Electroacupuncture (EA) Speeds Up the Regulation of Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis Dysfunction in Acute Surgical Trauma Rats: Mediated by Hypothalamic Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)_AReceptors

Hypothalamic Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) directly activates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA axis) during the surgical trauma induced stress response. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been demonstrated to have stress relieving effects in breast surgery, colorectal surgery, prostatectomy and craniotomy. This study was aimed to investigate the hypothesis that EA could regulate hypothalamic CRF in surgical trauma rats. In experiment one, Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were divided into intact, model (10% partial hepatectomy), sham EA and EA group. Rats from the Sham EA and EA group were stimulated at ST36-Zusanli and SP6-Sanyiniiao acupoints twice, 24 hours before the surgery and immediately after the surgery. Expressions of hypothalamic CRF and CRFR, GABA receptors, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and Corticosterone (CORT) were observed at 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after the surgery by radioimmunoassay (RIA), western blot, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. In the experiment two, SD male rats were divided into the intact, model, model + vehicle, model + L-838,417 EA and EA + L838,417 group. It was found that hypothalamus CRF, serum ACTH and CORT levels were increased in model group compared with the intact group, and those in the EA group decreased in comparison with the model group. Compared with the model group, hypothalamus-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor Aα3 mRNA and protein expressions of the EA group raised strikingly. In conclusion, EA alleviated surgical stress response by improving the GABA synthesis in hypothalamus, thus enhancing GABA receptors’ inhibitory regulation of the HPA axis dysfunction in rats with acute surgical trauma.

Effects of β-Amino Butyric Acid Induced Rice Blast Resistance on Reactive Oxygen Metabolism

[Objective] This study was to understand the effects of β-Amino butyric acid(abbreviated as BABA) induced rice blast resistance on reactive oxygen metabolism. [Method] Using the cultivar Chaochan 2 that is highly susceptible to disease as experimental material, the changes of catalase(CAT), and superoxide dismutase(SOD) and MDA activities in rice treated by BABA were investigated. [Result] In rice plants treated by BABA, the activities of CAT and SOD increased, meanwhile the MDA content also rose to some extent, resulting in the disease resistance to rice blast. [Conclusion] By influencing reactive oxygen metabolism, BABA endows rice plants with resistance to rice blast. BABA is safe to environment and has highly resistance-inducing capacity, it could be generalized in production.

血清GABA、BDNF、5-HT、DA及NE在胃食管反流病中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨血清γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、脑源性营养因子(BDNF)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)及多巴胺(DA)在胃食管反流病(GERD)中的表达及临床意义。方法选取100例GERD患者作为GERD组、40例同期健康体检者为对照组,GERD组患者给予药物治疗8周,根据治疗效果分为效果良好组和效果不良组;对照组于体检时、GERD组于治疗前、治疗后(8周时)取外周静脉血,检测血清GABA、BDNF、5-HT、DA、NE、胃动素(MTL)、胃泌素(GAS)、胆囊收缩素(CCK)水平;采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分评估GERD组治疗前后、对照组体检时的睡眠质量、抑郁程度、焦虑状态、日常生活能力;比较GERD患者治疗前后、效果良好及效果不良组食管括约压力、立位返流时间比、卧位反流时间比、总反流时间;采用Pearson分析GERD患者治疗前GABA、BDNF、5-HT、NE及DA水平与患者食管括约肌压力、立位返流时间比、卧位返流时间比、总返流时间比、MTL、GAS、CCK的相关性。结果GERD组治疗后血清GABA、BDNF、5-HT、NE、DA、MTL、GAS水平高于治疗前、但低于对照组,血清CCK水平及各量表评分均低于治疗前、但高于对照组(P<0.05);GERD组患者治疗后食管括约压力高于治疗前,立位返流时间比、卧位反流时间比、总反流时间均低于治疗前(P<0.05);30例疗效不良组GERD患者血清GABA、BDNF、5-HT、NE、DA、MTL、GAS水平及食管括约肌压力均低于70例疗效良好组,血清CCK水平、各量表评分、立位返流时间比、卧位反流时间比、总反流时间比均高于疗效良好组(P<0.05);GERD患者治疗前血清BDNF、5-HT、DA水平与MTL、GAS、食管括约肌压力呈正相关,与立位返流时间比、卧位反流时间比、总反流时间比、CCK呈负相关,GABA、NE与MTL、GAS、食管括约肌压力呈正相关,NE与立位返流时间比、CCK呈负相关性,GABA与立位返流时间比、总反流时间比、CCK呈负相关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论GABA、BDNF、5-HT、NE及DA水平与胃内激素MTL、GAS、CCK的合成分泌及胃动力相关指标关系密切,这些神经递质可能参与GERD的发生和发展过程。

