Identification of Pathogenic Germs and Antibiotics Residues in the Raw Milk and Their Effects on Human Health

Milk is a food of great value, it provides more essential nutrient than any other natural food. The presence of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic residues in milk can cause a real danger to consumers. Effectively, the milk consumption contaminated by bacteria can have an immediate impact which means a toxi-infection. Therefore, the presence of antibiotics residues in milk can constitute an important risk at the allergic and antibiotic resistance cases on the consumer. The present study concerning the pathogens germs identification and Antibiotic residues seeking in milk and their impact on the human health, has been realized on a total number of 80 samples of raw milk resulted from direct sale channel （dairies） throughout Blida different regions localities. The Microbiological analysis has shown only three conform samples to JORA Standards. Really, milk non-conformity results to the microbiological standards consisting on total aerobic mesophilic flora total count, total coliforms, Thermotolerant coliforms E. coli, Faecal streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus have shown the following contamination rate： 61.25%, 93.75%, 86.25%, 55%, 93.75% and 50%. Salmonella is characterized by a total absence in all analyzed milk samples. Moreover, the antibiotics residues research by Delvotest SP make plainly visible 33 positive samples. Further, two samples of the three which were judged conform to the bacteriology standards has been found contaminated by the antibiotic residues. The analyzed milk quality can be considered as a real danger to the consumption.

Gel Filtration Chromatography Combined with Bradford Method for Determination of Total Residual Protein in Ferment Antibiotics

Aim A novel method has been developed for evaluation of the levels of total residual protein in antibiotics produced by fermentation using gel filtration chromatography (GFC) combined with Bradford assay based on determination of residual protein in lincomycin hydrochloride. Methods The chromatographic conditions were SuperdexTM peptide column, 0.01 mol*L-1 phosphate buffer solution as mobile phase, and flow rate of 1 mL·min-1. Five hundred microliters of lincomycin hydrochloride solution (3 g of lincomycin hydrochloride dissolved in 10 mL of mobile phase) was injected into the chromatograph and the eluted solution was collected between 6 min and 14.5 min (protein eluted from column within this period), and the residual content of total protein in the eluted solution was assayed using Bradford assay method. Results The average recovery was more than 90% for bovine serum albumin, the calibration equation for the range of 0-12 μg·mL-1 of protein was y=-0.002 4x2+0.064 2x+0.002 9, r2=0.999 9, RSD=0.1%-0.9%, and the LOD and LOQ were 3 and 10 ng·mL-1 of protein, respectively. Conclusion The novel method for determining the residual protein in ferment antibio-tics is simple, rapid, and precise.

Quantification of Antibiotic Residues and Determination of Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Microorganisms Isolated from Bovine Milk in Lebanon

The rapid growth of dairy sectors in the Middle East, particularly in Lebanon, led to extensive use of antibiotics to enhance the health and productivity of animals. Prolonged usage may lead to antibiotic residues in foods of animal origin;hence, the emergence of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. Accurate data on the antibiotic usage in livestock treatment, antibiotic residues and antimicrobial resistances in raw milk in Lebanon are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the types and usages of antibiotics in cattle, their residual levels and the potential microbial resistances in raw milk samples. A questionnaire-based survey identified Gentamicin and Streptomycin as the most frequently used antibiotics. Selected raw milk samples from main dairy farms were then analyzed in duplicate by quantitative ELISA for the antibiotics residual levels. The mean residual levels of Gentamicin and Streptomycin were 90 and 80 μg/L, respectively;which are below the allowable maximum residue limit of 200 μg/L as set by the FAO/WHO. Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli and total aerobic microorganisms isolated from the milk samples were then tested for resistance against Gentamicin and Streptomycin by the disc agar diffusion method. All the S. aureus, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes isolates showed high resistance to Gentamicin. However, 95% of S. aureus, 60% of E. coli and 58% of L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to Streptomycin. The obtained results provide evidence that antimicrobial resistant strains of the above pathogens have become remarkably widespread in raw milk. This requires better management for antibiotic usages among livestock farmers to control sources of food contamination and reduce the health risks associated with the development of resistant microbial strains.

