks,respectively) and Captopril (Cap) group.Rat lung primary fibroblasts were divided into control group,SiO2-stimulated group (0,0.5,1,3,6,12,24 and 48 h) and Cap group.The silicotic nodules were formed and collagens were deposited gradually in silicosis group observed by haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Van Gieson (VG) staining.Cap relieved the lung fibrosis and collagen deposition.Immunohistochemistry indicated the positive expression of α-smooth muscle actin α-SMA) was increased gradually in silicotic rat lung tissue.Western blotting revealed the expression of collagen type Ⅰ(Col Ⅰ) and α-SMA was up-regulated in silicotic rat lung tissue and fibroblasts stimulated by SiCh.Cap decreased the expression of Col Ⅰ and α-SMA in silicotic rat lung tissue and fibroblasts stimulated by SiCh.Western blotting also demonstrated the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor (ATI) was increased,and the expression of ACE2 and Mas was decreased gradually in silicotic rat lung tissue and fibroblasts stimulated by SiCh.ELISA showed the serum levels of ACE and angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ) were also increased and ACE2 and Ang (1 -7) were decreased in the silicosis group.Treatment with Cap decreased the expression levels of ACE,Ang Ⅱ and ATI,and increased the expression levels of ACE2,Ang (1-7) and Mas.These findings suggested that an imbalance between ACE-Ang Ⅱ-AT1 axis and ACE2-Ang (l-7)-Mas axis may participate in the development of silicosis.

Smoothelin,a new marker to determine the origin of liver fibrogenic cells

AIM:To explore this hypothesis that smooth muscle cells may be capable of acquiring a myofibroblastic phenotype,we have studied the expression of smoothelin in fibrotic conditions.METHODS:Normal liver tissue(n=3)was obtained from macroscopically normal parts of hepatectomy,taken at a distance from hemangiomas.Pathological specimens included post-burn cutaneous hypertrophic scars(n=3),fibrotic liver tissue(n=5),cirrhotic tissue(viral and alcoholic hepatitis)(n=5),and hepatocellular carcinomas(n=5).Tissue samples were fixed in 10%formalin and embedded in paraffin for immunohistochemistry or were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen-cooled isopentane for confocal microscopy analysis.Sections were stained with antibodies against smoothelin,which is expressed exclusively by smooth muscle cells,andα-smooth muscle actin,which is expressed by both smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts.RESULTS:In hypertrophic scars,α-smooth muscle actin was detected in vascular smooth muscle cells and in numerous myofibroblasts present in and around nodules,whereas smoothelin was exclusively expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells.In the normal liver,vascular smooth muscle cells were the only cells that expressα-smooth muscle actin and smoothelin.In fibrotic areas of the liver,myofibroblasts expressingα-smooth muscle actin were detected.Myofibroblasts co-expressingα-smooth muscle actin and smoothelin were observed,and their number was slightly increased in parallel with the degree of fibrosis(absent in liver with mild or moderate fibrosis;5%to 10%positive in liver showing severe fibrosis).In cirrhotic septa,numerous myofibroblasts co-expressedα-smooth muscle actin and smoothelin(more than 50%).In hepatocellular carcinomas,the same pattern of expression forα-smooth muscle actin and smoothelin was observed in the stroma reaction surrounding the tumor and around tumoral cell plates.In all pathological liver samples,α-smooth muscle actin and smoothelin were co-expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells.CONCLUSION:During development of advanced liver fibrosis,a subpopulation of myofibroblasts expressing smoothelin may be derived from vascular smooth muscle cells,illustrating the different cellular origins of myofibroblasts.

Gardenia jasminoides attenuates hepatocellular injury and fibrosis in bile duct-ligated rats and human hepatic stellate cells

