Responses of Aerobic Rice (Oryza sativa L.) to Iron Deficiency

Aerobic rice has the advantage of saving water. Most published work has focused on improving its yield, while few reported on its micronutrient status. In fact, Fe deficiency is a common nutritional problem in the production of aerobic rice. Short- term hydroponic culture experiments were conducted to study the response of aerobic rice to Fe deficiency and the effect of root exudates from Fe-deficient wheat on its Fe uptake ability. The results indicate that the amount of phytosiderophores （PS） released from aerobic rice did not increase under Fe deficient conditions. The Fe（III） reducing capacity of Fe-deficient aerobic rice did not increase and the solution pH did not decrease significantly. What＇s more, no obvious swelling was observed in the root tips. Aerobic rice did not show special responses to improve their Fe nutrition under Fe deficiency as both strategy I and II plants though they were very sensitive to Fe deficiency. This may be a reason which causes Fe deficiency problem in aerobic rice. However, root exudates from Fe-deficient wheat （PSw） could improve its Fe nutrition in the presence of insoluble Fe（OH）3. This suggests that aerobic rice could utilize Fe activated by PSw.

PHASE TRANSITION OF W－Co OXIDE MIXTURE DURING DIRECT REDUCTION／CARBURIZATION BY H_2／CH_4

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Variable precision rough set for multiple decision attribute analysis

A variable precision rough set (VPRS) model is used to solve the multi-attribute decision analysis (MADA) problem with multiple conflicting decision attributes and multiple condition attributes. By introducing confidence measures and a β-reduct, the VPRS model can rationally solve the conflicting decision analysis problem with multiple decision attributes and multiple condition attributes. For illustration, a medical diagnosis example is utilized to show the feasibility of the VPRS model in solving the MADA problem with multiple decision attributes and multiple condition attributes. Empirical results show that the decision rule with the highest confidence measures will be used as the final decision rules in the MADA problem with multiple conflicting decision attributes and multiple condition attributes if there are some conflicts among decision rules resulting from multiple decision attributes. The confidence-measure-based VPRS model can effectively solve the conflicts of decision rules from multiple decision attributes and thus a class of MADA problem with multiple conflicting decision attributes and multiple condition attributes are solved.

Fe-doped Co_(3)O_(4) nanowire strutted 3D pinewood-derived carbon: A highly selective electrocatalyst for ammonia production via nitrate reduction

Nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)),a nitrogen-containing pollutant,is prevalent in aqueous solutions,contributing to a range of environmental and health-related issues.The electrocatalytic reduction of NO_(3)^(-)holds promise as a sustainable approach to both eliminating NO_(3)^(-)and generating valuable ammonia(NH_(3)).Nevertheless,the reduction reaction of NO_(3)^(-)(NO_(3)^(-)RR),involving 8-electron transfer process,is intricate,necessitating highly efficient electrocatalysts to facilitate the conversion of NO_(3)^(-)to NH_(3).In this study,Fe-doped Co_(3)O_(4) nanowire strutted three-dimensional(3D)pinewood-derived carbon(Fe-Co_(3)O_(4)/PC)is proposed as a high-efficiency NO_(3)^(-)RR electrocatalyst for NH_(3) production.Operating within 0.1 M NaOH containing NO_(3)^(-),Fe-Co_(3)O_(4)/PC demonstrates exceptional performance,obtain an impressively large NH_(3) yield of 0.55 mmol·h^(-1)·cm^(-2) and an exceptionally high Faradaic efficiency of 96.5%at-0.5 V,superior to its Co_(3)O_(4)/PC counterpart(0.2 mmol·h^(-1)·cm^(-2),73.3%).Furthermore,the study delves into the reaction mechanism of Fe-Co_(3)O_(4) for NO_(3)^(-)RR through theoretical calculations.

How do inundation provoke the release of phosphorus in soil-originated sediment due to nitrogen reduction after reclaiming lake from polder

Different N and P fractions inmicrocosm incubation experiment was measured using highresolution in-situ Peeper and DGT techniques combining with sequential extraction procedure.The results showed the synchronous desorption and release of PO_(4)^(3-),S^(2-)and Fe^(2+)from the solid soil-originated sediment.This trend indicated that the significant reduction of Fe-P and SO_(4)^(2-) occurred in the pore water during the inundation.The concentrations of PO_(4)^(3-) in the overlying water and pore water increased to more than 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L at the beginning of the incubation experiment.Decreased NO_(3)^(-) concentrations from more than 1.5 mg/L to less than 0.5 mg/L combining with increasing NH^(4+) concentrations from less than 1mg/L tomore than 5 mg/L suggested the remarkable NO_(3)-reduction via dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia(DNRA)pathway over time.High NH^(4+) concentrations in the pore water aggravated the release of Fe^(2+) through reduction of Fe(Ⅲ)-P as electric acceptors under anaerobic conditions.This process further stimulated the remarkable releasing of labile PO_(4)^(3-) from the solid phase to the solution and potential diffusion into overlying water.Additionally,high S^(2-) concentration at deeper layer indicated the reduction and releasing of S^(2-)from oxidation states,which can stimulated the NO_(3)^(-)reduction and the accumulation of NH^(4+)in the pore water.This process can also provoke the reduction of Fe-P as electric acceptors following the release of labile PO_(4)^(3-)into pore water.Generally,inundation potentially facilitate the desorption of labile P and attention should be paid during the reclaiming lake from polder.

Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction with ionic liquids: review and evaluation

The increasing CO_(2) emission,as the chief culprit causing numerous environmental problems,could be addressed by the electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(CO_(2)R)to the added-value carbon-based chemicals.Ionic liquids(ILs)as electrolytes and co-catalysts have been widely studied to promote CO_(2)R owing to their unique advantages.Among the potential products of CO_(2)R,those only containing one carbon atom,named C1 products,including CO,CH_(3)OH,CH_(4),and syngas,are easier to achieve than others.In this study,we first summarized the research status on CO_(2)R to these C1 products,and then,the state-of-theart experimental results were used to evaluate the economic potential and environmental impact.Considering the rapid development in CO_(2)R,future scenarios with better CO_(2)R performances were reasonably assumed to predict the future business for each product.Among the studied C1 products,the research focuses on CO,where satisfactory results have been achieved.The evaluation shows that producing CO via CO_(2)R is the only profitable route at present.CH3OH and syngas of H2/CO(1:1)as the targeted products can become profitable in the foreseen future.In addition,the life cycle assessment(LCA)was used to evaluate the environmental impact,showing that CO_(2)R to CH4 is the most environmentally friendly pathway,followed by the syngas of H_(2)/CO(2:1)and CO,and the further improvement of the CO_(2)R performance can make all the studied C1 products more environmentally friendly.Overall,CO is the most promising product from both economic and environmental impact aspects.