Motor inhibition efficiency in healthy aging: the role of γ-aminobutyric acid

The ability to cancel a motor response is critical for optimal functioning in various facets of daily life. Hence, efficient inhibitory motor control is a key function throughout the lifespan. Considering the fact that inhibitory motor function gradually declines with advancing age, it is not surprising that the study of motor inhibition in this age group is gaining considerable interest. In general, we can distinguish between two prominent types of motor inhibition, namely proactive and reactive inhibition. Whereas the anticipation for upcoming stops(proactive inhibition) appears readily preserved at older age, the ability to stop an already planned or initiated action(reactive inhibition) generally declines with advancing age. The differential impact of aging on proactive and reactive inhibition at the behavioral level prompts questions about the neural architecture underlying both types of inhibitory motor control. Here we will not only highlight the underlying structural brain properties of proactive and reactive inhibitory control but we will also discuss recent developments in brain-behavioral approaches, namely the registration of neurochemical compounds using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique allows for the direct detection of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, i.e., γ-aminobutyric acid, across the broader cortical/subcortical territory, thereby opening new perspectives for better understanding the neural mechanisms mediating efficient inhibitory control in the context of healthy aging. Ultimately, these insights may contribute to the development of interventions specifically designed to counteract age-related declines in motor inhibition.

Syntheses and Structural Characterization of Dimethyltin Complexs of N-(3-Methoxysalicylidene)-α-amino Acid

Three new dimethyltin complexes of N-（3-methoxysalicylidene）-α-amino acid,（CH3）2Sn（3-CH3O-2-OC6H3CH=NCHRCOO）（R = H,1;CH3,2;（CH3）2CH,3）,have been synthe-sized by treating dimethyltin dichloride with the potassium salt of the ligand and characterized by elemental analysis,IR and 1H NMR spectra.The crystal structure of [（CH3）2Sn（3-CH3O-2-OC6H3CH=NCH2COO）（CH3OH）]2 H2O（1a）,formed from methanol solution of 1,has been deter-mined.The crystal belongs to the monoclinic system,space group C/2c with a = 20.636（3）,b = 7.8854（9）,c = 20.668（2） ,β= 113.265（2）°,V = 3089.7（6） 3,Z = 4,Dc = 1.707 g/cm3,= 1.675 mm-1,F（000） = 1592,R = 0.0301 and wR = 0.0841.In complex 1a,the tin atom is six-coordinate and possesses a distorted [SnC2NO3] octahedral geometry with the two methyl groups occupying the trans positions.The weak Sn O interactions and intermolecular hydrogen bonds connected the molecules into an infinite chain.

A practical synthesis of trifluorophenyl R-amino acid:The key precursor for the new anti-diabetic drug sitagliptin

Sitagliptin is the first new anti-diabetic drug in DPP-Ⅳ inhibitor class. The general synthesis of sitagliptin is by coupling of the β-amino acid fragment with the heterocycle fragment. Though the specific β-amino acid can be easily made from the corresponding R-amino acid by Arndt-Eistert hornologation, the optically pure precursor R-amino acid is difficult to prepare. We herein reported a practical protocol to make the trifluorophenyl substituted R-amino acid 4 in 〉99.9% ee and 40.3% yield by the enzymatic resolution employing enantioselective hydrolysis and a general separation procedure. This protocol requires only cheap starting materials and friendly reaction condition. The procedure not only allows people to prepare the drug substance, but also provides an alternative method for prepareing the rare α-amino acid and the subsequent β-amino acid.

