Glycine-β-cyclodextrin-assisted cometabolism of phenanthrene and pyrene by Pseudomonas stutzeri DJP 1 from marine sediment

Cometabolic degradation is currently an effective and extensively way to remove high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(HMW-PAHs).Unfortunately,due to low bio-accessibility and high biotoxicity,the cometabolic degradation rate of HMW-PAHs is limited.Glycine-β-cyclodextrin(GCD)was obtained through amino modification ofβ-cyclodextrin(BCD)and added to cometabolic system of phenanthrene(PHE)and pyrene(PYR)to assist PYR biodegradation.Results show that the addition of GCD(100 mg/L)effectively improved the removal rate of PYR(20 mg/L)by 42.3%.GCD appeared to increase the bio-accessibility and reduce the biotoxicity of PHE and PYR,and then promoted the growth of Pseudomonas stutzeri DJP1 and stimulated the elevation of dehydrogenase(DHA)and catechol 12 dioxygenase(C12O)activities.The phthalate metabolic pathway was accelerated,which improved the cometabolic degradation.This study provided a new reference for the cometabolic degradation of HMW-PAHs.

Morphological Evolution of Self-Assembled Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate/Dodecyltrimethylammonium Bromide@Epoxy-β-Cyclodextrin Supramolecular Aggregates Induced by Temperature

Bio-based cyclodextrins(CDs)are a common research object in supramolecular chemistry.The special cavity structure of CDs can form supramolecular self-assemblies such as vesicles and microcrystals through weak interaction with guest molecules.The different forms of supramolecular self-assemblies can be transformed into each other under certain conditions.The regulation of supramolecular self-assembly is not only helpful to understand the self-assembly principle,but also beneficial to its application.In the present study,the self-assembly behavior of epoxy-β-cyclodextrin(EP-β-CD)and mixed anionic and cationic surfactant system(sodium dodecyl sulfate/dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide,SDS/DTAB)in aqueous solution was studied.Morphological and particle size characterization found that the SDS/DTAB@EP-β-CD complex,as the basic building unit,self-assembled into worm-like micelles at lower temperatures and vesicles at higher temperatures.Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis revealed that the driving force for the formation of vesicles and worm-like micelles was the hydrogen bonds between EP-β-CD molecules,while water molecules played an important role in promoting vesicle formation between SDS/DTAB@EP-β-CD units.Herein,the mechanism of the morphologic transformation of SDS/DTAB@EP-β-CD supramolecular aggregates induced by temperature was elucidated by exploring the self-assembly process,which may provide an excellent basis for the development of delivery carriers.

Biosynthesis of raw starch degradingβ-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase by immobilized cells of Bacillus licheniformis using potato wastewater

The study was sought to enhance the synthesis of thermal stableβ-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase(β-CGTase)using potato wastewater as a low-cost medium and assess the degree to which it is efficient for industrial production ofβ-cyclodextrin(β-CD)from raw potato starch.Thermophilic bacteria producingβ-CGTase was isolated from Saudi Arabia and the promising strain was identified as Bacillus licheniformis using phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene.Alginate-encapsulated cultures exhibited twice-fold ofβ-CGTase production more than free cells.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)of polymeric capsules indicated the potential for a longer shelf-life,which promotes the restoration of activity in bacterial cells across semi-continuous fermentation ofβ-CGTase production for 252 h.The optimal conditions forβ-CGTase synthesis using potato wastewater medium were at 36 h,pH of 8.0,and 50°C with 0.4%potato starch and 0.6%yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources,respectively.The purified enzyme showed a specific activity of 63.90 U/mg with a molecular weight of∼84.6 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE analysis.The high enzyme activity was observed up to 60°C,and complete stability was achieved at 75°C.High levels of activity and stability were shown at pH 8.0,and the pH range from 7.0–10.0,respectively.The enzyme has an appreciable affinity for raw potato starch with a Km of 5.7×10−6 M and a Vmax of 87.71μmoL/mL/min.β-CD production was effective against 25 U/g of raw potato starch.The outcomes demonstrated its feasibility to develop a fermentation process by integrating the cost-effective production ofβ-CGTase having distinctive properties forβ-CD production with ecofriendly utilization of potato wastewater.

