Expression of PD1 and BTLA on the CD8^+T Cell and γδT Cell Subsets in Peripheral Blood of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Objective To investigate the expression and regulation of programmed cell death protein 1(PD1),B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte attenuator(BTLA)in peripheral blood of patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC);to examine the correlation of the mRNA levels between PD and BTLA in NSCLC.Methods Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of PD1 and BTLA on the surfaces of CD8^+T cells andγδ+T cells in the peripheral blood samples collected from 32 in-patients with stage IV NSCLC and 30 healthy individuals.We compared the expression of PD1 and BTLA on the surfaces ofγδ+T cells in the NSCLC patients with bone metastasis before and after the treatment of zoledronic acid.The correlations of PD1 and BTLA,as well as their ligands were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis with the cBioPortal data platform.Results The frequency of PD1 on the surfaces of CD8^+T cells was significantly higher than that of theγδT cells in both healthy controls(t=2.324,P=0.024)and NSCLC patients(t=2.498,P=0.015).The frequency of PD1 on CD8^+T cells,rather than onγδ+T cells,was significantly upregulated in advanced NSCLC patients compared with that in healthy controls(t=4.829,P<0.001).The PD1+BTLA+γδT cells of the healthy controls were significantly lower than that of the NSCLC patients(t=2.422,P=0.0185).No differences in percentage of PD1+γδ+and BTLA+γδ+T cells were observed in 7 NSCLC patients with bone metastasis before and after zoledronic acid treatment.PD1 was positively correlated with BTLA in both lung adenocarcinoma(r=0.54;P<0.05)and lung squamous cell carcinoma(r=0.78;P<0.05).Conclusions The upregulation of co-inhibitory molecules occurs on the surfaces of both CD8^+T cells andγδT cells in advanced NSCLC,suggesting that these molecules were involved in regulating the inactivation of CD8^+T cells andγδ+T cells,immune escape and tumor invasion.

T cell interactions with microglia in immune-inflammatory processes of ischemic stroke

The primary mechanism of secondary injury after cerebral ischemia may be the brain inflammation that emerges after an ischemic stroke,which promotes neuronal death and inhibits nerve tissue regeneration.As the first immune cells to be activated after an ischemic stroke,microglia play an important immunomodulatory role in the progression of the condition.After an ischemic stroke,peripheral blood immune cells(mainly T cells)are recruited to the central nervous system by chemokines secreted by immune cells in the brain,where they interact with central nervous system cells(mainly microglia)to trigger a secondary neuroimmune response.This review summarizes the interactions between T cells and microglia in the immune-inflammatory processes of ischemic stroke.We found that,during ischemic stroke,T cells and microglia demonstrate a more pronounced synergistic effect.Th1,Th17,and M1 microglia can co-secrete proinflammatory factors,such as interferon-γ,tumor necrosis factor-α,and interleukin-1β,to promote neuroinflammation and exacerbate brain injury.Th2,Treg,and M2 microglia jointly secrete anti-inflammatory factors,such as interleukin-4,interleukin-10,and transforming growth factor-β,to inhibit the progression of neuroinflammation,as well as growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor to promote nerve regeneration and repair brain injury.Immune interactions between microglia and T cells influence the direction of the subsequent neuroinflammation,which in turn determines the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients.Clinical trials have been conducted on the ways to modulate the interactions between T cells and microglia toward anti-inflammatory communication using the immunosuppressant fingolimod or overdosing with Treg cells to promote neural tissue repair and reduce the damage caused by ischemic stroke.However,such studies have been relatively infrequent,and clinical experience is still insufficient.In summary,in ischemic stroke,T cell subsets and activated microglia act synergistically to regulate inflammatory progression,mainly by secreting inflammatory factors.In the future,a key research direction for ischemic stroke treatment could be rooted in the enhancement of anti-inflammatory factor secretion by promoting the generation of Th2 and Treg cells,along with the activation of M2-type microglia.These approaches may alleviate neuroinflammation and facilitate the repair of neural tissues.