Science Letters:Gama-aminobiityric acid accumulation in Elsholtzia splendens in response to copper toxicity

A solution with different Cu supply levels was cultured to investigate gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation in Elsholtzia splendens, a native Chinese Cu-tolerant and accumulating plant species. Increasing Cu from 0.25 to 500 ?mol/L significantly enhanced levels of GABA and histidine (His), but considerably decreased levels of aspartate (Asp) and glutamate (Glu) in the leaves. The leaf Asp level negatively correlated with leaf Cu level, while leaf GABA level positively correlated with leaf Cu level. The leaf Glu level negatively correlated with leaf GABA level in Elsholtzia splendens. The depletion of leaf Glu may be related to the enhanced synthesis ofleafGABA under Cu stress.

Γ-Aminobutyric acid promotes methionine-choline deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis（NASH） is one of the most common liver diseases and a major cause of liver fibrosis worldwide.r-Aminobutyric acid（GABA） is one of the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.Recently,it has been reported that GABAergic signaling pathways are found in various non-neuronal tissues including the immune system and play a functional role.In the present study,we investigated whether administration of GABA has effects on NASH through its immunomodulatory effects.To test this hypothesis,C57BL/6 mice were fed a methionine-choline-deficient（MCD） diet for 8 weeks.After four weeks into MCD feeding,mice were provided with plain water（control） or water containing 2 mg/mL of GABA for the subsequent 4 weeks.Using this MCD diet-induced NASH model,we found that mice receiving GABA showed more severe steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis than control mice.This increased liver damage was confirmed by higher levels of serum alanine transaminase（ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase（AST） compared to the control group.In accordance with increased liver steatohepatitis,NASH-related and inflammatory gene expression（collagen al,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1,TNF-α） in the liver was markedly increased in GABA-treated mice.Furthermore,GABA directly enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS activated RAW macrophage cells and increased TIB-73 hepatocyte death.Such effects were abolished when GABA was treated with bicuculline,a competitive antagonist of GABA receptors.These results suggest that oral administration of GABA may be involved in changes of the liver immune milieu and conferred detrimental effects on NASH progression.

A New Synthesis of 4, 4-Diaryl/Diheteroaryl-3-butenyl Derivatives of Nipecotic Acids as GABA Transporter Inhibitors

A new method for the synthesis of 4, 4-diaryl/diheteroaryl-3-butenyl derivatives of nipecotic acid as GABA transporter inhibitors is described. The key intermediates 4-tosyl-1, 1-diaryl/diheteroaryl-1-butene 10a-d were synthesized by Wittig reaction, and followed by alkylation with （R）-3-piperidinecarboxylate. The resulting N-cycloalkylated amino acid esters 11a-d were saponified and then acidified to get the target compounds 1a-d. The preliminary bioassays showed that la-d exhibited excellent inhibition of [3H]-GABA uptake in vitro of culture cells.

Novel Method for Selective Debenzylation Under Maintenance of Fluoro Atom Substituted on β-Amino Acids

tert-Butyl （R）-3-amino-3-（3-fluorophenyl）propanoate（5） was prepared with conventional debenzylation method. However, the tert-butyl （R）-3-[（S）-1-phenylethyl-amino]-3-（3-fluorophenyl） propanoate（6） and tert-butyl （R）-3-amino-3-phenylpropanoate（7） were generated as the byproducts under the general catalytic hydrogenation Pd（OH）2/C-H2 conditions. So a series of experiments was performed to optimize the reaction conditions so that product 5 could be obtained with high purity and yield. Finally an effective catalytic system, Pd/C-HCOOH-CH3OH, was discovered.

The design and synthesis of a novel organophosphorus compound containing the structure of both β-amino acid and β-aminophosphonate

A novel organophosphorus compound containing the structure of bothβ-amino acid andβ-aminophosphonate is designed and synthesized.Arbuzov reaction with P（OEt）_3,the N-Boc protected iodide 3 cannot provide the desired product but 2-oxazolidinone 4 because of the neighboring-group participation of the Boc moiety.To avoid the intramolecular participation of the carbamates,the Ts protecting group is employed and the Ts-protected iodide 5 affords the target product successfully.

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Some Diorganotin Complexes of N-(3,5-Dibromosalicylidene)-α-amino Acid and their Diphenyltin Dichloride Adducts

The title complexes, R′2Sn(3,5-Br2-2-OC6H2CH=NCHRCOO), and their diphenyltindichloride adduct, R′2Sn(3,5-Br2-2-OC6H2CH=NCHRCOO)?SnPh2Cl2, were synthesized and char-acterized by elemental analysis, IR, H and C NMR and X-ray single crystal diffraction. The 1 13structural features of the compounds were described.

