Measurement of the high energyγ-rays from heavy ion reactions usingČerenkov detector

The energetic bremsstrahlung photons up to 100 MeV produced in heavy ion collisions can be used as a sensitive probe for short-range correlation in atomic nuclei. The energy of the γ-rays can be measured by collecting the Čerenkov light in the medium induced by the fast electrons generated in the Compton scattering or electromagnetic shower of the incident γray. Two types of detectors based on pure water and lead glass as sensitive materials were designed for this purpose. The γresponse and optical photon propagation in the detectors were simulated based on electromagnetic and optical processes in Geant4. The inherent energy resolutions of 0.022(4) + 0.51(2)∕E^(1/2)_(γ) for water and 0.0026(3) + 0.446(3)∕E^(1/2)_(γ) for lead glass were obtained. The geometry sizes of the lead glass and water were optimized to 30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm and 60 cm × 60 cm ×120 cm, respectively, to detect high-energy γ-rays at 160 MeV. The Hough transform method was applied to reconstruct the direction of the incident γ-rays, providing the ability to experimentally distinguish the high-energy γ-rays produced in the reactions on the target from random background cosmic-ray muons.

Artificial neural network-based method for discriminating Compton scattering events in high-purity germaniumγ-ray spectrometer

To detect radioactive substances with low activity levels,an anticoincidence detector and a high-purity germanium(HPGe)detector are typically used simultaneously to suppress Compton scattering background,thereby resulting in an extremely low detection limit and improving the measurement accuracy.However,the complex and expensive hardware required does not facilitate the application or promotion of this method.Thus,a method is proposed in this study to discriminate the digital waveform of pulse signals output using an HPGe detector,whereby Compton scattering background is suppressed and a low minimum detectable activity(MDA)is achieved without using an expensive and complex anticoincidence detector and device.The electric-field-strength and energy-deposition distributions of the detector are simulated to determine the relationship between pulse shape and energy-deposition location,as well as the characteristics of energy-deposition distributions for fulland partial-energy deposition events.This relationship is used to develop a pulse-shape-discrimination algorithm based on an artificial neural network for pulse-feature identification.To accurately determine the relationship between the deposited energy of gamma(γ)rays in the detector and the deposition location,we extract four shape parameters from the pulse signals output by the detector.Machine learning is used to input the four shape parameters into the detector.Subsequently,the pulse signals are identified and classified to discriminate between partial-and full-energy deposition events.Some partial-energy deposition events are removed to suppress Compton scattering.The proposed method effectively decreases the MDA of an HPGeγ-energy dispersive spectrometer.Test results show that the Compton suppression factors for energy spectra obtained from measurements on ^(152)Eu,^(137)Cs,and ^(60)Co radioactive sources are 1.13(344 keV),1.11(662 keV),and 1.08(1332 keV),respectively,and that the corresponding MDAs are 1.4%,5.3%,and 21.6%lower,respectively.

COUNTER Release 5新版本规范分析与研究

本文通过介绍COUNTER规范的历史发展、报告视图、元素属性,并对最新版本的更新与特点进行分析研究,以便国内研究者能更方便快捷地了解和应用COUNTER规范。

The likely counterpart to γ-ray excess from the northwest region of Arp 220

The unknown γ-ray excess in the northwest region of Arp 220 was revisited by analyzing~11.8 years of the Fermi Large Area Telescope(Fermi-LAT) data in this study.We found that its photon flux was approximately three times higher than that of the previous study in the 0.2-100 GeV band,and the corresponding significance level ~8.15σ was approximately four times higher than before.The light curves of 15 and 45 time bins from the whole time all showed two active periods,and the variability of the second period was more significant than that of the first period.The spectral indices from the two active periods were not statistically different and were close to the range of γ-ray flat-spectrum radio quasars observed by Fermi-LAT.Because the position of CRATES J153246+234400 was consistent with the best-fit position of our analysis,we suggest that CRATES J153246+234400 is more likely a γ-ray counterpart for the variational region.For Arp 220,there was no significant variability in the γ-ray emission.