Impact of oxaliplatin and trastuzumab combination therapy on tumor markers and T lymphocyte subsets for advanced gastric cancer

BACKGROUND Advanced gastric cancer(AGC)remains a challenging malignancy with poor prognosis.The combination of oxaliplatin and trastuzumab has shown promising results in AGC treatment.This study aimed to investigate the effects of oxaliplatin and trastuzumab combination therapy on serum tumor markers and T lymphocyte subsets in patients with AGC and to explore their potential as predictive biomarkers for treatment response.AIM To investigate the impact of oxaliplatin and trastuzumab combination therapy on serum markers and T cell subsets in patients with AGC.METHODS This prospective study enrolled 60 patients with AGC.All patients received oxaliplatin(130 mg/m^(2),every 3 weeks)and trastuzumab(8 mg/kg loading dose,followed by 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks)for six cycles.Serum carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),cancer antigen 19-9(CA19-9),and cancer antigen 72-4(CA72-4)were measured before and after treatment.T-lymphocyte subsets,including CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,and CD4+/CD8+ratios,were also evaluated.The clinical response was assessed using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1.RESULTS After six cycles of treatment,the CEA,CA19-9,and CA72-4 serum levels significantly decreased compared to baseline levels(P<0.001).The percentages of CD3+and CD4+T lymphocytes increased significantly(P<0.05),whereas the percentage of CD8+T lymphocytes decreased(P<0.05).The CD4+/CD8+ratio also significantly increased after treatment(P<0.05).Patients with a higher decrease in serum tumor markers(≥50%reduction)and a higher increase in CD4+/CD8+ratio(≥1.5-fold)showed better clinical response rates(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Oxaliplatin and trastuzumab combination therapy effectively reduced serum tumor marker levels and modulated T lymphocyte subsets in patients with AGC.Combination therapy not only has a direct antitumor effect,but also enhances the immune response in patients with AGC.Serum tumor markers and T lymphocyte subsets may serve as potential predictive biomarkers for treatment response in patients with AGC receiving combination therapy.

Distribution of natural killer cells and T-lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood,gallbladder cancer and surrounding tissue

BACKGROUND: The patient with malignant tumor always show immunologic function drawback and ingravescent with tumor development, especially in the aspect of cell-mediated immunity. This study was undertaken to define the relationship between the immune function of local cells and cancer development by investigating the distribution of natural killer (NK) cells and T-lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood, the cancer tissue and the tissue surrounding gallbladder carcinoma. METHODS: The numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes and NK cells were measured by flow cytometry in samples taken from gallbladder cancer tissue, the surrounding tissues and peripheral blood of 38 patients, and compared with the numbers in the peripheral blood and gallbladder tissue of 30 patients with cholecystitis as controls. RESULTS: The numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells and NK cells in gallbladder cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in the surrounding tissue and gallbladder with gallstone. However, the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) was lower in the cancer tissue than that in the surrounding tissue and tissue from gallbladders with gallstones. The distribution of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells and NK cells in mucous membrane of cholecystitis gallbladder and that in the tissue surrounding gallbladder cancer were significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Disproportionate and imbalanced distribution of NK cells and subsets of T-lymphocytes occurs in the mucous membrane proper of gallbladder cancer and surrounding tissue. Although gallbladder cancer tissue has higher expressions of CD4(+), CD8(+) and NK cells, the immune function is low or in an inhibited state. In gallbladder cancer immunization therapy, local cellular immunological function should be enhanced and the protective barrier improved.

The Effect of BCG-PSN on T-cell Subsets and Cytokines in Vernal Conjunctivitis

The effects of BCG PSN on T cell subsets and cytokines in vernal conjunctivitis were observed. The level of total IgE was quantitatively determined before and after treatment with BCG PSN by allergen diagnostic instrument in vitro . The content of T cell subsets of peripheral blood and cytokine were determined by using indirect immune fluorescence method, and IL 4 and INF γ were quantified by ELISA. The results showed that the level of total IgE was substantially reduced ( P <0.01) after treatment in the BCG PSN group. Meanwhile, CD + 8 was decreased, CD + 4 and CD + 4/CD + 8 ratio elevated with significant differences ( P <0.05) as compared with pre treatment results. The changes in total IgE, CD + 8 ,CD + 4 and CD + 4/CD + 8 ratio after treatment also presented significant differences ( P <0.05) between BCG PSN group and routine treatment group. The level of IL 4 in serum declined ( P <0.05) after treatment in the BCG PSN group, and INF γ went up ( P <0 05). IL 4 and INF γ in serum showed significant differences ( P <0.05) between two groups after treatment. It is concluded that BCG PSN has a bi directional immunoregulating effect. It can bring CD + 4 and CD + 8 into homeostasis, thereby preventing the occurrence of anaphylaxis. At the same time, BCG PSN can restrain Th 2, decrease the synthesis of IL 4, switch the balance of Th l/Th 2 to Th 1 side, boost up the predominance of Th 1 relatively, which is propitious to perennial stabilization and recovery of vernal conjunctivitis.