Dietary <i>γ</i>-Aminobutyric Acid Shortens the Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Dietary γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) has been suggested to decrease systolic blood pressure. This study aimed to ex-amine the effects of dietary GABA on the life span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs). In this study, life span was determined for SHRSPs provided 1% NaCl solution or 0.01% GABA in 1% NaCl solution as drinking water. The life span of the GABA-fed group (76.3 ± 1.65 days) was significantly shorter than that of the control group (81.6 ± 0.88 days). The results of this study may not be applicable to humans. Future studies will be necessary to elucidate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon.

A Theoretical Study of <i>β</i>-Amino Acid Conformational Energies and Solvent Effect

The conformations of four β-amino acids in a model peptide environment were investigated using Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) methods in gas phase and with solvation. Initial structures were obtained by varying dihedral angles in increments of 45° in the range 0° - 360°. Stable geometries were optimized at both levels of theory with the correlation consistent double-zeta basis set with polarization functions (cc-pVDZ). The results suggest that solvation generally stabilizes the conformations relative to the gas phase and that intramolecular hydrogen bonding may play an important role in the stability of the conformations. The β3 structures, in which the R-group of the amino acid is located on the carbon atom next to the N-terminus, are somewhat more stable relative to each other than the β2 structures which have the R-group on the carbon next to the carbonyl.

Development of <i>α</i>-Amino Acid Detection with Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence by Using Water-Acetonitrile-Ethyl Acetate Mixed Solution

Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence was, for the first time, examined by using ternary mixed solutions of water-hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic solvent. Eosin Y as a model fluorescence compound was dissolved with the ternary solutions of water (1.0 mM carbonate buffer, pH 9.0)-acetonitrile-ethyl acetate, water-rich of 15:3:2 volume ratio and organic solvent-rich of 3:8:4 volume ratio, to which bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate and hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence reagent were added. The chemiluminescence observed with the ternary solutions, especially the organic solvent-rich solution, showed a larger signal than that observed with the water only solution or water-acetonitrile mixed solution. Chemiluminescence in the presence of twenty types of α-amino acid was similarly examined by using the ternary organic solvent-rich solution. The chemiluminescence of three α-amino acids with fluorescence properties was enhanced with the ternary solution. The data reported here may contribute to development of a new, sensitive peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection system.

Synthetic Approach for Novel Fluorine Substituted <i>α</i>-Aminophosphonic Acids Containing 1,2,4-Triazin-5-One Moiety as Antioxidant Agents

Novel fluorine substituted α-amino phosphonic acids containing 1,2,4-triazin- 5-one (6a-f) have been obtained from fluoroacylation of 6-(2&prime;-amino-5&prime;-nitrophenyl)-3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one (1) followed by ammonilysis to give the corresponding 3-amino-derivative 3. Condensation of compound 3 with nitro/halogenated aromatic aldehydes yielded the Schiff bases 4. The simple addition of diethyl phosphonate to compound 4 produced the α-amino phosphonates 5. Acidic hydrolysis of compound 5 produced the fluorine substituted α-amino acids derivatives 6. Structures of the new compounds have been established with the help of elemental analysis and spectral measurements. Also, the products evaluated as antioxidants, where the fluorinated α-amino phosphonic acids 6 are more active than the other synthesized systems.

Thermodynamic solvation of a series of homologous α-amino acids in non-aqueous mixture of ethylene-glycol and N,N-dimethyl formamide

Standard free energies (ΔG0t(i) ) and entropies (ΔS0t(i)) of transfer of some homologous α-amino acids viz. glycine (gly), dl-alanine (ala), dl-α-amino butyric acid (aba) and dl-nor-valine (nor-val) from protic ethylene glycol (EG) to dipolar aprotic N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) have been evaluated from solubility measure-ments at five equidistant temperatures i.e from 15 to 350C. The observed ΔG0t(i) and TΔS0t(i) Vs composition profiles are complicated because of the various interaction effects. The chemical effects of the transfer Gibbs energies (ΔG0t.ch(i)) and entropies of transfer (ΔS0t.ch(i)) have been obtained after elimination of cavity effect, estimated by the scaled particle theory and dipole-dipole interaction effects, estimated by the use of Keesom-orientation expression. The chemical contributions of transfer energetics of homologous α-amino acids are guided by the composite effects of increased dispersion interaction, basicity and decreased acidity, hydrogen bonding effects and solvophobic solvation of ethylene glycol and N, N-dimethyl formamide mixed solvent as compared to that of reference solvent (ethylene glycol).

