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A Note on Finitely Generated Modules over a <i>PID</i>
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作者 Xinru Ma Heguo Liu Honglian Zhang 《Advances in Pure Mathematics》 2020年第12期699-705,共7页
In this note, we provide an effective proof of the fundamental structure theorem of finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain, from which we find the minimality of decomposition for a finitely generated... In this note, we provide an effective proof of the fundamental structure theorem of finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain, from which we find the minimality of decomposition for a finitely generated module over a principal ideal domain. 展开更多
关键词 Finitely generated module Principal Ideal Domain Cyclic module
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Interfacial Electronic Modulation of Dual-Monodispersed Pt–Ni_(3)S_(2) as Efficacious Bi-Functional Electrocatalysts for Concurrent H_(2) Evolution and Methanol Selective Oxidation
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作者 Qianqian Zhao Bin Zhao +7 位作者 Xin Long Renfei Feng Mohsen Shakouri Alisa Paterson Qunfeng Xiao Yu Zhang Xian‑Zhu Fu Jing‑Li Luo 《Nano-Micro Letters》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第4期415-431,共17页
Constructing the efficacious and applicable bifunctional electrocatalysts and establishing out the mechanisms of organic electro-oxidation by replacing anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER) are critical to the develop... Constructing the efficacious and applicable bifunctional electrocatalysts and establishing out the mechanisms of organic electro-oxidation by replacing anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER) are critical to the development of electrochemicallydriven technologies for efficient hydrogen production and avoid CO_(2) emission. Herein, the hetero-nanocrystals between monodispersed Pt(~ 2 nm) and Ni_(3)S_(2)(~ 9.6 nm) are constructed as active electrocatalysts through interfacial electronic modulation, which exhibit superior bi-functional activities for methanol selective oxidation and H_(2) generation. The experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the asymmetrical charge distribution at Pt–Ni_(3)S_(2) could be modulated by the electronic interaction at the interface of dual-monodispersed heterojunctions, which thus promote the adsorption/desorption of the chemical intermediates at the interface. As a result, the selective conversion from CH_(3)OH to formate is accomplished at very low potentials(1.45 V) to attain 100 m A cm^(-2) with high electronic utilization rate(~ 98%) and without CO_(2) emission. Meanwhile, the Pt–Ni_(3)S_(2) can simultaneously exhibit a broad potential window with outstanding stability and large current densities for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) at the cathode. Further, the excellent bi-functional performance is also indicated in the coupled methanol oxidation reaction(MOR)//HER reactor by only requiring a cell voltage of 1.60 V to achieve a current density of 50 m A cm^(-2) with good reusability. 展开更多
关键词 Dual-monodispersed heterostructure Electronic interactive modulation Reaction mechanism Methanol oxidation reaction Hydrogen generation
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MPPT Control System for PV Generation System with Mismatched Modules
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作者 Chengyang Huang Kazutaka Itako +1 位作者 Takeaki Mori Qiang Ge 《Journal of Energy and Power Engineering》 2015年第1期83-90,共8页
Nowadays, in a household PV (photovoltaic) generation system, it is generally connecting PV modules in series and then output to the power-conditioner. However, when PV modules are mismatched, it will lead to a wron... Nowadays, in a household PV (photovoltaic) generation system, it is generally connecting PV modules in series and then output to the power-conditioner. However, when PV modules are mismatched, it will lead to a wrong MPPT (maximum power point tracking) to all modules and a power decreasing of the whole system. Aiming at this problem, this paper presents the idea which improves the MPPT without changing the conventional power-conditioner, by adding a Buck type DC-DC (direct current) converter behind each module. Simulations of PSIM (power simulation) and experiments are taken to prove this theory. The result shows that, by this idea, the generated power of the conventional PV generation system can be greatly increased under the condition of mismatch. 展开更多
关键词 PV generation system MPPT Buck converter mismatched modules
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AN IMPROVED MODEL OF THE INTERCONNECTION DELAY OF MULTICHIP MODULES
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作者 Lai Jinmei Li Ke Lin Zhenghui Huang Peizhong(information and Electronic Engineering Dept., Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027)(Electronic Information School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030) 《Journal of Electronics(China)》 1999年第3期284-288,共5页