Increased serum IL-10 in lupus patients promotes apoptosis of T cell subsets via the caspase 8 pathway initiated by Fas signaling

We sought to investigate the expression of Fas and FasL on T cell surface and caspase 8 involvement in T cell apoptosis promoted by serum IL-10 in systemic lupus erythematosus （SLE） patients. Cells and sera were obtained from 35 SLE patients. Apoptosis of T cells in patients with SLE was increased and associated with the SLE disease activity index （SLEDAI）. Elevated expression of Fas and FasL on T cell surface contributed to increased apoptosis of T cells. Increased IL-10 in the sera of SLE patients was capable of inducing Fas and FasL expression on CD4^＋T cell surface, promoting apoptosis of this cell subset. Decreased IL-10 serum levels and low expression of Fas were found in 5 patients of the first follow-up group after 2-month treatment. In another group with one-year treatment, the SLEDAI declined to inactive scores. Serum IL-10 was decreased significantly, and expression of Fas and FasL on T cells was also reduced. Declined apoptosis was predominant only in CD4^＋T cell subset. When sera with high level of IL-10 were used to culture PBMCs from healthy controls, activated caspase 8 was elevated in CD3^＋T, CD4^＋T and CD8^＋T cells. The study showed that serum IL-10 induced apoptosis of T cell subsets via the caspase 8 pathway initiated by Fas signaling. Increased apoptosis of T cells contributes to autoantigen burden, which is pathogenic in the development of SLE.

Correlation Study Between T Lymphocyte Subsets and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective:To study the effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on rheumatoid arthritis and T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and to provide a new method for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by removing Helicobacter pylori from patients.Methods:60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis admitted to the hospital from May 2022 to May 2023 were selected for the study,and all patients underwent a 13-carbon urea breath test to detect gastric H.pylori and the test results showed that 20 cases were negative and 40 cases were positive.The 40 positive patients were divided into the treatment group(n=20)and non-treatment group(n=20)by random number table method and the treatment group was given anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment,and the non-treatment group was given maintenance rheumatoid basic treatment,comparing the anti-cyclic citrulline peptide(CCP),DS28 score,peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets(CD4^(+)T-lymphocytes,CD8^(+)T-lymphocytes,CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)ratio)before and after the treatment of patients by 13-carbon urea respiration test(pylori-negative group,20 patients)and those who were positive for the treatment of H pylori(pylori-positive group,40 patients).Besides,the correlation of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets and disease activity between treatment and non-treatment groups in the pylori-positive group was identified together with the correlation of DS28 scores,TNF-αlevels,sedimentation and immunoglobulin,lymphocyte subsets in the pylori-positive treatment group and positive non-treatment group as well as the level of globulin,lymphocyte subsets,and peripheral blood lymphocytes before and after treatment.Results:Before treatment,CCP,DS28 score,CD8^(+)T lymphocyte level of the pylori-negative group were lower than that of the positive group,and CD4^(+)T lymphocyte and CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)ratio were higher than that of the positive group(P<0.05);after treatment,the indexes of the pylori-positive group improved,and there was no significant difference in the comparison of the indexes with those of the pylori-negative group(P>0.05);the positive treatment group had a DS28(3.19±1.02)points,positive non-treatment group DS28(5.36±1.85)points,non-treatment group DS28 score and CD4^(+)T lymphocytes,CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)negative correlation with CD8^(+)T lymphocytes showed a positive correlation(P<0.05);before the treatment,pylori-positive treatment group and non-treatment group DS28 scores,TNF-αlevels,peripheral blood T lymphocyte subpopulation levels were not significantly different(P>0.05);after treatment,DS28 score,TNF-αlevel,CD8^(+)T of the treatment group were lower than those of the non-treatment group,and CD4^(+)T lymphocytes and CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)ratio were higher than those of the non-treatment group(P<0.05).Conclusion:H.pylori affects the level of T lymphocyte subsets in patients with rheumatoid arthritis,and there is a certain correlation between the two.Removal of H.pylori can improve the level of T lymphocyte subsets,which is important for the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Effects of Intraoperative Administration of Dexmedetomidine on the Percentage of T-Lymphocyte Subsets and Natural Killer Cells in Patients with Colorectal Cancer