AIM:To investigate the anti-hepatofibrotic effects of Gardenia jasminoides in liver fibrosis.METHODS:Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent common bile duct ligation(BDL) for 14 d and were treated with Gardenia jasminoides by gavage.The ef-fects of Gardenia jasminoides on liver fibrosis and the detailed molecular mechanisms were also assessed in human hepatic stellate cells(LX-2) in vitro.RESULTS:Treatment with Gardenia jasminoides decreased serum alanine aminotransferase(BDL vs BDL + 100 mg/kg Gardenia jasminoides,146.6 ± 15 U/L vs 77 ± 6.5 U/L,P = 0.0007) and aspartate aminotransferase(BDL vs BDL + 100 mg/kg Gardenia jasminoides,188 ± 35.2 U/L vs 128 ± 19 U/L,P = 0.005) as well as hydroxyproline(BDL vs BDL + 100 mg/kg Gardenia jasminoides,438 ± 40.2 μg/g vs 228 ± 10.3 μg/g liver tissue,P = 0.004) after BDL.Furthermore,Gardenia jasminoides significantly reduced liver mRNA and/or protein expression of transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1),collagen type?Ⅰ?(Col?Ⅰ) and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA).Gardenia jasminoides significantly suppressed the upregulation of TGF-β1,Col?Ⅰand α-SMA in LX-2 exposed to recombinant TGF-β1.Moreover,Gardenia jasminoides inhibited TGF-β1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation in LX-2 cells.CONCLUSION:Gardenia jasminoides exerts antifibrotic effects in the liver fibrosis and may represent a novel antifibrotic agent.

Interference of Y-27632 on the signal transduction of transforming growth factor beta type 1 in ocular Tenon capsule fibroblasts

AIM: To investigate the interfering effect of Y-27632, a ROCK-I selective inhibitor, on the signal transduction pathway of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in ocular Tenon capsule fibroblasts (OTFS) in vitro. METHODS: After OTFS from passages 4 to 6 47 vitro were induced by TGF-beta 1 and then treated by Y-27632, the changes of the OTFS cell cycles were analyzed via flow cytometry, and the proteins expression of the alpha -smooth muscular actin (alpha -SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), collagen I were calculated by Western blot. After OTFS treated by the different concentrations of Y-27632, the expression levels of the alpha -SMA, CTGF and collagen I mRNA were assayed by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Y-27632 had no markedly effect on the OTFS cell cycles. After treated by TGF-beta 1, OTFS in G1 period significantly increased. The cell cycles distribution by both TGF-beta 1 and Y-27632 had no remarkable difference from that in control group. Y-27632 significantly inhibited the proteins expressions of both alpha -SMA and CTGF, while to some extent inhibited that of collagen I. TGF-beta 1 significantly promoted the proteins expressions of alpha -SMA, CTGF and collagen I. After OTFS treated by both TGF-beta 1 and Y-27632, of alpha -SMA, the protein expression was similar with that in control group (P=0.066>0.05), but the protein expression of CTGF or collagen I, respectively, was significantly different from that in control group (P=0.000<0.01). The differences of expressions of the alpha -SMA, CTGF and collagen I mRNA in 30, 150, 750 mu mol/L Y-27632 group were statistically significant, compared with those in control group, respectively (alpha -SMA, P=0.002, 0.000, 0.000; CTGF, P=0.014, 0.002, 0.001; collagen I,P=0.003, 0.002, 0.000). CONCLUSION: Blocking the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway by using of Y-27632 could inhibit the cellular proliferation and the expression of both CTGF and alpha -SMA whatever OTFS induced by TGF-beta 1 or not. Y-27632 suppressed the expression of collagen I mRNA without induction.

Daikenchuto (Da-Jian-Zhong-Tang) ameliorates intestinal fibrosis by activating myofibroblast transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 channel

AIM To investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of the traditional oriental herbal medicine Daikenchuto(DKT) associated with transient receptor potential ankyrin 1(TRPA1) channels in intestinal myofibroblasts. METHODS Inflammatory and fibrotic changes were detected in a2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid(TNBS) chronic colitis model of wild-type and TRPA1-knockout(TRPA1-KO) mice via pathological staining and immunoblotting analysis.Ca^(2+) imaging experiments examined the effects of DKT and its components/ingredients on intestinal myofibroblast(In Myo Fib) cell TRPA1 channel function.Profibrotic factors and transforming growth factor (TGF) -β1-associated signaling were tested in an In Myo Fib cell line by q PCR and immunoblotting experiments.Samples from non-stenotic and stenotic regions of the intestines of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) were used for pathological analysis. RESULTS Chronic treatment with TNBS caused more severe inflammation and fibrotic changes in TRPA1-KO than in wild-type mice.A one-week enema administration of DKT reduced fibrotic lesions in wild-type but not in TRPA1-KO mice.The active ingredients of DKT,i.e.,hydroxyα-sanshool and 6-shogaol,induced Ca^(2+) influxes in In Myo Fib,and this was antagonized by co-treatment with a selective TRPA1 channel blocker,HC-030031.DKT counteracted TGF-β1-induced expression of TypeⅠcollagen andα-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) ,which were accompanied by a reduction in the phosphorylation of Smad-2 and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) and the expression of myocardin.Importantly,24-h incubation with a DKT active component Japanese Pepper increased the m RNA and protein expression levels of TRPA1 in In Myo Fibs,which in turn negatively regulated collagen synthesis.In the stenotic regions of the intestines of CD patients,TRPA1 expression was significantly enhanced.CONCLUSION The effects of DKT on the expression and activation of the TRPA1 channel could be advantageous for suppressing intestinal fibrosis,and benefit inflammatory bowel disease treatment.