Moments of the system transfer function are closely related with the interconnection delays. Based on the first three moments, this paper presents an improved delay model for multichip module interconnection network. ... Moments of the system transfer function are closely related with the interconnection delays. Based on the first three moments, this paper presents an improved delay model for multichip module interconnection network. The model reveals an explicit causal relationship between delay of non-monotonic rising node voltage in tree-structure and design parameters. Obtained results not only provide a viable new method for computing interconnection delay, but also present a critical link between signal responses and design parameters. The derived formulas provide a tool to solve problems in the study of performance driven layout and routing algorithms. 展开更多
关键词 Multichip module INTERCONNECTION DELAY INTERCONNECT transmission LINES MOMENT generation MOMENT MATCHING
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On the possible ultrasonic inspection of micro-bubbles generated by the optical fiber tip
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作者 V.V.Kazakov A.G.Sanin V.A.Kamensky 《Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences》 SCIE EI CAS 2016年第5期22-29,共8页
We demonstrate the possibility of detection and monitoring of bubbles emerging near the tip of an optical fiber by means of ultrasonic method.The excitation of bubbles at their resonant frequencies is performed using ... We demonstrate the possibility of detection and monitoring of bubbles emerging near the tip of an optical fiber by means of ultrasonic method.The excitation of bubbles at their resonant frequencies is performed using short ultrasonic pulses having a wide frequency range simulta-neously with their modulation by means of a long pulse of a monochromatic frequency.This method allows detection of bubbles of various sizes.Used signal processing method,which allows increased bubble detection accuracy,is proposed for ressearch in envir onments of biological-like medium which show continuous variations in structure and properties when exposed to optical emission.The method has been demonstrated on model objects:in a liquid and in a biological tissue phantom using various methods of bubble generation(hydrolysis and optical enission).We studied bubble formation by the tip of a fiber of the surgical laser LSP-007/10 "IRE Polus"with a wavelength of 0.97μm coated with a highly absorbing graphite layer. 展开更多
关键词 Bubble generation ultrasonic inspection of bubbles subharmonic ultrasound modulation laser surgery.
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Some Equivalences and Dualities via Static Modules
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作者 Salah Al-Nofayee Syed Khalid Nauman 《Advances in Pure Mathematics》 2011年第6期359-362,共4页
For a ring A, an extension ring B, a fixed right A-module M, the endomorphism ring D formed by M, the endomorphism ring E formed by , and the endomorphism ring F formed by HomA (B,M), we present equivalences and duali... For a ring A, an extension ring B, a fixed right A-module M, the endomorphism ring D formed by M, the endomorphism ring E formed by , and the endomorphism ring F formed by HomA (B,M), we present equivalences and dualities between subcategories of B-modules which are finitely cogenerated injective as A-modules and E-modules and F-modules which are finitely generated projective as D-modules. 展开更多
关键词 STATIC modules Finitely Cogenerated INJECTIVE modules Finitely generated PROJECTIVE modules
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Flatly Broadened and Highly Coherent Supercontinuum Generation by Induced Modulation Instability in ANDi-PCF
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作者 Chunfu Cheng Yan Zeng +2 位作者 Yiwen Ou Zhangyong Yang Zehao Chen 《Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics》 2018年第4期640-646,共7页
In this paper, a flatly broadened and highly coherent supercontinuum generation by induced modulation instability in ANDi-PCF is proposed. The numerical results show that the bandwidth of supercontinuun can be increas... In this paper, a flatly broadened and highly coherent supercontinuum generation by induced modulation instability in ANDi-PCF is proposed. The numerical results show that the bandwidth of supercontinuun can be increased by increasing the modulation depth and the coherence property of supercontinuum can be improved with the optimal modulation frequency. A highly coherent supercontinuum with the 10 dB bandwidth of 1305 nm and the flatness of less than 10 dB can be obtained when seeding at the modulation depth of 0.3 and modulation frequency of 24 THz. 展开更多
关键词 SUPERCONTINUUM generation FLAT COHERENT modulation INSTABILITY
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Performance on Power,Hot and Cold Water Generation of a Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal Module
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作者 Thakrittorn Pansiri Attakorn Asanakham +1 位作者 Thoranis Deethayat Tanongkiat Kiatsiriroat 《Energy Engineering》 EI 2022年第5期1861-1878,共18页