高含量GABA桑叶茶工艺优化研究

以γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量为评价指标,在单因素试验基础上采用L9(33)正交试验设计方法,研究谷氨酸钠浓度、杀青功率、杀青时间对桑叶茶GABA含量的影响,确定制作高含量GABA桑叶茶的最佳工艺。结果表明,影响GABA含量的主要因素依次为谷氨酸钠浓度、杀青时间、杀青功率;经正交试验后确定最佳工艺参数为谷氨酸钠浓度5%、杀青功率210 W、杀青时间2 min,在此工艺下GABA含量最高为10.81 mg/g,同时还提高了1-脱氧野尻霉素(DNJ)的含量。

γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)种子引发缓解辣椒盐胁迫的效果及生理生化的变化

种子引发是提高作物生长期耐盐性的有效方法,而γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)种子引发对辣椒(Capsicum annuum)耐盐性的效果和作用机制尚不清楚。该研究以‘茂蔬360’朝天椒为材料,分析了不同浓度γ-氨基丁酸(0、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0μmol·L^(-1))种子引发对4~6叶期100 mmol·L^(-1) NaCl胁迫下的植株生物量、渗透调节物质、抗氧化能力、光合作用系统及钾钠离子吸收的影响。结果表明:(1)种子引发能显著增加盐胁迫下辣椒植株的生物量,以6.0μmol·L^(-1) GABA引发处理的效果最佳。(2)种子引发处理增加盐胁迫下植株可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸的含量,同时,O_(2)^(-)和MDA的含量下降,抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT和APX)活性增强,叶片叶绿素含量增加,叶片叶绿素荧光参数受胁迫影响程度低,叶绿素荧光指标包括F_(v)′/F_(m)′、qP_Lss、QY_Lss、NPQ_Lss和Rfd均有所上升。根、茎中的K^(+)含量和K^(+)/Na^(+)比值下降。(3)灰色关联度分析表明,GABA种子引发主要通过提高POD、CAT的活性和渗透调节物质含量来缓解盐胁迫对辣椒植株的伤害。综上所述,6.0μmol·L^(-1) GABA种子引发可有效提高辣椒苗期的耐盐性,其作用机制可能是提高了盐胁迫下辣椒植株的抗氧化能力和渗透调节能力。

海洛因诱导大鼠伏隔核NMDA受体亚基对GABA表达的影响

目的:研究大鼠伏隔核(NAc)在海洛因诱导条件性位置偏爱(CPP)状态及戒断状态下,NMDA受体亚基NR2B和NR2C对GABA表达的调控,探索GABA能神经元上NR2B和NR2C亚基在海洛因诱导中的作用。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为两组,即对照组和海洛因诱导组。海洛因诱导组又分为海洛因诱导CPP状态和海洛因戒断状态。采用海洛因小剂量递增法皮下连续注射7 d,建立海洛因诱导CPP模型,再自然戒断7 d,免疫组织化学染色检测各组大鼠伏隔核GABA和NR2B、NR2C亚基的位置关系。结果:采用小剂量递增法连续注射7 d海洛因,大鼠形成了稳定的海洛因诱导CPP模型。免疫荧光染色结果可见,各组大鼠伏隔核均有GABA、NR2B和NR2C表达,且GABA与NR2B及NR2C受体均有共表达。免疫组织化学结果显示,海洛因成瘾状态大鼠伏隔核GABA表达量明显高于对照组和戒断状态,具显著性差异(P<0.01)。戒断状态大鼠GABA表达量最低。结论:GABA的表达变化受NMDA受体亚基活性的影响;NR2B亚基对GABA的调控作用可能参与了海洛因依赖的复燃。