Study Objective: To observe the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on T-lymphocyte subsets and natural killer (NK) cells in the peripheral blood of perioperative patients with colorectal cancer. Design: A random double-blind control clinical study. Setting: A university hospital. Patients: Forty patients with colorectal cancer, ASA I-П. Interventions: All patients were randomly divided into a DEX group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). Before induction of anesthesia, epidural catheters were placed in the L1-L2 or T12-L1 intervertebral spaces. The DEX group received 1 μg/kg of DEX (200 μg/50 ml) intravenously for 15 min prior to the surgery, which was then infused at a rate of 0.5 μg/kg/h until 30 min before the end of the surgery. The control group received an intravenous infusion of saline (50 ml) instead of DEX during the same periods as the DEX group. All patients received routine anesthesia and postoperative analgesia. Measurements: Blood samples from all patients were collected at the following time points: before anesthesia (T0), 24 h after surgery (T1), 48 h after surgery (T2) and 72 h after surgery (T3). Changes in T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+) and NK cells were determined by flow cytometry. Main Results: Compared with the control group, the percentages of CD3+ and CD4+ cells and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the DEX group increased significantly from T1 to T3

Effects of Radiofrequency Ablation on Lymphocyte Subsets and Type 1/Type 2 T Cell Subpopulations in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Objective： To evaluate whether radiofrequency ablation （RFA） might have an influence on immune status in hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） patients. Methods： We measured the T lymphocytes, B lymphocyte and NK cells, and determined the population of Thl, Th2, Tcl and Tc2 of peripheral blood samples taken from 26 HCC patients before and after RFA. Results： The proportion of Typel cells （Thl and Tcl） and NK cells were significantly increased after RFA, especially in patients of the following subgroups： male, age〉55 years, pathological grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ tumor, clinical stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ or Child-Pugh A and B. Conclusion： TypeⅠ cells and NK cells in HCC patients were increased in a short period after RFA.

Histopathological analysis of infiltrating T cell subsets in acute T cell-mediated rejection in the kidney transplant

AIM To compare the differential immune T cell subset com-position in patients with acute T cell-mediated rejection in the kidney transplant with subset composition in the absence of rejection, and to explore the association of their respective immune profiles with kidney transplant outcomes.METHODS A pilot cross-sectional histopathological analysis of the immune infiltrate was performed using immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 14 patients with acute T cellmediated rejection in the kidney transplant and 7 kidney transplant patients with no rejection subjected to biopsy to investigate acute kidney transplant dysfunction. All patients were recruited consecutively from 2012 to 2014 at the Singapore General Hospital. Association of the immune infiltrates with kidney transplant outcomes at up to 54 mo of follow up was also explored prospectively.RESULTS In a comparison to the absence of rejection, acute T cell-mediated rejection in the kidney transplant was characterised by numerical dominance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes over Foxp3^+ regulatory T cells, but did not reach statistical significance owing to the small sample size in our pilot study. There was no obvious difference in absolute numbers of infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes, Foxp3^+ regulatory T cells and Th17 cells between the two patient groups when quantified separately. Our exploratory analysis on associations of T cell subset quantifications with kidney transplant outcomes revealed that the degree of Th17 cell infiltration was significantly associated with shorter time to doubling of creatinine and shorter time to transplant loss.CONCLUSION Although this was a small pilot study, results support our suspicion that in kidney transplant patients the immune balance in acute T cell-mediated rejection is tilted towards the pro-rejection forces and prompt larger and more sophisticated studies.