This paper proposed a new function of photovoltaic thermal(PVT)module to produce nocturnal cool water not just only generating electrical power and hot water during daytime.Experimental tests were carried out under Ch... This paper proposed a new function of photovoltaic thermal(PVT)module to produce nocturnal cool water not just only generating electrical power and hot water during daytime.Experimental tests were carried out under Chiang Mai tropical climate with a 200 Wp monocrystalline PVT module having dimensions of 1.601 m×0.828 m connected with two water tanks each of 60 L taken for hot and cool water storages.The module was facing south with 18o inclination.The electrical load was a 200 W halogen lamp.From experiments,by taking the module as a nocturnal radiative cooling surface,the cool water temperature in the cool storage tank could be reduced 2℃–3℃each night and the temperature could be reduced from 31.5℃to 22.1℃within 4 consecutive days.The cool water at approximately 23℃was also used to cool down the PVT module from noon when the PVT module temperature was rather high,and then the module temperature immediately dropped around 5℃and approximately 10%increase of electrical power could be achieved.A set of mathematical models was also developed to predict the PVT module temperature and the hot water temperature including the cool water temperature in the storage tanks during daytime and nighttime.The simulated results agreed well with the experimental data. 展开更多
关键词 Photovoltaic thermal module power generation hot and cold water production nocturnal cooling
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Further Stabilization and Power Density Improvement of Stack-Type Thermoelectric Power Generating Module with Biphasic Medium by Using Various Flexible Metals as Electrodes
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作者 Seiichi Deguchi Shoichiro Imaizumi +5 位作者 Hajime Arimura Keisuke Sawada Noriyuki Kobayashi Norifumi Isu Kenji Sakai Kentaro Kimoto 《Journal of Power and Energy Engineering》 2018年第11期78-86,共9页
In order to realize further stability of a stack-type thermoelectric power generating module (i.e. no electrical connections inside), flexible materials of metal springs and/or rods having restoring forces were instal... In order to realize further stability of a stack-type thermoelectric power generating module (i.e. no electrical connections inside), flexible materials of metal springs and/or rods having restoring forces were installed between lower-temperature-sides of thermoelectric elements. These flexible materials were expected to play three important roles of interpolating different thermal expansions of the module components, enlarging heat removal area and penetration of any media through themselves. Then, a low-boiling-point medium (i.e. NOVEC manufactured by 3M Japan Ltd.) was also applied for a high-speed direct heat removal via its phase change from the lower-temperature-sides of the thermoelectric elements in the proposing stack-type thermoelectric power generating module. No electrical disconnections inside the module were confirmed for more than 9 years of use, indicating further module stability. The power generating density was improved to about 120 mW·m-2 with SUS304 springs having 0.7 mm diameter. Increasing power generating density can be expected in terms of suitable selection of flexible metal with high Vickers hardness, cavities control on the spring surface, more vigorous multiphase flow with adding powders to the medium and optimization of the module configurations according to numerical simulations. 展开更多
关键词 Thermoelectric Power generation Stack-Type modulE FLEXIBLE Section BIPHASIC MEDIUM Phase Change Multi-Phase Flow Heat Transfer Enhancement modulE STABILIZATION
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Aperture shape optimization in intensity-modulated radiation therapy planning
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作者 Li-Yuan Zhang Zhi-Guo Gui +1 位作者 Peng-Cheng Zhang Jie Yang 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第9期106-117,共12页
The gradient element of the aperture gradient map is utilized directly to generate the aperture shape without modulation.This process can be likened to choosing the direction of negative gradient descent for the gener... The gradient element of the aperture gradient map is utilized directly to generate the aperture shape without modulation.This process can be likened to choosing the direction of negative gradient descent for the generic aperture shape optimiza-tion.The negative gradient descent direction is more suitable under local conditions and has a slow convergence rate.To overcome these limitations,this study introduced conjugate gradients into aperture shape optimization based on gradient modulation.First,the aperture gradient map of the current beam was obtained for the proposed aperture shape optimiza-tion method,and the gradients of the aperture gradient map were modulated using conjugate gradients to form a modulated gradient map.The aperture shape was generated based on the modulated gradient map.The proposed optimization method does not change the optimal solution of the original optimization problem,but changes the iterative search direction when generating the aperture shape.The performance of the proposed method