Impact of Genetic Diversity of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains on the Dissemination of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactam Resistance Genes in Côte d’Ivoire

The increase and spread of bacterial resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics are reported in many infections and are a real public health problem worldwide. Drug pressure is a factor that favors the emergence of a population of better adapted bacteria. However, there is no literature highlighting the genetic diversity and evolutionary structure of E. coli and K. pneumoniae in an environment with high selection pressure in Côte d’Ivoire. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains circulating at the HKB Hospital in Abobo and at the Daloa Regional Hospital and its impact on the dissemination of extended spectrum beta-lactam resistance genes. A total of 39 strains isolated from the urinary tract of infected patients, including 30 strains of E. coli and 9 strains of K. pneumoniae were studied. A total of 39 strains isolated from the urinary tract of infected patients, including 30 strains of E. coli and 9 strains of K. pneumoniae were studied. From genomic DNA extracts, ESBL resistance genes were amplified by PCR and sequenced, in addition to genetic typing by ERIC-PCR. The data obtained were submitted to genetic and bioinformatics analyses. The results have shown a genetic diversity important in E. coli and K. pneumoniae with diversity indexs (SID) ranging from 0.5 to 0.77. The genetic structure of the bacterial species studied has shown a clonal distribution of strains with clones expressing TEM-9 and CTX-M-15 variants. Also, this clonal structure was correlated with the spread of resistance genes in E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The spread of resistant clones is a factor that might limit the fight against antibiotic resistance.

Rapid Detection of β-lactam Antibiotic Residue in Milk Using Biolayer Interferometry

[ Objective] This study aimed to establish a high-sensitivity method for rapid detection of^-lactam antibiotic residue in milk. [Method] Based on bio- layer interferometry technology, ampicillin-BSA conjugate was fixed on the bottom of APS fiber optic biosensor probe through hydrophobic interaction and bound to 40 mn colloidal gold-labeled/3-1actam antibiotic receptor, to detect β-lactam antibiotics in milk. [ Result] The sensitivity of colloidal gold-labeled BLI method was twice as high as that of immunechromatographic test strip in detection of β-1actam antibiotic residue in milk. Colloidal gold-labeled BLI method exhibited good speci- ficity and had no cross-reaction with 1 000 ng/ml aflatoxin M1, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, tylosin, chloromycetin and melamine. [Condusion] The colloidal gold-labeled BLI method is not suitable for quantitative detection in actual production due to its small quantitative range in detection of β-lactam antibiot- ics, but it is a simple and rapid qualitative detection method that can be used in rapid detection of β-1actam antibiotic residue in milk.

Antibiotic residues in milk and milk products:A momentous challenge for the pharmaceutical industry and medicine

Dairy products are nutritious food items that contain various essential nutrients,however,it has been proven that residual antibiotics have contaminated such products.These residues can cause several side effects on human health.They increase antimicrobial resistance against several threatening microorganisms,as well as significant growth in allergenic reactions.Various methods,including heat treatments,have been applied to alleviate and reduce the effect of antibiotic residue level in milk and milk products.Changes in drug levels were not sig-nificantly remarkable,obliging researchers to find new approaches to prevent or reduce their risk and limit their complications on human health.

Metagenomic insights into microorganisms and antibiotic resistance genes of waste antibiotic fermentation residues along production,storage and treatment processes