CD34^(+)CD38^(-)subpopulation without CD123 and CD44 is responsible for LSC and correlated with imbalance of immune cell subsets in AML

Acute myeloid leukemia(AML)is regarded as a stem cell disease.However,no one unique marker is expressed on leukemia stem cells(LSC)but not on leukemic blasts nor normal hematopoietic stem cells(HSC).CD34^(+)CD38^(-)with or without CD123 or CD44 subpopulations are immunophenotypically defined as putative LSC fractions in AML.Nevertheless,markers that can be effectively and simply held responsible for the intrinsical heterogeneity of LSC is still unclear.In the present study,we examined the frequency of three different LSC subtypes(CD34^(+)CD38^(-),CD34^(+)CD38^(-)CD123^(+),CD34^(+)CD38^(-)CD44^(+))in AML at diagnosis.We then validated their prognostic significance on the relevance of spectral features for diagnostic stratification,immune status,induction therapy response,treatment effect maintenance,and long^(-)term survival.In our findings,high proportions of the above three different LSC subtypes were all significantly characterized with low complete remission(CR)rate,high relapse/refractory rate,poor overall survival(OS),frequent FLT3^(-)ITD mutation,the high level of regulatory T cells(Treg)and monocytic myeloid^(-)derived suppressor cells(M^(-)MDSC).However,there was no significant statistical difference in all kinds of other clinical performance among the three different LSC groups.It was demonstrated that CD34^(+)CD38^(-)subpopulation without CD123 and CD44 might be held responsible for LSC and correlated with an imbalance of immune cell subsets in AML.

Effect of Methionine Deficiency on the Thymus and the Subsets and Proliferation of Peripheral Blood T-Cell,and Serum IL-2 Contents in Broilers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of methionine deficiency on cellular immune function by determining morphological and ultrastructural changes of thymus, thymic cell cycle and apoptosis, peripheral blood T-cell subsets, T- cell proliferation function and the serum interleukin-2 （IL-2） contents. 120 1-d-old broilers were randomly divided into two groups （6 replicates in each group and l0 broilers in each replicate） and fed on a control diet or methionine deficient diet for 42 d. Lesions were observed in experiment. Histopathologically, lymphopenia and congestion were observed in the medulla of thymic lobule. Ultrastructurally, there were more apoptosis lymphocytes, and the mitochondria of lymphocytes were swelled in thymus of methionine deficiency. The G0/G~ phase of the cell cycle of the thymus was much higher （P〈0.01）, and the S, G2＋M phases and proliferating index （PI） were lower （P〈0.01） in methionine deficiency than in control group. And the percentage of apoptotic cells in the thymus was significantly increased in methionine deficiency （P〈0.01）. The percentage of CD4＋ and CD8~ T-cells was decreased in methionine deficiency compared with control group. Meanwhile, the proliferation function of peripheral blood T-cell was decreased in methionine deficiency. Also, the serum IL-2 contents were decreased in methionine deficiency. It was concluded that methionine deficiency could cause pathological and ultrastructural changes of thymus, reduce the T-cell population, serum IL-2 contents and the proliferation function of T- cells, and induce increased percentage of apoptotic cells. The cellular immune function was finally impaired in broilers.

Effect on T cell subsets and function of isletβ cells of levemir combined with acarbose in elder patients with early-onset type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective:To discuss the effect of the combined therapy of levemir and acarbose on T cell subsets and function of isletβ cells in elder patients with early-onset type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methods:According to the number parity of entry sequence, 100 cases of elder patients with early-onset type 2 Diabetes Mellitus are divided into the control group and the observation group of 50 cases. The control group was treated with novolin and acarbose, the observation group was given subcutaneous injection of levemir and acarbose treatment. Compare the T cell subsets and function of isletβ cells in two group of patients before the treatment (T0), treatment for 4 weeks (T1) ,treatment for 8 weeks (T2).Results:(1) The levels of T0, T1, T2CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ were increased in both groups, and CD8+ decreased. Among them, the levels of T1, T2CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ of the observation group were obviously higher than the control group, the level of CD8+ was lowly than the control group, the difference was statistically significant;(2) In the stage of T0, T1, T2, the levels of FPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR were showed a downward trend, the levels of FIns, HOMA-B were increased. In these two groups, the levels of T1, T2FPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR of the observation group were lower than the control group, and the levels of FIns, HOMA-B were higher than the control group, the difference was statistically significant;(3) In the control group occurred 3 cases of hypoglycemia, and the incidence of adverse reactions was 6%. However, in the observation group no occurred adverse reactions, the difference was statistically significant.Conclusions:The combined therapy of levemir and acarbose in elder patients with early-onset type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, It helps to improve immune function, protect the isletβ-cell function.