was verified using cases of head and neck cancer,and prostate cancer.The optimization results indicate that the proposed optimization method better protects the organs at risk and rapidly reduces the objective function value by ensuring a similar dose distribution to the planning target volume.Compared to the contrasting methods,the normal tissue complication probability obtained by the proposed optimization method decreased by up to 4.61%,and the optimization time of the proposed method decreased by 5.26%on average for ten cancer cases.The effectiveness and acceleration of the proposed method were verified through comparative experiments.According to the comparative experiments,the results indicate that the proposed optimization method is more suitable for clinical applications.It is feasible for the aperture shape optimization involving the proposed method. 展开更多
关键词 Aperture shape Column generation Conjugate gradient Gradient modulation Direct aperture optimization
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MILG:Realistic lip-sync video generation with audio-modulated image inpainting
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作者 Han Bao Xuhong Zhang +4 位作者 Qinying Wang Kangming Liang Zonghui Wang Shouling Ji Wenzhi Chen 《Visual Informatics》 EI 2024年第3期71-81,共11页
Existing lip synchronization(lip-sync)methods generate accurately synchronized mouths and faces in a generated video.However,they still confront the problem of artifacts in regions of non-interest(RONI),e.g.,backgroun... Existing lip synchronization(lip-sync)methods generate accurately synchronized mouths and faces in a generated video.However,they still confront the problem of artifacts in regions of non-interest(RONI),e.g.,background and other parts of a face,which decreases the overall visual quality.To solve these problems,we innovatively introduce diverse image inpainting to lip-sync generation.We propose Modulated Inpainting Lip-sync GAN(MILG),an audio-constraint inpainting network to predict synchronous mouths.MILG utilizes prior knowledge of RONI and audio sequences to predict lip shape instead of image generation,which can keep the RONI consistent.Specifically,we integrate modulated spatially probabilistic diversity normalization(MSPD Norm)in our inpainting network,which helps the network generate fine-grained diverse mouth movements guided by the continuous audio features.Furthermore,to lower the training overhead,we modify the contrastive loss in lipsync to support small-batch-size and few-sample training.Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach outperforms the existing state-of-the-art of image quality and authenticity while keeping lip-sync. 展开更多
关键词 Lip-sync Image inpainting Face generation modulated SPD normalization
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Homological Epimorphisms, Compactly Generated t-Structures and Gorenstein-Projective Modules 被引量:3
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作者 Nan GAO Xiaojing XU 《Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series B》 SCIE CSCD 2018年第1期47-58,共12页
The aim of this paper is two-fold.Given a recollement(T′,T,T′′,i*,i_*,i~!,j!,j*,j*),where T′,T,T′′are triangulated categories with small coproducts and T is compactly generated.First,the authors show that the BB... The aim of this paper is two-fold.Given a recollement(T′,T,T′′,i*,i_*,i~!,j!,j*,j*),where T′,T,T′′are triangulated categories with small coproducts and T is compactly generated.First,the authors show that the BBD-induction of compactly generated t-structures is compactly generated when i*preserves compact objects.As a consequence,given a ladder(T′,T,T′′,T,T′) of height 2,then the certain BBD-induction of compactly generated t-structures is compactly generated.The authors apply them to the recollements induced by homological ring epimorphisms.This is the first part of their work.Given a recollement(D(B-Mod),D(A-Mod),D(C-Mod),i*,i_*,i~!,j!,j*,j_*) induced by a homological ring epimorphism,the last aim of this work is to show that if A is Gorenstein,AB has finite projective dimension and j! restricts to D^b(C-mod),then this recollement induces an unbounded ladder(B-Gproj,A-Gproj,C-Gproj) of stable categories of finitely generated Gorenstein-projective modules.Some examples are described. 展开更多
关键词 Compactly generated t-structure RECOLLEMENT BBD-induction BPP-induction Homological ring epimorphism Gorensteinprojective module
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Experimental investigation on chaos generation in erbium-doped fiber single-ring lasers 被引量:1
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作者 常锋 冯玉玲 +3 位作者 姚治海 范健 宋远超 赵玉柱 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2012年第10期155-158,共4页
In this paper,the chaotic behaviors in an erbium-doped fiber(EDF) single-ring laser(EDFSRL) are investigated experimentally by using the loss modulation method.An electro-optic modulator(EOM) made of LiNbO 3 cry... In this paper,the chaotic behaviors in an erbium-doped fiber(EDF) single-ring laser(EDFSRL) are investigated experimentally by using the loss modulation method.An electro-optic modulator(EOM) made of LiNbO 3 crystal is added to the system.Thus,by changing the modulation voltage and the modulation frequency of the EOM,the freedom of the EDFSRL system is increased.The chaotic characteristics of the system are studied by observing the time series and the power spectra.The experimental results indicate that the erbium-doped fiber single-ring laser system can enter into chaos states through period-doubling bifurcation and intermittency routes. 展开更多