Antibiotic fermentation residue(AFR)is nutrient-rich solid waste generated from fermentative antibiotic production process.It is demonstrated that AFR contains high-concentration of remaining antibiotics,and thus may promote antibiotic resistance development in receiving environment or feeding farmed animals.However,the dominate microorganisms and antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)in AFRs have not been adequately explored,hampering understanding on the potential antibiotic resistance risk development caused by AFRs.Herein,seven kinds of representative AFRs along their production,storage,and treatment processes were collected,and multiple methods including amplicon sequencing,metagenomic sequencing,and bioinformatic approaches were adopted to explore the biological characteristics of AFRs.As expected,antibiotic fermentation producer was found as the predominant species in raw AFRs,which were collected at the outlet of fermentation tanks.However,except for producer species,more environment-derived species persisted in stored AFRs,which were temporarily stored at a semi-open space.Lactobacillus genus,classified as Firmicutes phylum and Bacilli class,became predominant bacterial taxa in stored AFRs,which might attribute to its tolerance to high concentration of antibiotics.Results from metagenomic sequencing together with assembly and binning approaches showed that these newly-colonizing species(e.g.,Lactobacillus genus)tended to carry ARGs conferring resistance to the remaining antibiotic.However,after thermal treatment,remaining antibiotic could be efficiently removed from AFRs,and microorganisms together with DNA could be strongly destroyed.In sum,the main risk from the AFRs was the remaining antibiotic,while environment-derived bacteria which tolerate extreme environment,survived in ARFs with high content antibiotics,and may carry ARGs.Thus,hydrothermal or other harmless treatment technologies are recommended to remove antibiotic content and inactivate bacteria before recycling of AFRs in pharmaceutical industry.

Determination of Tetracycline and Oxytetracycline Residues in Honey by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Honey is being used as a pure natural and as an ingredient in many foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics than ever before, so honey testing has become essential to maintain its healthful characteristics and protect public health. Tetracyclines （TCs） are used for the treatment or prevention of American and European foul broad in bee colonies which are caused especially by two species of bacteria--Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus pluton. The present study aimed to determine the tetracycline residues in different types of local and imported honey. The reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） with ultraviolet detection （UV） was used. Tetracycline and oxytetracycline were extracted from honey with 0.01 M sodium succinate buffer. Of the examined samples, 31.25% and 12.50% had these oxytetracycline and tetracycline residues, respectively. It was observed that all the samples studied have been reported residues of tetracycline and oxytetracycline more than international standards of maximum residue limit （MRLs）.

Determination of Sulphonamide Antibiotics and Trimethoprim in Wastewater and Sludge Using Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection

This paper investigates the occurrence of sulphonamide and diaminopyrimidine antibiotics in wastewater and sludge from wastewater treatment plants. In our experiment, they were isolated from wastewater using the solid phase extraction method. In the case of sludge, pressurized solvent extraction techniques were used followed by solid phase extraction. The solid phase extraction method was used for purification and concentration. Sulphonamide and diaminopyrimidine antibiotics were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. The selected antibiotics were determined in real sludge samples collected from the wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Mod^ice and in real wastewater samples collected from the wastewater treatment plant located on the grounds of the University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences in Brno, using the developed and optimized method. Analyses showed that real samples of wastewater contained sulphathiazole 11.82μg/L at the inflow （7.1 μg/L at the outflow）, sulphapyridine 18.57 I.tg/L （12.2 μg/L）, sulphamethazine 13.52 μg/L （8.44 μg/L）, sulphamethoxazole 14.06 lag/L （9.34 Ixg/L） and trimethoprim 521.4 lag/L （422.29 μg/L）. Here it is demonstrated that drugs are removed through the wastewater treatment procedure only partially.

Prevalence and risk assessment of antibiotics in riverine estuarine waters of Larut and Sangga Besar River, Perak

Antibiotics released into the environment through anthropogenic activities exert selective pressure,driving bacteria towards increasing antimicrobial resistance.The prevalence of antibiotics and the ecological risks posed in the riverine estuarine of Larut River and Sangga Besar River,which included wastewater effl uents from hospital,zoo,and poultry slaughterhouse sources were investigated.Solid phase extraction(SPE)followed by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass chromatography(HPLC-MS/MS)were used to extract and quantify the antibiotic residues from 22 antibiotics belonging to six major antibiotic classes(sulfonamide,macrolide,fl uoroquinolone,phenicol,trimethoprim,and tetracycline).Sixteen antibiotic residues were detected with concentrations ranging from limit of detection(LOD)to 1262.3 ng/L.Fluoroquinolones and macrolides were the most frequently detected compounds.Erythromycin,clarithromycin,and ofl oxacin detected in hospital and zoo effl uents posed a high risk to algae while tetracycline had low to medium ecological risks toward all the relevant organisms from aquatic environments(algae,invertebrate Daphnia magna,and fi sh).

