Background： Betaine affects fat metabolism in animals, but the specific mechanism is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible mechanisms of betaine in altering lipid metabolism in muscle...Background： Betaine affects fat metabolism in animals, but the specific mechanism is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible mechanisms of betaine in altering lipid metabolism in muscle tissue in finishing pigs.Methods： A total of 120 crossbred gilts（Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc） with an average initial body weight of 70.1 kg were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments. The treatments included a corn–soybean meal basal diet supplemented with 0, 1250 or 2500 mg/kg betaine. The feeding experiment lasted 42 d.Results： Betaine addition to the diet significantly increased the concentration of free fatty acids（FFA） in muscle（P 〈 0.05）. Furthermore, the levels of serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased（P 〈 0.05） and total cholesterol content was increased in muscle（P 〈 0.05） of betaine fed pigs. Experiments on genes involved in fatty acid transport showed that betaine increased expression of lipoprotein lipase（LPL）, fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation（FAT/CD36）, fatty acid binding protein（FABP3） and fatty acid transport protein（FATP1）（P 〈 0.05）. The abundance of fatty acid transport protein and fatty acid binding protein were also increased by betaine（P 〈 0.05）. As for the key factors involved in fatty acid oxidation, although betaine supplementation didn＇t affect the level of carnitine and malonyl-CoA, betaine increased mR NA and protein abundance of carnitine palmitransferase-1（CPT1）and phosphorylated-AMPK（P 〈 0.05）.Conclusions： The results suggested that betaine may promoted muscle fatty acid uptake via up-regulating the genes related to fatty acid transporter including FAT/CD36, FATP1 and FABP3. On the other hand, betaine activated AMPK and up-regulated genes related to fatty acid oxidation including PPARα and CPT1. The underlying mechanism regulating fatty acid metabolism in pigs supplemented with betaine is associated with the up-regulation of genes involved in fatty acid transport and fatty acid oxidation.展开更多
Without using sodium sulfite or oxides,The content of residual dichloroacetic acid in lauramidopropyl betaine was reduced by technology improvement.The effects of reaction temperature,pressure,reaction time,pH and col...Without using sodium sulfite or oxides,The content of residual dichloroacetic acid in lauramidopropyl betaine was reduced by technology improvement.The effects of reaction temperature,pressure,reaction time,pH and color on the residual dichloroacetic acid were studied.The optimum conditions were screened out,i.e.processing time of 3 h,processing temperature of 120℃,pressure of 0.11 MPa and pH of 12.0.Hereby the dichloroacetic acid residues could be reduced from 450 mg/kg to less than 50 mg/kg,and the color of the product was below 70 hazen.展开更多
Glycinebetaine （Glybet） accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency and growth performance in indica rice cultivated under salt stress and extreme pH stress were investigated. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase （BADH） act...Glycinebetaine （Glybet） accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency and growth performance in indica rice cultivated under salt stress and extreme pH stress were investigated. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase （BADH） activity and Glybet accumulation in the seedlings of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive rice varieties grown under saline and acidic conditions peaked after treatment for 72 h and 96 h, respectively, and were higher than those grown under neutral pH and alkaline salt stress. A positive correlation was found between BADH activity and Glybet content in both salt-tolerant （P=0.71） and salt-sensitive （P=0.86） genotypes. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids contents in the stressed seedlings significantly decreased under both acidic and alkaline stresses, especially in the salt-sensitive genotype. Similarly, the maximum quantum yield of PSII （Fv/Fm）, photon yield of PSII （ФPSII）, non-photochemical quenching （NPQ） and net photosynthetic rate （Pn） in the stressed seedlings were inhibited, leading to overall growth reduction. The positive correlations between chlorophyll a content and Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll content and ФPSII, and Pn as well as Pn and leaf area in both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes were found. Saline acidic and saline alkaline soils may play a key role affecting vegetative growth prior to the reproductive stage in rice plants.展开更多
The reactions of triphenylpyrylium salt 1 with various anuno acids were explored and compared. The reactions with most α-amino acids yielded decarboxylation products 2 via decarboxylation. The reactions with glutamic...The reactions of triphenylpyrylium salt 1 with various anuno acids were explored and compared. The reactions with most α-amino acids yielded decarboxylation products 2 via decarboxylation. The reactions with glutamic acid, lysine and ACC (1-aminocyclopropyl-carboxylic acid) gave triphenylpyndine 8, dimer 9 and acid 5a-acc, respectively. The reactions with βand γ-amino acids yielded triphenylpyridine by intramolecular elinunation.展开更多