Synthesis and Characterization of β-Cyclodextrin Modified Biochar Environmental Remediation Materials

In this paper, biochar (BC) was used as raw material, activated by deionizing aqueous solution, NaCl solution, CA solution and HCl solution respectively. Epichlorohydrin (EPI) was used as crosslinking agent, and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was used to modify biochar (BC). The prepared modified biochar materials were labeled with β-CDBC, β-CDBC-Na, β-CDBC-CA and β-CDBC-H, respectively. The infrared spectrum, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and specific surface area of the four modified materials were tested. The results showed that the C-O stretching vibration peak at 1020 cm−1 of the modified materials was slightly offset compared with that of biochar. The characteristic absorption peaks of XRD pattern decrease obviously at 2θ = 26.7˚ and 29.5˚. It can be obviously observed on the electron microscope image that the surface is loaded or formed clathrates, and BET data and graphs also show that the specific surface area of the modified biochar is larger. Therefore, β-cyclodextrin successfully modified biochar and formed clathrates on the surface of biochar or was loaded in the pore structure of biochar, especially β-CDBC-CA achieved better modification effect. Because biochar and β-cyclodextrin raw materials are cheap, easy to prepare and green, and less prone to secondary pollution, it has a good advantage in environmental governance.

Glycosyltransferases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease and its incidence is increasing worldwide. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to the development of NAFLD are still not fully understood. Glycosyltransferases(GTs) are a diverse class of enzymes involved in catalyzing the transfer of one or multiple sugar residues to a wide range of acceptor molecules. GTs mediate a wide range of functions from structure and storage to signaling, and play a key role in many fundamental biological processes. Therefore, it is anticipated that GTs have a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. In this article, we present an overview of the basic information on NAFLD, particularly GTs and glycosylation modification of certain molecules and their association with NAFLD pathogenesis. In addition, the effects and mechanisms of some GTs in the development of NAFLD are summarized.

Preparation of waterborne polyurethane/β-cyclodextrin composite nanosponge by ion condensation method and its application in removing of dyes from wastewater

Currently,polymer nanosponges have received extensive attention.However,developing new synthetic techniques for novel nanosponges remains a challenge.Furthermore,to date,composite nanosponge adsorbents based on waterborne polyurethane(WPU)andβ-cyclodextrin(β-CD)have not been reported.Herein,a novel green method,ion condensation method,was developed in this study for the preparation of polymer nanosponge adsorbents for efficient removal of dyes from wastewater.Based on the principle of charge repulsion between nanoparticles to maintain emulsion stability,waterborne polyurethane/β-cyclodextrin composite nanosponges(WPU-x,y)were prepared by coagulating the emulsions synthesized from 2,2-dimethylolpropionic acid,polypropylene glycol and hexamethylene diisocyanate as raw materials in a mixture of hydrochloric acid and anhydrous ethanol.The structure and appearance of WPU-x,y were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,thermal gravimetric analyzer,scanning electron microscope and mercury intrusion porosimetry.The adsorption capacity of WPU-x,y was tested by parameters such as cross-linking degree,β-CD dosage,contact time,initial dye concentration and p H value.The study found that WPU-4,4.62 had the best adsorption effect on methylene blue(MB),the maximum removal rate was 93.42%,and the maximum adsorption capacity was 136.03 mg·g^(-1).Moreover,the Sips isotherm and pseudo-second-order-model were suitable for MB adsorption.Therefore,this study provides some perspectives for the fabrication of nanosponge adsorbents.

植物花青素修饰相关UDP-糖基转移酶研究进展

糖基化在植物天然产物的结构多样性和稳定性中起着重要的作用。植物体内游离的花青素不稳定,通常会在尿苷二磷酸依赖的糖基转移酶(UGTs)的催化下形成稳定的花青苷。近年来,关于花青素糖基化修饰的报道越来越多,在不同植物中均发现了参与花青素糖基化修饰的各种酶。本文主要综述了植物中花青素修饰相关UGT的结构特点、代谢途径作用节点、生化作用过程、分子鉴定与转录调控等方面的研究进展,以期为植物花青素糖基化修饰及其调控过程研究提供参考。