The ROCK pathway inhibitor Y-27632 mitigates hypoxia and oxidative stress-induced injury to retinal Müller cells

Rho kinase （ROCK） was the first downstream Rho effector found to mediate RhoA-induced actin cytoskeletal changes through effects on myosin light chain phosphorylation. There is abundant evidence that the ROCK pathway participates in the pathogenesis of retinal endothelial injury and proliferative epiretinal membrane traction. In this study, we investigated the effect of the ROCK pathway inhibitor Y-27632 on retinal Müller cells subjected to hypoxia or oxidative stress. Müller cells were subjected to hypoxia or oxidative stress by exposure to CoCl2 or H2O2. After a 24-hour treatment with Y-27632, the 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was used to assess the survival of Müller cells. Hoechst 33258 was used to detect apoptosis, while 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate was used to measure reactive oxygen species generation. A transwell chamber system was used to examine the migration ability of Müller cells. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin, glutamine synthetase and vimentin. After treatment with Y-27632, Müller cells subjected to hypoxia or oxidative stress exhibited a morphology similar to control cells. Y-27632 reduced apoptosis, α-smooth muscle actin expression and reactive oxygen species generation under oxidative stress, and it reduced cell migration under hypoxia. Y-27632 also upregulated glutamine synthetase expression under hypoxia but did not impact vimentin expression. These findings suggest that Y-27632 protects Müller cells against cellular injury caused by oxidative stress and hypoxia by inhibiting the ROCK pathway.

Effect of NF-κB p65 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide on transdifferentiation of normal human lens epithelial cells induced by transforming growth factor-β2

AIM：To study the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B p65（NF-κB p65）antisense oligodeoxynucleotide（ASODN）on transdifferentiation of normal human lens epithelial cells induced by transforming growth factor-β2（TGF-β2）.·M ETHODS：NF-κBp65ASODNand NF-κBp65missense oligodeoxynucleotide（MSODN）were designed and synthesized.Human lens epithelial cell line（HLE B-3）cells were prepared for study and divided into 7 groups.Control group was HLE B-3 cells cultured in dulbecco’s modified eagle medium（DMEM）.T1,T2,and T3 group were HLE B-3 cells cultured in DMEM with 10 ng/m L TGF-β2 for 6h,12h,24h respectively.A＋T group was HLE B-3 cells cultured with 10 ng/m L TGF-β2for 24h after transfected by NF-κB p65 ASODN for 24h.M＋T group was HLE B-3 cells cultured with 10 ng/m L TGF-β2 for 24h after transfected by NF-κB p65 MSODN for 24h.The negative control group was HLE B-3 cells cultured with 10 ng/m L TGF-β2 for 24h after cultured with transfer agent（Hi Per Fect）for 24h.Cell morphology was observed at different time points using an inverted microscope.The expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA was detected with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR）,and the expression ofα-smooth muscle actin（α-SMA）protein was assayed with ELISA.·RESULTS：With the TGF-β2 stimulation prolongation,the expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA and a-SMA protein increased in T1,T2,T3 groups compared with the control group,and the difference was statistically significant（〈0.05）.NF-κB p65 ASODN lowered the expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA andα-SMA protein induced by TGF-β2.NF-κB p65 MSODN and Hi Per Fect did not lower the expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA andα-SMA protein induced by TGF-β2.The difference between control group and A＋T group was not statistically significant（〉0.05）,but the difference among A＋T group and other groups was statistically significant（〈0.05）.·CONCLUSION：NF-κB p65 ASODN could lower the expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA andα-SMA protein induced by TGF-β2,and antagonized TGF-β2-induced transdifferentiation of HLE B-3.NF-κB p65ASODN could be used as a new biological therapeutic target of posterior capsular opacification.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses transforming growth factor-beta signaling by interacting with the transforming growth factor-beta typeⅡreceptor