The influence of immunomodulator on the immunoglobulin and T cell subsets in children with intractable epilepsy

Objective:To observe the influence of immunomodulator on the immunoglobulin and T cell subsets in children with intractable epilepsy.Method:A total of 82 children with intractable epilepsy in our hospital were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups: the control group (41 cases) and the observation group (41 cases). Routine antiepileptic drugs were given to the control group. Medication regimen was that more than 2 kinds of anti epileptic drugs were be combined used. But the immunomodulator wasn't used. Treatment of immune globulin was given to the control group on the basis of observation group. By taking the 400 mg/kg/d as the standard of dosage, for 5 d every course of treatment. One course of treatment was carried out every month, 3 months in total. The changes of IgA, IgG, IgM and CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+ were compared in 2 groups before and after treatment.Result: The comparison of IgA, IgG, IgM in the two groups before treatment was not statistically significant. After treatment, IgA, IgG in observation group were significantly higher than that before treatment and the difference was statistically significant. However, there was no significant difference on the IgM. There was no significant difference on the IgA, IgG, IgM in the control group compared with that before treatment. IgA, IgG in observation group was significant higher than that in the control group. The comparison of IgM between 2 groups was not statistically significant. The comparison of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+ in the two groups before treatment was not statistically significant. After treatment, CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ in observation group were significantly higher than that before treatment;CD8+ in observation group was significantly lower than that before treatment. The difference was statistically significant. There was no significant difference on the CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+ in the control group compared with that before treatment. CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ in observation group was significant higher than that in the control group. CD8+ in observation group was significant lower than that in the control group. The difference was statistically significant.Conclusion:Compared with using routine antiepileptic drugs , application of immune globulin as an immunomodulator combined with conventional antiepileptic drug in children with refractory epilepsy can effectively improve the expression of IgA, IgG, IgM and T cell subsets, which has a positive effect on the immune function of the children.

Relationship of serum neurotransmitters with anxiety depression, T lymphocyte subsets and NK cells in patients with lung cancer chemotherapy

Objective:To study the relationship of serum neurotransmitters with anxiety depression, T lymphocyte subsets and NK cells in patients with lung cancer chemotherapy.Methods: 56 cases of patients with advanced lung cancer who received chemotherapy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College between July 2013 and August 2016 were collected as observation group, and 50 healthy subjects who received physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as normal control group. Serum neurotransmitter, negative emotions and immune index levels were compared between the two groups of subjects. Pearson test was used to evaluate the relationship of serum neurotransmitter contents with negative emotions and immune index levels in patients with lung cancer chemotherapy. Results: Serum neurotransmitters DA, 5-HT and NE contents in observation group were lower than those in normal control group;SAS and SDS scores were higher than those of normal control group;peripheral blood CD4+T lymphocyte level, CD4+/CD8+ ratio and NK cell level were lower than those in normal control group while CD8+ T lymphocyte level was higher than that in normal control group. Pearson test showed that serum neurotransmitters DA, 5-HT and NE contents in patients with lung cancer chemotherapy were directly correlated with anxiety depression, T lymphocyte subset and NK cell levels.Conclusion: Serum neurotransmitter expression decrease in patients with lung cancer chemotherapy, and this is one of the important causes of anxiety depression and immune dysfunction in patients.