The quality and flavor of scallops changes during the fresh dry rehydration process.In order to control the changes after rehydration,a scallop pretreatment method was adopted.The pretreatment method involved impregna...The quality and flavor of scallops changes during the fresh dry rehydration process.In order to control the changes after rehydration,a scallop pretreatment method was adopted.The pretreatment method involved impregnating fresh scallops with 0.2 g/100 m L konjac glucomannan(KGM),carrageenan(CA),and sodium alginate(SA)before the drying and rehydration process.After rehydration,the KGM treated samples had better water retention and the highest betaine content.The CA treated samples had a deepened yellow color and the highest content of flavoring amino acids(FAA)and inosine monophosphate(IMP).What’s more,a total of 77 volatile compounds were detected,with a maximum of 15 esters.The highest proportion in the four groups was eugenol,followed by n-hexadecanoic acid,methyl hexadecanoate etc.The SA group had no significant contribution in terms of quality and taste.The samples pretreated with KGM had the best quality,and those pretreated by CA had the best flavor.展开更多
An anion-exchange chromatography method combined solid phase extraction （SPE） was developed for the simultaneous analysis of glycolate acid （GL）, monochloroacetic acid （MCA） and dichloroacetic acid （DCA） in sy...An anion-exchange chromatography method combined solid phase extraction （SPE） was developed for the simultaneous analysis of glycolate acid （GL）, monochloroacetic acid （MCA） and dichloroacetic acid （DCA） in synthetical betaine products. The analytes and unknown anionic impurities were well separated on a Metrosep A supp5 anion-exchange column （150 mm×4 mm） with 2.0 mmol/L Na2CO3＋2.0 mmol/L NaHCO3 solution as eluent. Suppressed conductivity detection was used. A strong cation exchange （SCX） solid phase extraction （SPE） cartridge was used to reduce the concentration of matrix betaine and a Cleanert IC-Ag pretreatment cartridge was used to remove high Cl- concentration. The detection limits of GL, MCA and DCA were 0.09, 0.017 and 0.05 μg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations （RSDs） of the retention times and peak areas were less than 0.09% and 0.49%, respectively. The recoveries of the three analytes were between 90.6% and 100.8%. The analytical results showed that GL and DCA were present in high concentration and no MCA was found when the proposed ion chromatography method was applied to three synthetical betaine samples. The proposed method is simple, sensitive and timesaving, and is also suitable for routine analysis in quality control of synthetical betaine products.展开更多
基金funded and supported by National Basic Research Program of China(No.2012CB124705)Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2015C03006)Provincial Key S&T Special Projects(2015C02022)
文摘Background： Betaine affects fat metabolism in animals, but the specific mechanism is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible mechanisms of betaine in altering lipid metabolism in muscle tissue in finishing pigs.Methods： A total of 120 crossbred gilts（Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc） with an average initial body weight of 70.1 kg were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments. The treatments included a corn–soybean meal basal diet supplemented with 0, 1250 or 2500 mg/kg betaine. The feeding experiment lasted 42 d.Results： Betaine addition to the diet significantly increased the concentration of free fatty acids（FFA） in muscle（P 〈 0.05）. Furthermore, the levels of serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased（P 〈 0.05） and total cholesterol content was increased in muscle（P 〈 0.05） of betaine fed pigs. Experiments on genes involved in fatty acid transport showed that betaine increased expression of lipoprotein lipase（LPL）, fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation（FAT/CD36）, fatty acid binding protein（FABP3） and fatty acid transport protein（FATP1）（P 〈 0.05）. The abundance of fatty acid transport protein and fatty acid binding protein were also increased by betaine（P 〈 0.05）. As for the key factors involved in fatty acid oxidation, although betaine supplementation didn＇t affect the level of carnitine and malonyl-CoA, betaine increased mR NA and protein abundance of carnitine palmitransferase-1（CPT1）and phosphorylated-AMPK（P 〈 0.05）.Conclusions： The results suggested that betaine may promoted muscle fatty acid uptake via up-regulating the genes related to fatty acid transporter including FAT/CD36, FATP1 and FABP3. On the other hand, betaine activated AMPK and up-regulated genes related to fatty acid oxidation including PPARα and CPT1. The underlying mechanism regulating fatty acid metabolism in pigs supplemented with betaine is associated with the up-regulation of genes involved in fatty acid transport and fatty acid oxidation.