Preliminary Research Study for Antibiotics in Eggs Produced and Sold in Bamako, Mali

The quality of agri-food products, in particular those of poultry origin, has now become an imperative. Because of the antibiotics used in poultry production, we are seeing the presence of antibiotic residues in products from poultry farming, especially eggs. Residues in eggs do not always comply with regulatory requirements, which can have harmful consequences for consumers such as: risk of allergies or risk of antibiotic resistance. This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the presence of residues of veterinary antibiotics in eggs produced and marketed in the district of Bamako and surroundings. All samples were analyzed using the Premi ®Test which is a rapid detection kit for antibiotic residues in different materials. We collected 900 eggs from 10 farms and 10 markets in Bamako. Out of 900 eggs, 228 were tested. One hundred and eighty-nine (189) eggs tested negative for the presence of antibiotic residues, i.e. 82.9%;on the other hand, 39 were positive, i.e. 17.1%. This study clearly shows the presence of antibiotic residues in eggs from farms and various markets in Bamako and the surrounding area. This will allow us to continue our study at a later date to identify the types of antibiotic and to dose them.

Risk Assessment of Veterinary Drug Residues： The Dietary Exposure Assessment of Benzylpenicillin and Tetracycline Residues in Pork Consumed on Filipino Market

Biological, physical and chemical agents, recognized as food safety hazards, cause potential risks in modem food productions. Although the use of antibiotics in intensive animal productions is impossible to avoid the presence and remaining amount of their residues in food, it is possible to reduce them by using the principles of good veterinary, good manufacturing practices, and continuous control of food and risk assessment approach. This study was conducted to determine exposure risk to antibiotic drug residues in pork consumed in the Philippines and aimed to estimate dietary exposure of benzylpenicillin and tetracycline residues by age and gender groups. Dietary modeling, validated method used, combines food consumption data with food chemical concentration data to estimate dietary exposure to food chemicals. The results had shown that the dietary exposure of benzylpenicillin and tetracycline residues for children from 1 to 〈 3 years old had the highest exposure followed by adolescents, adults and infants while males were significantly lower than females （P 〈 0.05）. This is the initial study to determine risk assessment of dietary exposure to antibiotic residue of different population of Filipino groups.

川中丘陵区紫色土抗生素残留特征及其生态风险

抗生素在表层土壤中富集,将干扰植物、土壤动物以及微生物的生长发育,威胁生态系统安全。紫色土作为长江中上游重要的农业土壤资源,其抗蚀性弱和优先流发育的特点为环境残留抗生素迁移提供了动力条件。目前相关研究多针对目标抗生素的环境迁移行为,土壤残留抗生素的自然丰度、自然污染特征以及环境风险尚不明晰。本研究选择川中丘陵区6种典型土地利用类型(旱地、林地、果园、水田、化肥菜园和粪肥菜园)的紫色土土壤及灌溉水为研究对象,对5类11种抗生素进行残留量的测定,并利用风险商值法进行抗生素生态风险评估。结果表明:(1)土壤中检出金霉素、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星。其中,诺氟沙星、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星仅在粪肥菜园土壤中有检出,其残留量分别为5.95、3.36和6.52μg·kg^(-1);金霉素在粪肥菜园土壤中残留量最高,为43.00μg·kg^(-1)。(2)灌溉水中各类抗生素含量均低于仪器检出限。(3)研究区内土壤抗生素风险商值范围为0.08~0.43,处于中低生态风险水平,但抗生素残留量均小于国际土壤生物毒性触发值(100μg·kg^(-1)),处于相对安全的生态风险水平。(4)研究区内土壤抗生素来源可能与有机肥施用有关,通过调整施肥结构可能在一定程度上降低抗生素的环境生态风险。本研究可为川中丘陵紫色土区生态安全建设提供依据。