关键词 erbium-doped fiber single-ring lasers electro-optic modulator chaos generation power spectrum
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A HIGH PERFORMANCE UWB LFM WAVEFORM GENERATOR 被引量:1
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作者 Zhu Mingbo 《Journal of Electronics(China)》 2008年第6期774-779,共6页
In this paper, the design and implementation of a high performance Ultra-WideBand (UWB) Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) waveform generator at Very High Frequency/Ultra High Frequency (VHF/UHF) band are introduced. F... In this paper, the design and implementation of a high performance Ultra-WideBand (UWB) Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) waveform generator at Very High Frequency/Ultra High Frequency (VHF/UHF) band are introduced. Firstly, the design ideas for a high performance UWB LFM waveform generator are described. Then, a generation scheme for UWB LFM waveforms is presented according to the baseband digital generation method combining with the bandwidth ex-tension method via frequency doubling. An experimental system has been implemented and tested. The results show that the UWB LFM waveform generator achieves very high performance. 展开更多
关键词 Ultra-WideBand (UWB) Linear Frequency modulation (LFM) Signal generation
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Study on MCM Interconnect Test Generation Based on Ant Algorithm with Mutation Operator
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作者 陈雷 《上海交通大学学报》 EI CAS CSCD 北大核心 2007年第S2期150-153,共4页
A novel multi-chip module(MCM) interconnect test generation scheme based on ant algorithm(AA) with mutation operator was presented.By combing the characteristics of MCM interconnect test generation,the pheromone updat... A novel multi-chip module(MCM) interconnect test generation scheme based on ant algorithm(AA) with mutation operator was presented.By combing the characteristics of MCM interconnect test generation,the pheromone updating rule and state transition rule of AA is designed.Using mutation operator,this scheme overcomes ordinary AA’s defects of slow convergence speed,easy to get stagnate,and low ability of full search.The international standard MCM benchmark circuit provided by the MCNC group was used to verify the approach.The results of simulation experiments,which compare to the results of standard ant algorithm,genetic algorithm(GA) and other deterministic interconnecting algorithms,show that the proposed scheme can achieve high fault coverage,compact test set and short CPU time,that it is a newer optimized method deserving research. 展开更多
关键词 MULTI-CHIP module(MCM) INTERCONNECT TEST ANT algorithm(AA) TEST generation MUTATION
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Power Output Improvement of PV Module for Agricultural Use by Using Inexpensive Sunlight Concentrator
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作者 NISHIMURA Ryo 《Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition)》 CAS 2010年第4期56-59,共4页
PV modules are used as stand alone power sources for agricultural equipments such as lifting pumps in farms, where the power infrastructure is not yet improved. In order to expand the agricultural use of PV module, th... PV modules are used as stand alone power sources for agricultural equipments such as lifting pumps in farms, where the power infrastructure is not yet improved. In order to expand the agricultural use of PV module, the cost of PV generation should be reduced. In this paper, the power output performance of a commercial PV module was improved by using a sunlight concentrator that could be assembled inexpensively and a simple sun-tracking method. 展开更多
关键词 photovoltaic module photovoltaic power generation sunlight concentration arid region cost reduction
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AES Encrypted FSK Generation at X-Band Frequency using a Single Reflex Klystron
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作者 Mohuya Chakraborty Amiya Kumar Mallick 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2010年第3期1-9,共9页
This paper describes a high security data transmission system over X-band microwave frequency. The paper has two parts. The first part deals with encryption of binary data by Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) using V... This paper describes a high security data transmission system over X-band microwave frequency. The paper has two parts. The first part deals with encryption of binary data by Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) using VHDL modeling of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The second part deals with a novel idea of transmitting the encrypted data by using a single klystron. This requires the simultaneous generation of a pair of two independent RF frequencies from a reflex klystron working for X-band frequency range. In this scheme, the klystron is suitably biased on the repeller terminal and superimposed on a train of AES encrypted binary data so as to create two RF frequencies one corresponding to negative peaks and the other one to the positive peaks of the data resulting in an Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) signal. The results have been verified experimentally. 展开更多