文摘Without using sodium sulfite or oxides,The content of residual dichloroacetic acid in lauramidopropyl betaine was reduced by technology improvement.The effects of reaction temperature,pressure,reaction time,pH and color on the residual dichloroacetic acid were studied.The optimum conditions were screened out,i.e.processing time of 3 h,processing temperature of 120℃,pressure of 0.11 MPa and pH of 12.0.Hereby the dichloroacetic acid residues could be reduced from 450 mg/kg to less than 50 mg/kg,and the color of the product was below 70 hazen.
基金supported by the National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) (Grant No. BT-B-06-RG-14-4502)partly funded by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (Contract No. 12998/R0)
文摘Glycinebetaine （Glybet） accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency and growth performance in indica rice cultivated under salt stress and extreme pH stress were investigated. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase （BADH） activity and Glybet accumulation in the seedlings of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive rice varieties grown under saline and acidic conditions peaked after treatment for 72 h and 96 h, respectively, and were higher than those grown under neutral pH and alkaline salt stress. A positive correlation was found between BADH activity and Glybet content in both salt-tolerant （P=0.71） and salt-sensitive （P=0.86） genotypes. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids contents in the stressed seedlings significantly decreased under both acidic and alkaline stresses, especially in the salt-sensitive genotype. Similarly, the maximum quantum yield of PSII （Fv/Fm）, photon yield of PSII （ФPSII）, non-photochemical quenching （NPQ） and net photosynthetic rate （Pn） in the stressed seedlings were inhibited, leading to overall growth reduction. The positive correlations between chlorophyll a content and Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll content and ФPSII, and Pn as well as Pn and leaf area in both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes were found. Saline acidic and saline alkaline soils may play a key role affecting vegetative growth prior to the reproductive stage in rice plants.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20272001)for financial support.
文摘The reactions of triphenylpyrylium salt 1 with various anuno acids were explored and compared. The reactions with most α-amino acids yielded decarboxylation products 2 via decarboxylation. The reactions with glutamic acid, lysine and ACC (1-aminocyclopropyl-carboxylic acid) gave triphenylpyndine 8, dimer 9 and acid 5a-acc, respectively. The reactions with βand γ-amino acids yielded triphenylpyridine by intramolecular elinunation.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFD0900900)。
文摘The quality and flavor of scallops changes during the fresh dry rehydration process.In order to control the changes after rehydration,a scallop pretreatment method was adopted.The pretreatment method involved impregnating fresh scallops with 0.2 g/100 m L konjac glucomannan(KGM),carrageenan(CA),and sodium alginate(SA)before the drying and rehydration process.After rehydration,the KGM treated samples had better water retention and the highest betaine content.The CA treated samples had a deepened yellow color and the highest content of flavoring amino acids(FAA)and inosine monophosphate(IMP).What’s more,a total of 77 volatile compounds were detected,with a maximum of 15 esters.The highest proportion in the four groups was eugenol,followed by n-hexadecanoic acid,methyl hexadecanoate etc.The SA group had no significant contribution in terms of quality and taste.The samples pretreated with KGM had the best quality,and those pretreated by CA had the best flavor.
文摘An anion-exchange chromatography method combined solid phase extraction （SPE） was developed for the simultaneous analysis of glycolate acid （GL）, monochloroacetic acid （MCA） and dichloroacetic acid （DCA） in synthetical betaine products. The analytes and unknown anionic impurities were well separated on a Metrosep A supp5 anion-exchange column （150 mm×4 mm） with 2.0 mmol/L Na2CO3＋2.0 mmol/L NaHCO3 solution as eluent. Suppressed conductivity detection was used. A strong cation exchange （SCX） solid phase extraction （SPE） cartridge was used to reduce the concentration of matrix betaine and a Cleanert IC-Ag pretreatment cartridge was used to remove high Cl- concentration. The detection limits of GL, MCA and DCA were 0.09, 0.017 and 0.05 μg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations （RSDs） of the retention times and peak areas were less than 0.09% and 0.49%, respectively. The recoveries of the three analytes were between 90.6% and 100.8%. The analytical results showed that GL and DCA were present in high concentration and no MCA was found when the proposed ion chromatography method was applied to three synthetical betaine samples. The proposed method is simple, sensitive and timesaving, and is also suitable for routine analysis in quality control of synthetical betaine products.