芦笋皂苷合成相关糖基转移酶基因克隆及原核表达分析

【目的】克隆芦笋(Asparagus officinalis)甾醇糖基转移酶基因AoSGT1,分析其潜在催化活性,为解析芦笋皂苷合成途径及代谢调控机制提供科学依据。【方法】基于芦笋转录组数据设计特异性引物,扩增AoSGT1基因的完整开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),经测序验证获得目标基因序列并进行生物信息学分析;实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,RTqPCR)测定各组织基因表达量;构建pGEX-4T-3-AoSGT1原核表达载体,并转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(De3),随后诱导实现重组蛋白表达。【结果】AoSGT1长1800 bp,编码599个氨基酸,其相对分子质量为66.72 kD,属于亲水性蛋白,无跨膜域和信号肽。系统发育结果表明,AoSGT1与盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis)Dz3GT_(2)有较高同源性,同属UGT80B1亚家族。多序列比对揭示了该蛋白序列包含甾醇糖基转移酶保守结构域PSBD Box和PSPG Box,预示其具有对甾体化合物3β-OH位点潜在糖基化活性。RT-qPCR结果显示,AoSGT1在芦笋根中高表达,而在茎和花中低表达。此外,SDS-PAGE结果表明,目标蛋白在大肠杆菌中以可溶性形式高效表达,其大小与预测值相符。【结论】成功克隆AoSGT1基因,并确认其在芦笋中呈现组织特异性表达,推测其可能参与芦笋甾体皂苷生物合成。同时,成功在大肠杆菌中实现了目标蛋白的异源表达。

红花钓钟柳中新型糖基转移酶的筛选与鉴定

苯乙醇苷类化合物因具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤等生理活性在食品、医药等领域备受关注。糖基转移酶作为生物催化剂可用于各种糖苷产物的制备。为丰富苯乙醇苷类化合物的糖苷多样性,在红花钓钟柳转录组中筛选糖基转移酶候选基因并进行功能鉴定。该研究基于不同植物组织中基因差异表达分析筛选到7条候选基因,将其克隆到pET-MBP表达载体上,并导入大肠杆菌Escherichia.coli Transetta(DE3)异源表达后利用体外酶促反应进行其生物催化活性研究。获得一个新型糖基转移酶UGT712A2,可以催化桂叶苷B C4-OH的葡萄糖基化反应生成新的苯乙醇苷类化合物桂叶苷B-4-葡萄糖苷。同时,UGT712A2也可以催化毛蕊花糖苷、芦丁、胡黄连苷Ⅱ、7-去甲基软木花椒素等化合物的糖基化,具有一定的底物宽泛性。因此,UGT712A2可能是一种潜在的酶工具,用于苯乙醇苷类化合物和其他多种新型糖苷产物的制备,从而发现新的糖苷化合物应用于食品、医药领域。

女贞叶中一条糖基转移酶的基因克隆、生物信息学分析及原核表达

女贞叶化学成分复杂,糖苷类物质是其发挥药理活性的关键成分,糖苷的形成离不开糖基转移酶。利用cDNA末端快速扩增技术,对女贞叶中一条糖基转移酶编码基因LlUGT3进行了克隆;根据基因和蛋白质序列进行了生物信息学分析;通过基因工程技术使LlUGT3基因在大肠杆菌体内进行了异源表达。结果表明,LlUGT3基因cDNA全长1684 bp,由85 bp 5′-UTR、159 bp 3′-UTR、1440 bp ORF组成,其中ORF编码一条含479个氨基酸残基的酶蛋白,其相对分子质量、理论等电点和亲水性平均系数分别为54.8 kDa、5.86和-0.381;在LlUGT3酶蛋白一级结构中含有一段糖基转移酶高度保守的PSPG盒,但不含信号肽且无跨膜片段,在二级结构中含有α螺旋(42.59%)、β折叠(12.73%)和无规卷曲(44.68%),在三级结构中由肽链折叠形成α/β/α类Rossmann折叠区域,并且两者之间夹着一个底物结合腔;同源建模结果显示,LlUGT3酶蛋白与模板分子PaGT3序列相似度很高,而且系统发育树分析也表明两者亲缘关系最近;分子对接分析表明,LlUGT3酶蛋白的His17-Asp116对发挥催化功能,PSPG盒主要涉及结合UDPG,而LIUGT酶与辣椒素的结合方式与PaGT3相似;通过基因工程技术,实现了LlUGT3基因在大肠杆菌体内的异源表达。该研究为进一步深入研究LlUGT3酶蛋白的结构与功能奠定了基础。