Generalization ability of a CNNγ-ray localization model for radiation imaging

Inγ-ray imaging,localization of theγ-ray interaction in the scintillator is critical.Convolutional neural network(CNN)techniques are highly promising for improvingγ-ray localization.Our study evaluated the generalization capabilities of a CNN localization model with respect to theγ-ray energy and thickness of the crystal.The model maintained a high positional linearity(PL)and spatial resolution for ray energies between 59 and 1460 keV.The PL at the incident surface of the detector was 0.99,and the resolution of the central incident point source ranged between 0.52 and 1.19 mm.In modified uniform redundant array(MURA)imaging systems using a thick crystal,the CNNγ-ray localization model significantly improved the useful field-of-view(UFOV)from 60.32 to 93.44%compared to the classical centroid localization methods.Additionally,the signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed images increased from 0.95 to 5.63.

Study on Color Information Degradation Induced byγ-ray Radiation in CMOS Cameras

Theγ-rays are widely and abundantly present in strong nuclear radiation environments,and when they act on the camera equipment used to obtain environmental visual information on nuclear robots,radiation effects will occur,which will degrade the performance of the camera system,reduce the imaging quality,and even cause catastrophic consequences.Color reducibility is an important index for evaluating the imaging quality of color camera,but its degradation mechanism in a nuclear radiation environment is still unclear.In this paper,theγ-ray irradiation experiments of CMOS cameras were carried out to analyse the degradation law of the camera’s color reducibility with cumulative irradiation and reveal the degradation mechanism of the color information of the CMOS camera underγ-ray irradiation.The results show that the spectral response of CMOS image sensor(CIS)and the spectral transmittance of lens after irradiation affect the values of a^(*)and b^(*)in the LAB color model.While the full well capacity(FWC)of CIS and transmittance of lens affect the value of L^(*)in the LAB color model,thus increase color difference and reduce brightness,the combined effect of color difference and brightness degradation will reduce the color reducibility of CMOS cameras.Therefore,the degradation of the color information of the CMOS camera afterγ-ray irradiation mainly comes from the changes in the FWC and spectral response of CIS,and the spectral transmittance of lens.

Comparative Alpha Tracks Counting Using an Optical Microscope and a Spark Counter

In the metrology of radon, an environmental lung carcinogen, the integrated measurements necessary for epidemiological studies are made very often using the tracks detector LR 115 type 2. For dosimetric analysis, the etched tracks from radon alpha particles on this detector are usually counted by means of an optical microscope or a spark counter. An optimal reading of the track densities which must be converted into radon concentrations, can’t be done without a good mastery of the mode of operation and use of these devices. Furthermore, investigations to know as to whether or not each of those can be used to determine radon concentration are necessary. These are the objectives of the present work in which LR 115 samples exposed to radon for at least 3 months, were chemically developed under standard conditions and read. The track densities obtained with the microscope are very much higher than those of the counter for each sample. These results are consistent with those published by other authors. However, each of these devices can be used interchangeably for alpha tracks counting, as both provide radon concentrations with a very good linear correlation coefficient of 0.95 taking into account their respective calibration factors for the reading of this detector. In addition, the saturation phenomenon for the spark counter reading of LR 115 detector occurs beyond 11,000 tr/cm2, a density never reached during our environmental radon measurements.

Aerodynamic Coupling Analysis of Counter⁃rotating Propfan and Inlet Flow Field

Taking a propfan engine as the research object,the CFD method was used for 3D modeling and unsteady slip flow for numerical calculation.The propfan rotation domain and the nacelle outside flow domain were meshed by using the partition splicing grid technology.Used the Reynolds⁃averaged of N⁃S equation,the Reynolds stress term uses the RNG turbulence model;and based on the slip grid method,numerical calculation of the flow field with different Mach numbers,front and rear blade angles and engine state were carried out;and the change law of propeller fan characteristics and the influence of slip flow on the inlet flow field were analyzed.The blade angle was the key parameter of the propeller fan characteristic conditions.When the blade angle increases from 41°to 50°,the thrust coefficient increases by 31.2%,and the power coefficient increases by 33.4%;in the climbing state of the propeller fan,the maximum total pressure distortion at the inlet port of 6.8%;the cross section is less affected by the slip flow of the propfan;and the pressure distribution is relatively uniform,but the area of the flow channel is small.The research results can provide a solution for the matching of the counter⁃rotating propeller fan and the engine and the arrangement of the air inlet measuring rake.

