The biosynthesis of alarm pheromone in the wheat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi is regulated by hormones via fatty acid metabolism

Aphids are major insect pests in agriculture and forestry worldwide.Following attacks by natural enemies,many aphids release an alarm pheromone to protect their population.In most aphids,the main component of the aphid alarm pheromone(AAP)is the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon(E)-β-farnesene(EβF).However,the mechanisms behind its biosynthesis and regulation remain poorly understood.In this study,we used the bird cherry–oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi,which is an important wheat aphid,to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of EβF biosynthesis.Our results showed that EβF biosynthesis occurs during the mature embryo period and the molting period of the 1st-and 2nd-instar nymphs.Triglycerides provide the prerequisite material for EβF production and release.Based on transcriptome sequencing,RNAi analysis,hormone treatments,and quantitative measurements,we found that the biosynthesis of EβF utilizes acetyl coenzyme A produced from fatty acid degradation,which can be suppressed by juvenile hormone but it is promoted by 20-hydroxyecdysone through the modulation of fatty acid metabolism.This is the first systemic study on the modulation of EβF production in aphids.The results of our study provide insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms of AAP biosynthesis,as well as valuable information for designing potential aphid control strategies.

Effects of ω-3 fatty acids on toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor-κB p56 in lungs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM To determine the effects of ω-3 fatty acids(ω-3FA) on the toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor κB p56(NF-κBp56) signal pathway in the lungs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis(SAP).METHODS A total of 56 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, SAP-saline group, SAP-soybean oil group and SAP-ω-3FA group. SAP was induced by the retrograde infusion of sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. The expression of TLR4 and NF-κBp56 in the lungs was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the lungs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The expression of TLR4 and NF-κBp56 in lungs and of inflammatory cytokines in serum significantly increased in the SAP group compared with the control group(P < 0.05), but was significantly decreased in the ω-3FA group compared with the soybean oil group at 12 and 24 h(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION During the initial stage of SAP, ω-3FA can efficiently lower the inflammatory response and reduce lung injury by triggering the TLR4/NF-κBp56 signal pathway.

Transgenic Pigs Carrying a Synthesized Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene Yield High Level of ω-3 PUFAs

Polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFAs） are essential for normal growth in mammals, especially the ω-3 PUFAs, which play important roles in preventing several life-threatening diseases, such as coronary heart disease and diabetes. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the sFat-1 gene from Caenorhabditis briggsae could be functionally expressed in transgenic pigs, and whether the transgenic could synthesize high quality ω-3 PUFAs endogenously. In this study, a gene construct consisting of CMV promoter and 1.9 kb cDNA of ω-3 fatty acid desaturase gene （sFat-1） from C. briggsae was injected into the male pronucleus of pig embryos by microinjection. The piglets were screened for the transgene by PCR, Southern blot and reverse transcription-PCR analysis. Pigs that give positive results were mated with wild-type pigs to produce the next generation and the transmission of transgene was examined by PCR analysis. Fatty acids compositions of various tissues in the transgenic pigs were then analyzed by gas chromatograph. A total of 878 embryos were transferred into 42 recipients, among which 29 successfully got pregnant and gave birth to a total of 162 piglets, and 8 of them were identified to be transgenic. Fatty acid compositions in the transgenic pigs were altered, and the levels of ω-6：ω-3 ratios were decreased from 14.53 in the control to 2.62 in Fat-1 transgenic pigs. A number of primary sFat-1-transgenic pigs were bred in this study, which lays the foundation for cultivation of new varieties of transgenic pigs.

Usefulness of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation in addition to mesalazine in maintaining remission in pediatric Crohn's disease: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study

AIM： To assess the value of long-chain w-3 fatty acids （FAs） supplementation in addition to amino-salicylic-acid （5-ASA） in pediatric patients with Crohn＇s disease （CD）. METHODS： Thirty-eight patients （20 males and 18 females, mean age 10.13 years, range 5-16 years） with CD in remission were randomized into two groups and treated for 12 too. Group Ⅰ （18 patients） received 5-ASA （50 mg/kg/d）＋w-3 FAs as triglycerides in gastroresistant capsules, 3 g/d （eicosapentanoic acid, EPA, 400 mg/g, docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, 200 mg/g）. Group Ⅱ （20 patients） received 5-ASA （50 mg/kg/d）＋olive oil placebo capsules. Patients were evaluated for fatty acid incorporation in red blood cell membranes by gas chromatography at baseline 6 and 12 mo after the treatment. RESULTS： The number of patients who relapsed at 1 year was significantly lower in group I than in group Ⅱ （P〈0.001）. Patients in group I had a significant increase in the incorporation of EPA and DHA （P〈0.001） and a decrease in the presence of arachidonic acids. CONCLUSION： Enteric-coated w-3 FAs in addition to treatment with 5-ASA are effective in maintaining remission of pediatric CD.

Effect of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid on Toll-like Receptors in Patients with Severe Multiple Trauma

This study examined the effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid（ω-3PUFA） on the expression of toll-like receptor 2（TLR2）,toll-like receptor 4（TLR4） and some related inflammatory factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells（PBMCs） of patients with early-stage severe multiple trauma.Thirty-two patients who were admitted to the Department of Traumatic Surgery,Tongji Hospital（Wuhan,China） between May 2010 and November 2010,and diagnosed as having severe multiple trauma with a injury severity score（ISS） no less than 16,were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups at random（n=16 in each）：ω-3PUFA group and control group in which routine parenteral nutrition supplemented with ω-3PUFA or not was administered to the patients in two groups for consecutive 7 days.Peripheral blood from these patients was collected within 2 h of admission（day 0）,and 1,3,5 and 7 days after the nutritional support.PBMCs were isolated and used for detection of the mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 by using real-time PCR and flow cytometry respectively,the levels of NF-κB by quantum dots-based immunofluorescence assay,the levels of TNF-α,IL-2,IL-6 and COX-2 by ELISA,respectively.The results showed that the mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in PBMCs was significantly lower in ω-3PUFA group than in control group 5 and 7 days after nutrition support（both P0.05）.The levels of TNF-α,IL-2,IL-6 and COX-2 were found to be substantially decreased in PBMCs in ω-3PUFA group as compared with control group at 5th and 7th day（P0.05 for all）.It was concluded that ω-3PUFA can remarkably decrease the expression of TLR2,TLR4 and some related inflammatory factors in NF-κB signaling pathway in PBMCs of patients with severe multiple trauma,which suggests that ω-3PUFA may suppress the excessive inflammatory response meditated by the TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway.