Study on T lymphocyte subsets and NK cells in patients with Graves' disease combined with type 2 diabetes

Objective To investigate changes in T lymphocyte subsets and NK cells in patients with simple Graves’ disease(GD)and Graves’ disease combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus(GD/T2DM).Methods Fifteen cases of GD/T2DM were selected from our hospital from November 2001 to November 2004.Before and after therapy thyroid function,thyroglobulin antibody(TGA),thyroid microsomal antibody(TMA)and blood glucose level were measured,and T lymphocyte subsets(CD3,CD4,CD8,CD4/CD8)and NK cells(CD56)were measured by immunofluorescence double labeling monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry,respectively.At the same time,comparison was made with simple GD(15 cases),T2DM(15 cases)and healthy control(20 cases).Results Before therapy,CD4/CD8,CD4 and NK cells in GD/T2DM were less than normal,and there was no significant difference in comparison with simple GD(P<0.05).In T2DM group,only CD4/CD8 and CD4 were less than those of healthy controls(P<0.05).When thyroid function recovered after 1 to 3 months of methimazole treatment in both GD/T2DM and simple GD groups,various indexes recovered,which were more obvious in simple GD.Conclusion Immune hypofunction of GD may be the key to the immune abnormality of GD/T2DM,which is more significant than that of simple GD or T2DM.The recovery of thyroid function and immune abnormality is not consistent,and the recovery of GD is more significant than that of GD/T2DM.

Detection of lymphocyte subsets and regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of patients with acute leukemia and its clinical significance

Objective To study the changes of lymphocyte subsets and regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of patients with acute leukemia(AL) and its clinical significance.Methods The different levels of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and regulatory T cells of 60 AL patients and 40 normal controls were detected with flow cytometry.Results Compared with the normal controls,the percentages of CD3+ T cells,CD4+ T cells,CD16+CD56+ NK cells and the ratio of CD4+ /CD8+ obviously decreased in newly diagnosed AL group(P <0.05),while their percentages of CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells significantly increased(P <0.01).The percentage of CD4+ T cells and the ratio of CD4+ /CD8+ in acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL) group were much lower than those in acute myelogenous leukemia(AML) group(P <0.01).Compared with these in control group,the proportions of CD4+ CD25high Treg cells and CD4+ CD25+ T cells in newly diagnosed AL group were significantly increased(P <0.01).Conclusion Cellular immune function is significantly abnormal in patients with AL.Compared with AML patients,ALL patients had poorer cellular immune function.The increased CD4 + CD25high Treg cells might be one of the important reasons of immunosuppression in AL.Detection of lymphocyte subsets and regulatory T cells is of clinical value on the evaluation of therapeutic effect and prognosis in AL patients.

Does East Meet West?—The Association between Oriental Tongue Inspection and Western Clinical Assays of White Blood Cell Subsets

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls white blood cell (WBC) subsets;therefore, the status of ANS can be assessed by assaying WBCs. However, this requires invasive blood sampling, time, cost, and training. Therefore, this study focused on a traditional technique, tongue inspection, which is a simpler method. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between the traditional method of tongue inspection and clinical assay of WBC subsets. Twenty-one female alopecia areata patients were divided into two age-matched groups: 1) alopecia areata totalis (AT);and 2) alopecia areata multiplex (AM). Images of patient tongues were captured by a digital camera and categorized before blood sampling. Finally, patients were divided into five groups (normal, Yin+, Yang–, Yin– and Yang+) based on the Eight Principles of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Concurrently, venous blood was obtained for WBC subsets. The absolute numbers of WBCs and granulocytes of the AT group were higher than those of the AM group. The AT group was Yin+ but not Yang+, whereas the AM group was Yang+ but not Yin+. Thus, the AT group showed more elements of “cold” (Yin > Yang) compared with the AM group with elements of “hot” (Yin < Yang). Tongue inspection suggested a possibility of consistence with those of WBCs although statistical significance was not obtained. Moreover, some Yin+ and Yang+ subjects showed some trend in similarities between tongue inspection and WBC subsets although this was not statistically significant. Therefore, traditional techniques (such as tongue inspection) acupuncture must be studied further to detect whether subtle effects are induced by acupuncture treatment. As this study is underpowered, a larger scale study including males is required in the future.