乡村振兴战略下逆城镇化形成动因与推进策略探析

推进逆城镇化,让社会精英到农村发挥引领作用,是实现乡村振兴的重要举措。从乡村振兴战略视角阐述逆城镇化的概念与作用,并基于社会行为学理论,从外部环境和行为主体两方面解析推进逆城镇化形成的动力因素及其作用关系,以此探析逆城镇化的前因后果。研究认为:促进逆城镇化形成与发展的动力可归纳为四个方面,即政府引导力、城市推动力、农村吸引力和基础支撑力;当前应以政府引导力、农村吸引力为着力点,以产业振兴为中心,推动城乡融合发展。基于上述分析,可以从发挥逆城镇化在乡村振兴中的基础作用、发挥产业振兴在逆城镇化中的核心作用、健全促进逆城镇化发展的政策与机制、创造逆城镇化发展的基础条件等方面着手更好地推进逆城镇化。

雷达波形对抗技术发展预见

随着雷达、电子侦察等传感器技术的进步,对电磁空间的操控从能量、频率向更高维度的波形发展,雷达波形对抗应运而生。阐述雷达波形对抗技术产生的背景、概念内涵和发展现状,同时提出可利用博弈思维建立雷达波形“OODA”回路,通过对雷达波形进行伪装、扰乱和利用以达成制造战场迷雾、创造新质杀伤链的效果。此外,介绍实现雷达波形对抗的波形隐匿、波形重建与利用、波形捷变反侦察等关键技术及原理。从波形管控等3个方面提出雷达波形对抗制胜电磁空间的发展建议。

一种基于多变量卡诺图的自启动方法

在时序逻辑电路的分析或设计过程中,都存在自启动的确认环节。以扭环形计数器的自启动电路设计为例,提出一种基于自定义多变量卡诺图的自启动研究方法,分析了电路没有自启动功能的原因所在,并利用卡诺图具有的化简能力,精简优化自启动电路设计。5变量以上的多变量卡诺图应用,使此方法具有更强的工程实用性。同时,此方法可推广到其他类型时序逻辑电路自启动功能的分析、设计工作中。

流气式低本底α/β测量仪的串道特征及干扰修正

研究了一系列α、β金属平面源、粉末源及薄层样法自制面源在流气式低本底α/β测量仪上的串道现象。结果显示:^(90)Sr-^(90)Y金属面源以及 ^(14)C,^(137)Cs,^(90)Sr-^(90)Y, ^(40)K粉末源β对α通道的串道比均在0.1%以下,基本可以忽略不计;α金属平面源串道比大小规律表现为 ^(210)Po<^(209)Po<^(239)Pu<^(239)Pu-^(241)Am混合源<241Am,范围为3.49%~25.4%,发射不同能量粒子的α金属源的串道比差异较大。由于衰变过程产生的内转换电子、俄歇电子以及X射线等在β道产生响应,241Am源的串道比明显高于其他源,241Am粉末源的串道比随单位面积质量厚度增加而增大。α粒子对β通道的串道现象较明显,并与样品制源方式有关,主要是不同制源方式造成的自吸收差异导致的,总体有α粉末源串道比>薄层样法自制α面源>α金属平面源,测量时应重点考虑α粒子对β放射性的串道干扰。通过210Po加标样及牡蛎样品经放化分析制成的电镀源验证,对待测样品源进行一定厚度的铝箔或纸片覆盖,可以有效的减小α粒子对β通道的串道干扰;也可以直接利用串道比对测量计数进行修正,此时需要考虑待测样品源和串道比刻度源的一致性,否则会导致修正结果的偏差较大。