关键词 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) dual frequency generation FSK modulation FPGA Reflex Klystron VHDL
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The Primary Radical of a Submodule
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作者 Lamis J. M. Abulebda 《Advances in Pure Mathematics》 2012年第5期344-348,共5页
In this paper we introduced a definition for the primary radical of a submodule with some of its basic properties. We also define the P-radical submodule and review some results about it. We find a method to character... In this paper we introduced a definition for the primary radical of a submodule with some of its basic properties. We also define the P-radical submodule and review some results about it. We find a method to characterize the primary radical of a finitely generated submodule of a free module. 展开更多
关键词 PRIMARY SUBmodulE PRIME RADICAL of a SUBmodulE RADICAL SUBmodulE Free modulE NOETHERIAN modulE Finitely generated SUBmodulE
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Cost Effective Scheme for OLT in Next Generation Passive Optical Access Network Based on Noise Free Optical Multi Carrier
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作者 Rahat Ullah Bo Liu +8 位作者 Qi Zhang Qinghua Tian Amjad Ali Yousaf Khan Feng Tian M.Azam Zia Haseeb Ahmad Lijia Zhang Xiangjun Xin 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2016年第6期76-87,共12页
We propos e a cos t-effective multi-carrier generation technique which minimizes the passive optical access network(PON) costs. In this study replacement of laser array with multi-carrier source at optical line termin... We propos e a cos t-effective multi-carrier generation technique which minimizes the passive optical access network(PON) costs. In this study replacement of laser array with multi-carrier source at optical line terminal(OLT) side in PON is addressed. With 25-GHz frequency spacing, the generated optical multi-carriers exhibit good tone to noise ratio(TNR) i. e. above 20 d B, and least amplitude difference i. e. 1.5d B. At the OLT, multi-carriers signal based multiplexed differential phase shift keying(DPSK) data from all the channels each having 10 Gbps for downlink is transmitted through 25 km single mode fiber. While the transmitted information is retrieved at optical network unit(ONU), part of the downlink signal is re-modulated using intensity modulated(IM) on-off keying(OOK) for upstream transmission at 10-Gbps. Simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis, showing error free transmission in downlink and uplink with 10 Gbps symmetric data rate at each channel. The receivedpower, both for uplink and downlink transmission, is adequate for all channels at BER of 10-9 with minimum power penalties. Power budget is calculated for different splitting ratios showing excellent system margins for any unseen losses. The proposed setup provides a cost-effective way minimizing transmission losses, and providing greater system's margin in PON architecture. 展开更多
关键词 differential phase shift keying intensity modulated on-off-keying optical frequency comb generation optical access network
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Comparison between the Energy Required for Production of PV Module and the Output Energy Througout the Product Life Time
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作者 Lea Beatriz Dai Pra Joao Batista Dias Amanda Goncalves Kieling 《Journal of Energy and Power Engineering》 2015年第6期592-597,共6页
Electrical energy consumption is growing and is necessary to improve the technologies related to energy production. We have carried out a pilot study about environmental impacts during the manufacturing process of PV ... Electrical energy consumption is growing and is necessary to improve the technologies related to energy production. We have carried out a pilot study about environmental impacts during the manufacturing process of PV (photovoltaic) modules and compared between the energy requirement for the production of PV cells and modules and generation throughout the life time of the finished good that is PV module. It was taken into account the generation of environmental aspects and impacts in the manufacture of monocrystalline silicon PV modules (consisting of three components: silicon cell, fiat tempered glass and aluminum frame), and an analysis of a grid-connected PV system using an energetic alternative in residences was considered. Results show that, this kind of renewable energy is really clean and can be considered as a way to change the energy technology. 展开更多
关键词 Manufacturing of PV modules generation of environmental impacts grid-connected PV system.
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