Relationship between serum levels of IL-4,IL-8,TNF-alpha,T cell subsets and prognosis in patients with psoriasis vulgaris

Objective:To study the relationship between serum levels of IL-4,IL-8,TNF-alpha,T cell subsets and prognosis in patients with psoriasis vulgaris.Methods:A total of 120 patients with psoriasis vulgaris who were treated in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 were selected as the study group,and 50 normal subjects who underwent health examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group.The levels of serum IL-4,IL-8,TNF-alpha and T cell subsets in the observation group and the control group were detected and compared.The levels of IL-4,IL-8,TNF-alpha and T cell subsets in the observation group at different time after treatment were compared after standardized western medicine treatment.Pearson test was used to analyze the correlation between IL-4,IL-8,TNF-alpha and T cell subsets.Results:The levels of IL-4,IL-8 and TNF-a in the observation group were higher than those in the control group,while the levels of CD3+,CD4+,CD4+/CD8+in the observation group were lower than those in the control group,and the levels of CD8+in the observation group were higher than those in the control group.There was a significant difference between the two groups.In the observation group,after 8 weeks of treatment,the levels of IL-4,IL-8 and TNF-alpha continued to decrease,CD3+,CD4+,CD4+/CD8+increased and CD8+decreased with the prolongation of treatment time.There was significant difference among the groups.Pearson correlation test was used.IL-4,IL-8,TNF-a had negative correlation with CD3+,CD4+,CD4+/CD8+,and positive correlation with CD8+.Conclusion:The incidence of psoriasis vulgaris is related to the elevation of IL-4,IL-8,TNF-alpha levels and immunodeficiency.The prognosis of psoriasis vulgaris can be judged by monitoring the levels of IL-4,IL-8,TNF-alpha and T cell subsets.

Dynamic interplay of T helpercell subsets in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

AIM： To investigate the temporal onset and dynamic interplay of CD4^＋ T helper cell subsets in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis （EAE）.METHODS： EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice by im-munization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide p35-55. The clinical signs were scored and the tissue samples and immune cells isolated for analysis at different phases of EAE. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and related transcription fac-tors were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and enzyme linked immunosorbant assay （ELISA）. The percentages of Th1, Th17, Th2, Treg and memory T cell subsets in EAE were analyzed by immunostaining and fow cytometry. The data were analyzed by statistical techniques.RESULTS： Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that EAE mice express elevated levels of Th1 [interferon gamma （ IFNγ ）, interleukin （ IL ） -12p40 ], Th17 [ IL-17 , related orphan receptor gamma （RORγ ）, IL-12p40] and Treg [ Foxp3, Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 （EBI3）, IL-10] genes in the central nervous system at the peak of the disease. Whereas, the expression of Th1 （ IFNγ , T-bet, IL-12p35, IL-12p40 ）, Th17 （RORγ, IL-12p40 ）, Th2 （ IL-4） and Treg （ Foxp3, EBI3） response genes was reduced in the spleen during pre-disease but gradually recovered at the later phases of EAE. ELISA and fow cytometry analyses showed an increase in Th17 re-sponse in the periphery, while Th1 response remained unchanged at the peak of disease. The mRNA levels of IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-12p40 in the brain were increased by 23 （P 〈 0.001）, 9 （P 〈 0.05） and 14 （P 〈 0.01） fold, respectively, on day 21 of EAE. Conversely, the mRNA expression of IL-10 was increased by 2 fold （P 〈 0.05） in the spleen on day 21. CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3＋Treg response was reduced at pre-disease but recovered to na？ve levels by disease onset. The percentage of CD25 Foxp3 regulatory T cells decreased from 7.7% in the na？ve to 3.2% （P 〈 0.05） on day 7 of EAE, which then increased to 8.4% by day 28. Moreover, the CD4＋CD127＋CD44high memory T cell response was increased during the onset and recovery phases of EAE. The memory and effector cells showed an in-verse relationship in EAE, where the memory T cells increased from 12.3% in nave to 20% by day 21, and the effector cells decreased from 32% in na？ve to 21% （P 〈 0.01） by day 21. The wild type C57BL/6 mice with EAE showed elevated levels of effector-memory T cells （TEM） with concomitant reduction in central-memory T cells （TCM）, but the EAE-resistant IL-7R defcient mice showed elevated TCM with no effect on TEM cells in EAE.CONCLUSION： Our fndings highlight the temporal on-set and dynamic interplay of effector, memory and regu-latory CD4^＋ T cell subsets and its signifcance to clinical outcome in EAE and other autoimmune diseases.