基于雷达自动目标识别技术的反无人机雷达

面对“低慢小”(Low Slow Small, LSS)无人机威胁挑战,反无人机雷达的关键作用日益凸显。在反无人机系统(Countering-Unmanned Aerial Systems, C-UAS)技术中,反无人机雷达作为C-UAS的核心传感器,承担着关键任务,包括探测和导引等。尽管其重要性显而易见,反无人机雷达设计仍然存在概念上的不清晰,例如如何定义LSS无人机目标,以及为何众多反无人机雷达难以探测无人机等问题。通过探讨雷达自动目标识别(Automatic Target Recognition, ATR)技术在反无人机雷达中的应用,从目标特性和探测技术2个方面明确了关键问题。强调了雷达探测的独立过程,将其分为“信号检测”和“目标识别”,并指出反无人机雷达的主要探测对象是LSS无人机目标。ATR性能等级被明确定义,涵盖了“Detection探测”“Classification分类”“Identification识别”“Description描述”4个等级。整合ATR功能显著提升了无人机的探测距离和识别能力,推动了反无人机雷达系统的性能升级。

蜘蛛网流道冷板冷却液对向流锂离子电池散热分析

锂离子电池工作温度过高或温差过大将导致其容量降低和寿命缩短。为了降低其工作温度及温差,设计了一款蜘蛛网流道冷板,采用数值方法对其冷却液对向流锂离子电池散热进行了计算。比较了蜘蛛网流道冷板冷却液对向流与同向流锂离子电池的散热情况,分析了冷却液流量以及冷板内流道夹角、槽深、壁厚对电池散热的影响。结果表明:与冷却液同向流电池相比,冷却液对向流电池最高温度、温差都降低,电池温度分布更加均匀。在0.02~0.06 kg/s区间,随着冷却液流量增大,电池最高温度和温差快速降低,而冷却液压降缓慢增大;当冷却液流量大于0.06 kg/s时,随着冷却液流量增大,电池最高温度和温差缓慢降低,而冷却液压降快速增大。增大流道夹角可使流道在冷板内分布更加均匀,提高冷板散热能力。当冷却液质量流量恒定时,增大流道槽深可使冷却液压降显著减小,但会引起电池最高温度和温差略微升高。随着流道壁厚增大,电池最高温度和温差均呈下降趋势。蜘蛛网流道冷板在流道夹角80°、槽深1 mm、壁厚2 mm、冷却液流量0.06 kg/s对向流冷却条件下,可使锂离子电池3C放电最高温度和温差降至31.02℃和4.54℃。

凝聚核粒子计数器原理与实验研究

针对环境中纳米量级颗粒物浓度检测问题,对凝聚核粒子计数器进行了研究与设计。首先对凝聚核粒子生长原理及检测原理进行了研究,并依据异质核化原理设计了凝聚核粒子计数器的生长装置;其次设计了传感器后级信号处理电路用于解决微弱粒子检测信号抗干扰能力差和测量困难问题;然后设计了基于抗饱和积分PID的控制系统,实现了采样流量的闭环控;最后制研制了凝聚核粒子计数器样机,并开展了流量控制、纳米量级粒子生长及计数实验。实验结果表明,设计的凝聚核粒子计数器,流量稳定性在2%以内,以TSI3772型凝聚核粒子计数器为标准仪器的计数相对误差在±8.5%以内,满足了行业规范要求。

赫尔德及其同时代人:古典、浪漫、启蒙与反启蒙——乌尔里希·盖尔教授访谈

赫尔德是18世纪德意志重要的思想家,在德意志等西方文学、哲学与其他相关领域享有重要地位。德国康斯坦茨大学盖尔教授是德国著名日耳曼学者,著作等身,长期从事德意志近现代文学研究,尤以在赫尔德研究领域贡献卓著。本文从流派概念出发,围绕赫尔德以及他同时代人,对盖尔教授进行访谈。因为德意志近代文学独具特色,盖尔教授反对用流派概念对这些作家进行标签化的简单划分。而赫尔德在这一独具特色的德意志近代文学中起了举足轻重的作用,对后来德意志文学以及文史哲发展影响深远。