糖核苷酸的生物合成和应用

糖基化是生物体中最重要的反应之一,通过糖基化作用可以形成具有多种生物功能的糖缀合物。糖核苷酸作为Leloir型糖基转移酶催化的转糖基反应的糖基供体,在聚糖和糖缀合物的生物合成中必不可少。然而,糖核苷酸的成本较高、可用性有限等因素阻碍了生物催化级联反应在工业中大规模的应用。因此,人们越来越关注糖核苷酸的合成策略,以实现其在多种领域的广泛应用。目前,糖核苷酸及其衍生物的化学合成方法已经建立起来,但合成反应的产量通常很低,而酶法(化学-酶法)和细胞工厂法在合成糖核苷酸过程中具有显著优势。本文主要围绕哺乳动物中常见的9种糖核苷酸,概述了其类型和结构、酶法(化学-酶法)和细胞工厂法两种制备方法。伴随糖核苷酸的高效合成,其多种功能逐渐被发现和应用。本文进一步概述了糖核苷酸在聚糖及糖缀合物合成、糖基转移酶生化性质表征以及生物正交标记策略等方面的应用,对生物化学、糖生物学的研究以及相关医药产品的研发具有十分重要的意义。

大环糊精的酶法制备及应用研究进展

大环糊精(large ring cyclodextrin,LR-CD)是由9个至数百个吡喃葡萄糖单元组成的环状α-1,4-葡聚糖,主要通过环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶或4-α-糖基转移酶的环化作用使直链淀粉发生分子内转糖基作用得到。与常见α-、β-、γ-环糊精(cyclodextrin,CD)相比,LR-CD的空腔尺寸更大,表现出独有的结构和理化特性,这些性质使LR-CD在食品、医药、生物等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。然而,LR-CD的制备成本高,产率较低,并且缺乏有效的分离纯化方法,因此目前还未实现工业化生产与应用。本文分别从优化底物、设计基于模板诱导的新反应路径、酶分子改造及产物的分离纯化等方面综述酶法制备LR-CD的研究近况与挑战,为LR-CD的工业化生产和应用提供参考。

北京欧文氏菌4个糖基转移酶活性测定及蛋白相互作用分析

北京欧文氏菌(Erwinia beijingensis)可引起刺芹侧耳细菌性软腐病,为明确该病原菌中糖基转移酶的功能,以糖基转移酶基因为研究对象,构建重组表达载体进行表达纯化;并测定蛋白活性,分析蛋白间相互作用。结果表明,成功构建了原核表达载体,获得4个可溶性蛋白。经亲和层析柱纯化获得MshA、WbnH2、EpsH及TuaG蛋白,活性测定显示4个蛋白均可以利用UDP-糖,并优先利用UDP-半乳糖。GST pull down证实WbnH2及TuaG蛋白分别与MshA及EpsH蛋白在体外具有相互作用。以上研究结果为进一步研究北京欧文氏菌糖基转移酶基因功能奠定了基础。

基于分子对接和定点突变的红花糖基转移酶催化机理研究

目的:基于分子对接和定点突变制备蛋白突变体,用UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS分析酶产物变化,推测红花糖基转移酶CtUGT12的催化机理。方法:本研究发现了一种对木犀草素具有较高催化活性的红花类黄酮糖基转移酶CtUGT12。通过AlphaFold预测CtUGT12蛋白结构,用Autodock软件将CtUGT12分别与木犀草素以及尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖二钠盐进行分子对接,寻找到酶反应的关键活性位点进行定点突变。用蛋白突变体进行体外酶反应实验,通过高分辨质谱仪进行检测,推测CtUGT12催化机理。结果:本研究根据分子对接结果成功筛选了5个活性位点,设计并制备了8个CtUGT12蛋白突变体。利用突变蛋白进行体外酶反应实验并进行检测,质谱分析结果显示,CtUGT12可以催化木犀草素生成2个单-O-葡萄糖苷和2个二-O-葡萄糖苷。I127V、I127M、I443G、I443A、D444E活性差异不明显,F147S活性明显增强。E328R和E328M这2个突变体活性降低,但均生成了1个新的单-O-葡萄糖苷和1个新的双-O-葡萄糖苷,并且主产物发生了变化。结论:残基GLU328的突变能使CtUGT12的活性和产物组成发生明显改变,说明残基GLU328可能为CtUGT12参与木犀草素糖基化反应的关键活性位点。