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆/线性离子阱质谱法检测水中大环内酯类抗生素

采用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆线性离子阱质谱技术(SPE-UPLC-QTRAP MS)建立了环境水样中阿奇霉素、林可霉素、克林霉素、红霉素及替米考星5种大环内酯类抗生素的检测方法。调节水样pH为10后经HLB固相萃取柱净化、富集,然后用Kinetex F5色谱柱进行分离,用0.1%甲酸水溶液和0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液进行洗脱,采用电喷雾正离子源(ESI+),多反应监测(MRM)-信息依赖采集(IDA)-增强子离子(EPI)扫描模式对样品进行检测,用多反应监测(MRM)进行定量,增强子离子(EPI)谱图库辅助定性。结果表明:5种大环内酯类抗生素线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9992;检出限为0.01~0.30μg·L^(-1),定量限为0.10~0.50μg·L^(-1);3种不同浓度的水样加标回收率为71.60%~111.05%,相对标准偏差均在10%以内,EPI谱库比对纯度值均大于90%。该方法将传统的MRM扫描模式结合EPI谱图库检索,实现了同时定性和定量分析,对未知物准确定性定量检测提供了重要参考。

四川省16家大型禽类养殖场抗生素残留调查和细菌耐药性分析

为评估禽类养殖场粪便中抗生素的残留及细菌耐药性情况,本研究以四川省16家大型规模化禽类养殖场为监测点,重点分析粪便中抗生素残留特征和肠杆菌耐药特征,并对粪便中抗生素的选择性耐药风险熵进行评估。16份粪便样品中共检出18种抗生素,抗生素检出浓度0.54~2780.00μg·kg^(−1),其中,ZJZX中多西环素检出浓度最高,达到2780.00μg·kg^(−1);抗生素的选择性耐药风险熵为0.0040~10561.13,呈现出高选择性耐药风险;其次,从粪便中共筛选鉴定出14株肠杆菌科Enterobacteriaceae细菌,均表现出多重耐药性,且有33种耐药基因被不同程度检出。畜禽粪便中磺胺类、四环素类、氯霉素类和喹诺酮类抗生素残留较为严重,且养殖环境中肠杆菌科细菌表现出多重耐药性,建议有关部门加强畜禽养殖中多西环素、氟苯尼考和恩诺沙星等抗生素的管控,同时应加强对畜禽养殖企业中肠杆菌耐药性的监控。

水热技术处理抗生素菌渣的研究进展

文章首先介绍了抗生素菌渣的组成、性质、危害和处理现状,总结了水热技术的定义、原理以及控制参数;然后阐述了水热技术在去除菌渣中残留抗生素、抗性基因和稳定重金属方面等的无害化作用,讨论了水热后的菌渣作为厌氧发酵原料、肥料、固体燃料、生物油和生物炭的资源化应用;最后根据当前研究存在的不足,提出了若干建议并展望了未来的前景,以期为水热技术处理抗生素菌渣的发展与推广应用提供参考。

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牦牛肉中多种抗生素残留

建立了用氨基化多壁碳纳米管和C18作为净化剂,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时快速测定牦牛肉中四环素类、喹诺酮类和磺胺类等31种抗生素残留的方法,牦牛肉经过均质,然后用2 mL(0.1 mol/L)Na 2EDTA-McLlvaine试剂和8 mL乙腈超声提取,离心提取上清液后用QuEChERS(氨基化多壁碳纳米管和C18作为净化剂)法净化,浓缩定容后用Waters ACQUITY UPLCTM BEH C18柱分离,电喷雾正离子模式(ESI^(+))电离,多反应离子监测(MRM)采集信号,外标法定量。研究结果表明:31种抗生素残留在1~200μg/kg的线性范围内有良好线性关系(r>0.9950)。方法的检出限和定量限分别为0.06~0.77和0.18~2.31μg/kg。空白加标样品在20、100和200μg/kg 3个浓度水平时,31种兽药残留平均回收率为63%~126%,相对标准偏差为0.69%~11.5%(n=6),方法快捷简单,方法重现性好、准确度高,适合对牦牛肉中残留的31种抗生素进行分析检测。

QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法检测鲜蛋中4种大环内酯类抗生素残留

目的建立QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)测定鲜蛋中泰乐菌素A、泰万菌素、红霉素A、替米考星的残留方法。方法样品经80%乙腈水溶液超声涡旋提取,分析液经QuEChERS方法净化,乙腈饱和正己烷去除脂肪,以乙腈与0.1%甲酸水(含5 mmol乙酸铵)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C_(18)色谱柱进行分离,在电喷雾正离子(electrospray ionization,ESI+)模式,多反应离子监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)模式下检测,基质匹配内标法进行定量。结果对于鲜蛋基质,泰乐菌素A、泰万菌素、红霉素A在0.25~50.00μg/kg,替米考星在0.50~50.00μg/kg的浓度与其相对应的峰面积之间线性关系良好,r^(2)均大于0.999,在3种不同浓度添加水平下,泰乐菌素A、泰万菌素、红霉素A、替米考星的平均回收率为89.05%~109.82%,相对标准偏差为4.59%~11.46%。结论该方法具有较高的准确度、精密度和灵敏度,适用于检测鲜蛋中的泰乐菌素A、泰万菌素、红霉素A、替米考星。

激光诱导荧光检测鸡蛋抗生素残留的方法研究

禽蛋产业中抗生素残留超标问题作为重要的食品安全问题之一,近些年来受到了广泛关注。目前对畜禽产品抗生素残留的检测方法主要采用微生物检测法、免疫分析法、高效液相色谱法等方法,但这些方法对于现场样品的快速检测还存在一定的不足。应用具有高灵敏度、高分辨率、速度快等特点的激光诱导荧光分析技术,开展鸡蛋中抗生素残留快速检测方法研究。样品以蛋清为溶剂,抗生素种类选用鸡蛋中可能残存的抗生素,包括环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、土霉素和庆大霉素,通过加入抗生素试剂模拟鸡蛋中抗生素的残留,测定了不同浓度下的抗生素荧光光谱。采用欧氏距离及概率密度的方法进行定性分析,定性分析的准确率在三倍标准差范围内达到了100%。在对已有的几种不同浓度样品进行检测分析后,建立了每种抗生素对应的c-S拟合曲线。结果表明,在有效检测范围内(环丙沙星:0.0001~1 mg·mL^(-1),诺氟沙星:0.0002~1 mg·mL^(-1),氧氟沙星:0.00005~1 mg·mL^(-1),土霉素:0.0001~0.2 mg·mL^(-1),庆大霉素:0.01~1 mg·mL^(-1)),可以根据荧光峰的净峰面积比较准确地计算抗生素含量。最后,计算了抗生素定量曲线的准确度和检出限,说明了该方法可以应用到鸡蛋中抗生素的残留量检测,但目前还存在检出限较高的问题,需要更进一步研究来降低检出限。

新型超交联聚合物在蜂蜜中抗生素残留的检测研究

为了实现蜂蜜中多种抗生素的残留量同时测定,优化前处理流程,合成了一种新型的多孔聚合物材料(POP),应用于检测蜂蜜中的11种抗生素残留。前处理采用多孔聚合物材料分散吸附方式,液相色谱串联质谱以0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相进行洗脱,AtiantisR T3色谱柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm)分离,11种抗生素可在4 min内达到良好分离效果。四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类药物分别在10~500、2~100和1~50μg/L范围内线性关系良好,检出限分别为3.0、0.6和0.3μg/kg,定量限分别为10.0、2.0和1.0μg/kg。11种抗生素在低、中、高三水平加标下的平均回收率为90.9%~108.7%,相对标准偏差为2.1%~9.4%。相较于传统固相萃取净化方式,使用POP的检测方法具有操作便捷、节能高效的特点;且重复性好,回收率高,可用于蜂蜜中多种抗生素残留的检测。