AIM: To investigate the(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG) binding to transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) type Ⅱ receptor(TGFRⅡ).METHODS: The expression of α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) was used as a marker for fibrotic change inhuman lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells. The α-SMA expression level was determined by western blotting and immunohistological analysis. We examined whether the anti-fibrotic effects of EGCG on MRC-5 cells was dependent on antioxidant mechanism by using edaravone and N-acetylcysteine(NAC). The suppression effects of EGCG on Smad2/3 activation were studied by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The binding of EGCG to recombinant TGFRⅡ protein was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and affinity chromatography.RESULTS: When MRC-5 cells were treated with TGF-β, EGCG decreased the expression of α-SMA in a dose dependent manner, whereas catechin did not influence the α-SMA expression in the cells. Except for EGCG, antioxidant compounds(e.g., edaravone and NAC) had no effects on the TGF-β-induced α-SMA expression. Nuclear localization of phosphorylated Smad2/3 was observed after TGF-β treatment; however, EGCG treatment attenuated the nuclear transportation of Smad2/3 in the presence or absence of TGF-β. After a TGFRⅡ expression vector was introduced into COS-7 cells, cell lysates were untreated or treated with EGCG or catechin. The immunoprecipitation experiments using the lysates showed that EGCG dose-dependently bound to TGFRⅡ and that catechin did not at all. Affinity chromatography study indicated that EGCG would bind to TGFRⅡ.CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that EGCG interacts with TGFRⅡ and inhibits the expression of α-SMA via the TGF-β-Smad2/3 pathway in human lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells.

Effects of transforming growth factor β2 and connective tissue growth factor on induction of epithelial mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix synthesis in human lens epithelial cells

AIM:To Investigate the effects of transforming growth factorβ2(TGF-β2)and connective tissue growth factor(CTGF)on transdifferentiation of human lens epithelial cells(HLECs)cultured in vitro and synthesis of extracellular matrix(ECM).METHODS:HLECs were treated with TGF-β2(0,0.5,1.0,5,10μg/L)and CTGF(0,15,30,60,100μg/L)for different times(0,24,48,72h)in vitro and the expression ofα-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),the main component of the extracellular matrix typeⅠcollagen(Col-1)and fibronectin(Fn)were measured by using real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and western-blot.RESULTS:TGF-β2 and CTGF significantly increased expression ofα-SMA mRNA and protein(P【0.05,P【0.001),Fn mRNA and protein(P【0.001),Col-1 mRNA and protein(P【0.001).TGF-β2 could induce HLECs expression of CTGF mRNA and protein in dosedependent manner(P【0.05,P【0.001).TGF-β2 and CTGF could induce HLECs to expressα-SMA,Fn and Col-1 in time-dependent manner.Each time of TGF-β2and CTGF induced HELCs expression ofα-SMA,Fn,Col-1 mRNA and protein was significant increase compared with control(P【0.05,P【0.001).CONCLUSION:TGF-β2 and CTGF could induce HLECs epithelial mesenchymal transition and ECM synthesis.

PDGF/ROCK通路介导的肌成纤维细胞分化在大鼠矽肺形成中的作用

目的:探讨PDGF/Rock通路介导的肌成纤维细胞分化在大鼠矽肺纤维化形成中的作用。方法:采用非暴露式气管二氧化硅混悬液灌注法制备大鼠矽肺模型,SPF级健康成年Wistar大鼠40只随机分为四组:模型对照4周组、模型对照8周组、矽肺模型4周组、矽肺模型8周组,每组10只。Western blot检测肺组织内α-SMA、phosphoPDGF-β、ROCK、Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白的表达。结果:大鼠矽肺模型制备成功。与相应对照组相比,矽肺模型组大鼠肺组织内α-SMA、phospho-PDGFR-β、Rock以及Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达均明显增加,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:PDGF介导的ROCK信号转导通路可能通过促进大鼠肌成纤维细胞转化而促进矽肺大鼠肺组织内的胶原合成,进而促进矽肺纤维化的形成。

Preventive approach against drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis through the suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition

A number of drugs induce pulmonary injury and subsequently lead to serious lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis as the adverse drug reactions.However,an effective preventive approach against drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis has not been established due to poor understanding of common preventive targets in a variety of drugs showing pulmonary toxicity.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT),a cellular phenotypic change of the epithelial to mesenchymal state,contributes to the development of pulmonary fibrosis through the conversion of damaged alveolar epithelium into myofibroblasts.As several drugs with pulmonary toxicity have been reported to induce EMT,EMT serves as a bridge between the drugs and pulmonary fibrosis.Accumulated evidence supports the potential of EMT as a preventive target against drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis.Additionally,since there are mechanistic differences between the main pharmacological effect and EMT induced by the drug,prevention based on EMT suppression would be possible and would contribute to continuous clinical treatment with the drug to avoid EMT-mediated serious pulmonary fibrosis.Furthermore,targeting EMT seems to be adequate for exerting a preventive effect since EMT in damaged alveolar epithelial cells occurs prior to the development of the pathophysiological state of the whole lung in a bleomycin-induced lung injury rat model.This viewpoint deals with the benefits and perspectives of preventive approaches against druginduced pulmonary fibrosis through the suppression of EMT,which has rarely been addressed.

原肌球蛋白1在大鼠肝纤维化模型及肝星状细胞中的动态表达及其意义

目的观察原肌球蛋白1（TPMl）在大鼠肝纤维化模型及肝星状细胞（HSC）中的动态表达。方法将SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组（6只）和模型组（24只）。二甲基亚硝胺腹腔注射建立大鼠肝纤维化模型，于第2、4、6、8周（每组各6只）门静脉采血及取肝组织标本；HSC-T6细胞设对照组及刺激组，刺激组以5ng／ml转化生长因子βl（TGFβ1）作用48h。苏木素－伊红和Masson染色观察肝组织病理变化，RT-PCR、免疫组织化学和Westemblot检测组织与细胞中TPMl，TGFβ1及α平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）的mRNA和蛋白的表达，以及TPMl在肝组织中的定位。两样本均数比较采用独立样本t检验；相关性采用Pearson直线相关分析。结果成功建立肝纤维化模型，TPMl在正常肝组织中低表达于汇管区血管内皮上，在模型组TPMl强表达于增生的肝纤维间隔，TPMl及α－SMA的mRNA及蛋白的表达在肝纤维化过程中均逐渐升高，6周时高于其他各组，8周时下降，与对照组相比，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；TGFβ1先升高，4周时高于其他各组，6周时下降（P〈0．05）；相关性分析表明TPMl与α－SMA和TGFβ1的表达均呈正相关（rs=0．688和rs=0．692，P〈0．01）；HSC－T6细胞中，TGFβ1刺激组TPMl及α－SMA的mRNA表达均升高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论TPMl参与了肝纤维化的发生和发展过程，有望成为肝纤维化诊断与治疗的新靶点。

雷公藤甲素调控NF-κB/Twist 1信号通路抑制肺泡上皮细胞间质转分化的机制

目的:探讨雷公藤甲素(TPL)基于核转录因子κB(NF-κB)/Twist1信号通路对抑制Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞间质转分化(EMT)而产生抗肺纤维化的作用机制。方法:40只SPF级昆明小鼠随机分为对照组,模型组,TPL低、高剂量组,每组10只。气管注射博来霉素诱导肺纤维化大鼠模型,造模后连续灌胃给药28 d。分别采用qPCR和(或)Western blot法检测肺组织和细胞内E钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、紧密连接蛋白-1(ZO-1)、波形蛋白(vimentin)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、核转录因子κB抑制因子α(IκBα)、NF-κB p65、磷酸化NF-κB p65(p-p65)和Twist 1 mRNA及蛋白表达。结果:HE染色示TPL低、高剂量组成纤维细胞减少,增殖减弱,肺泡炎症细胞浸润程度以及肺纤维化病变程度均显著降低。与对照组比较,模型组肺组织ZO-1和E-cadherin的表达显著降低,α-SMA和vimentin的表达显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,TPL高、低剂量组肺组织ZO-1和E-cadherin的表达显著升高,α-SMA和vimentin的表达显著降低(P<0.05);与TPL低剂量组比较,TPL高剂量组肺组织ZO-1和E-cadherin的表达显著升高,α-SMA和vimentin的表达显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,模型组肺组织p-IκBα、p-p65、NF-κB p65和Twist 1的表达显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,TPL高、低剂量组肺组织p-IκBα、p-p65、NF-κB p65和Twist 1的表达显著降低(P<0.05),与TPL低剂量组比较,TPL高剂量组肺组织p-IκBα、p-p65、NF-κB p65和Twist 1的表达显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:TPL能够逆转肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞EMT、缓解肺纤维化,其机制可能与其降低细胞内IκBα磷酸化水平、抑制NF-κB p65的磷酸化和其核转移,进而下调Twist 1的表达有关。