观赏植物UDP-糖基转移酶研究进展

糖基化修饰在植物的生长发育中扮演着至关重要的角色。糖基转移酶是催化糖苷化产物合成的核心酶,其中,主要以UDP-糖为糖基供体的UGT家族,能够催化次生代谢中的小分子化合物,在调节各种植物次生代谢物的溶解度、稳定性和生物活性等方面具有重要作用,并与植物品质性状、非生物胁迫和生物胁迫的响应等紧密相关,近年来成为备受关注的研究热点。本文对植物中UDP-糖基转移酶进行了全面的综述,涵盖了其结构特点、催化特性、反应类型、功能分类和命名方式等方面。此外,文中还总结了目前观赏植物中UDP-糖基转移酶对激素、萜类化合物和类黄酮化合物等的修饰情况,这些修饰过程进而影响植物的花色、叶色、株型、叶形、挥发性化合物的储存、植物对生物与非生物胁迫的抗性,以及功能性化合物成分的合成等多个方面。通过相关工作文献的回顾与总结,有助于进一步认知糖基转移酶在观赏植物代谢调控中的作用,也为今后的观赏植物种质改良创新和功能性成分的研发提供参考。

UDP-糖基转移酶GmSGT2催化金盏花苷E的半乳糖基修饰

通过qPCR从大豆cDNA文库克隆得到UDP-糖基转移酶GmSGT2的基因,构建工程菌株E.coli BL21/pET28a-GmSGT2,通过His-tag标签法得到纯化的GmSGT2,探究GmSGT2底物特异性,考察pH、温度对GmSGT2的影响,测定其催化金盏花苷E的动力学常数,通过分子对接阐明GmSGT2的底物识别机制。结果表明:GmSGT2可将1分子半乳糖转移到金盏花苷E糖上的C2位置,实现糖上加糖。除UDP-半乳糖外,GmSGT2还可识别UDP-葡萄糖、UDP-木糖和UDP-阿拉伯糖,相对酶活为24.67%~37.60%。GmSGT2催化金盏花苷E的最适温度为40℃,最适pH为7.5,催化效率k_(cat)/K_m为2.71 L/(mmol·s)。分子对接结果表明,His20是GmSGT2的催化氨基酸,Ser19、Ala146、Arg260、Tyr262、Ser291、Leu353、Trp370、Asn371、Thr372和Glu391参与识别底物。GmSGT2催化金盏花苷E半乳糖苷化的研究为酶法合成半乳糖苷衍生物提供指导意义。

环糊精糖基转移酶JSL-1的鉴定及功能研究

环糊精糖基转移酶(Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase,CGTase)可以通过环化反应催化淀粉及其衍生物生成环糊精(Cyclodextrin,CDs)。研究通过基因工程技术手段,成功获得东洋芽孢杆菌Bacillus toyonensi s P18中环糊精糖基转移酶JSL-1蛋白,探讨其产物特异性及酶学性质。同时,将JSL-1基因超表达到日本晴水稻中,研究环糊精糖基转移酶JSL-1对水稻淀粉质量的影响。结果表明,JSL-1主要催化淀粉生成α-CD,其最适反应pH和最适反应温度分别是8.0和50℃。随着JSL-1表达水平的增加,水稻中直链淀粉含量及老化程度下降,透光率及冻融稳定性增加,有利于提高水稻的食味品质以及外观品质等特性。总之,对环糊精糖基转移酶JSL-1的研究有利于环糊精生产工艺的改良以及水稻品质的提升。

β-Cyclodextrin promoted oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids in water

A facile, efficient and substrate-selective oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids with NaClO catalyzed by β-cyclodextrin in water has been developed. A series of aldehydes which could form inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin （β-CD） were oxidized selectively with excellent yields.

Inclusion complex of tamibarotene with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: Preparation,characterization, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation

The goal of this study was to improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of tamibarotene by complexing it with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin(HP-β-CD).The inclusion complex of tamibarotene with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin(Am80-HP-β-CD)was prepared through a freeze-drying method at the mole ratio of 1:1(Am80:HP-β-CD).Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)indicated the formation of Am80-HP-β-CD.In vitro dissolution studies showed that the solubility and dissolution percentage of Am80-HP-β-CD was improved substantially compared to Am80.An improved dissolution with approximately 97%drug release in 3 min was observed,in comparison with Am80 with approximately 60% release in 45 min.In vivo studies indicated that the AUC0-∞ has increased 2.79 times and the Cmax 4.37 times after the formation of inclusion complex.The decrease of tmaxindicated the Am80-HP-β-CD inclusion complex can be absorbed into blood faster.In short,the solubility and bio-availability of Am80 has notably increased with the complexation of HP-β-CD.Therefore,using the inclusion technique is a promising method to improve the solubility of insoluble drugs.