中国与东盟国家反恐合作:理论创新与路径探索

“一带一路”倡议启动十年来,中国与东盟国家在经贸领域的合作不断深入,非传统安全威胁给合作成果带来的威胁日益凸显。东南亚地区的恐怖势力呈现出域内域外整合、与暴力极端组织融合、与有组织犯罪结合的发展新态势。深化在反恐、打击跨境犯罪等领域的合作是中国与东盟国家协调发展、共同应对挑战的必然选择。然而,双方现有合作中面临东盟内部结构性障碍、预防性反恐缺乏、法制建设不均衡以及区域力量制衡等问题,严重阻碍了反恐合作的深入发展。本研究将国际反恐合作问题置于与区域间主义、集体行动等与合作相关的理论所构建的分析框架中进行分析和思考,从合作的达成和合作困难的根本性原因出发,对合作发生的可能性、可行性进行理论分析,从理论与现实相结合的视角审视问题解决的可能途径,并通过该分析框架详细分析中国与东盟国家区域间警务合作中澜湄执法安全合作这一典型案例,为中国与东盟国家化解反恐合作困境提供新的思路。

微视频反例教学法结合微格教学法对实习护士临床思维及核心能力的影响

目的探讨微视频反例教学法结合微格教学法对实习护士临床思维及核心能力的影响。方法选择2021年1月至12月的20名科室实习护士为对照组(常规护理带教模式),另选取2022年1月至12月的20名科室实习护士为观察组(微视频反例教学法结合微格教学法)。比较两组的出科成绩、临床思维能力、核心能力及教学满意度。结果观察组的理论成绩、技能操作成绩、案例分析成绩高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组的中文版批判性思维能力测量表(CTDI-CV)各维度评分明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组的职业态度、治疗沟通和关系、一般表现、具体的临床表现评分明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组的教学满意度明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论微视频反例教学法结合微格教学法可提升实习护士的综合素质与临床思维,也能提高核心能力与教学满意度,值得推广应用。

反恐医学的形成演化、研究进展与面临的挑战

进入21世纪后,恐怖袭击事件不断发生,袭击方式日趋多样化,造成的伤亡后果也越来越严重。有别于普通的群体性伤亡事件,恐怖袭击事件伤员救治在现场环境、伤员群体、损伤类型等方面都有着特殊性,各国医疗机构在有效应对恐怖袭击伤员救治过程中逐渐形成了一个新的医学领域——反恐医学。近年来,反恐医学在应急预案、检伤分类、医疗救援响应、模拟演练等方面都积累了大量的经验,取得了丰富的研究成果,但同时,仍然面临许多严峻的挑战。文章通过对反恐医学的形成与研究进展、医疗救援应对恐怖袭击的实践应用及面临的挑战进行综述,以期为我国医疗救援系统更好地应对恐怖袭击提供借鉴和参考。

论公司合规治理与市场交易安全的理性博弈:以公司对外担保决议制度的漏洞解释为中心

为规范公司对外担保与投资等重大决策,遏制法定代表人越权签约风险,增强公司风险防控能力,维护动态交易安全,促进经济高质量发展,必须激活公司民主治理规则的公示公信效力,重构公司合规治理基础之上的市场交易安全新秩序。彰显公司真实意思表示的载体是公司决议,而非法定代表人签字盖章。代表权源于公司决策权,而非越权者的自我赋权。《公司法》第15条是效力性规范。法定代表人越权签署的担保合同无效,除非公司决议予以追认或构成表见代表。合同无效或对公司不生效时,公司无过错,不对相对人负缔约过错责任,相对人只能请求法定代表人履行债务或赔偿损害。公司“为他人提供担保”中的“他人”应解释为债务人,而非债权人。若法律对决议机关有规定,从法律;若法无规定,从章程;若章程无规定,相对人应核查股东会决议。公司在为股东或实控人的关联方提供担保前也要获得股东会授权。上市公司对外担保的公司前置决议要遵守公司决议规则、信息披露规则与先合同义务规则。《公司法》第59条第3款规定股东全员一致同意签字规则是效力性规范。建议废止《担保制度解释》第8条越权创设的2/3股东签字同意规则。公司自益担保、公司向双控人提供反担保、一人公司为股东提供担保、营业担保、非公众公司为全资子公司作保都享受例外豁免。公司对外转投资纳入公司前置决议程序的规定亦为效力性规范。