The Synthesis of Some Novel N-[α-(Isoflavone-7-O-) Acetyl]Amino Acid Derivatives

A series of novel N-[α-(isoflavone-7-O-)acetyl] amino acid methyl esters were prepared from the efficient and regioselective alkylation of isoflavones with chloroacetyl amino acid derivatives under mild condition.

尿L-FABP、IGFBP-7在2型糖尿病并发早期急性肾衰竭患者中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨尿肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白(L-FABP)、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-7(IGFBP-7)在2型糖尿病(T2DM)并发早期急性肾衰竭患者中的表达及临床意义。方法:对2020年5月至2022年5月期间廊坊市第四人民医院收治的46例T2DM并发早期急性肾衰竭患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,将其纳入发生组;另收集同期收治的46例T2DM无急性肾衰竭患者的临床资料,将其纳入未发生组。查阅两组患者的相关基线资料及临床资料,观察尿L-FABP、IGFBP-7在T2DM并发早期急性肾衰竭患者中的表达情况,分析尿L-FABP、IGFBP-7与T2DM患者早期急性肾衰竭的关系,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析尿L-FABP、IGFBP-7对T2DM患者早期急性肾衰竭的诊断价值。结果:两组患者的性别、年龄、体质指数、长期饮酒史、T2DM病程、空腹血糖值、收缩压、舒张压以及白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);发生组的尿L-FABP、IGFBP-7及血肌酐(Scr)水平均高于未发生组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经Logistic回归分析显示,尿L-FABP、IGFBP-7及Scr高表达是导致T2DM患者发生早期急性肾衰竭的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05);绘制ROC曲线进行分析,结果显示尿L-FABP、IGFBP-7单项及联合检测诊断T2DM患者早期急性肾衰竭的曲线下面积(AUC)均>0.7,具有一定的诊断价值,且联合诊断价值较高。结论:尿L-FABP、IGFBP-7水平与T2DM患者的早期急性肾衰竭有关,二者在T2DM并发早期急性肾衰竭患者中表达升高,可作为诊断T2DM患者早期急性肾衰竭的重要参考指标。

The Effects of n-3 Fatty Acids and Bexarotene on Breast Cancer Cell Progression

Breast cancer cell growth can be inhibited in vivo by retinoid X receptor (RXR) specific retinoids. In both animal and cell culture studies, omega-3 fatty acids share growth regulatory effects similar to those of RXR specific retinoids (rexinoids). One synthetic rexinoid, bexarotene (LCD 1069, Targretin), is used clinically to treat cancer patients. Of concern is that some patients are unable to tolerate high doses of such treatment drugs. We hypothesized that n-3 fatty acids and bexarotene may work synergistically to slow breast cancer cell growth. To test our hypothesis, we used MCF-7 human mammary carcinoma cells and an in vitro cell culture model. We investigated the relationship between the omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) alone and in conjunction with bexarotene in slowing MCF-7 cell growth. Following a 72 hr incubation with the respective treatments, bexarotene enhanced cell growth (p < 0.05) while DHA showed a strong growth inhibitory effect which was not enhanced by the addition of bexarotene (p < 0.05). EPA alone was not effective in altering cell growth (p < 0.05). Interestingly, when combined with bexarotene, EPA was more effective at slowing cell growth than when cells received EPA alone. Thus, select omega-3 fatty acids alone are more effective than bexarotene in slowing MCF-7 cell progression. However, the use of the RXR-selective retinoids may enhance the growth regulatory mechanisms of the fatty acid EPA.

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated eicosanoid pathway:A potential mechanistic linkage between dietary fatty acid consumption and colon cancer risk

Human consumption of linoleic acid(LA,18:2ω-6,abundant in vegetable oils)is very high.Animal experiments showed that excessive LA intake increased azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis,however,the impact of excessive LA on colon cancer in human is not conclusive,making it difficult to make dietary recommendations for optimal intake of LA.Understanding the molecular mechanisms of LA on colon tumorigenesis could help to clarify its health effect,and facilitate development of mechanismbased strategies for preventing colon cancer.Recent studies show that the previously unappreciated cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated eicosanoid pathway is upregulated in colon cancer and plays critical roles in its pathogenesis,and could contribute to the effects of dietary LA,as well asω-3 fatty acids,on colon tumorigenesis.In this review,we will discuss recent studies about the roles of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in fatty acid metabolism and its roles in colonic inflammation and colon cancer,and how this information could help us to clarify the health impacts of dietary fatty acids.

Synthesis of (R)(E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2-octene-1,8-dioic Acid, a Copulation Released Pheromone Component of Azuki Bean Weevil

Started from 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone, (R)(E)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene-1,8-dioic acid, callosobruchusic acid, was synthesized via five steps with D-(-)-camphor sultam as the chiral auxiliary. It was of good optical purity and yield.

Oligomerized Amyloid-<i>β</i>_1-40Peptide Favors Cholesterol, Oxysterol, and Fatty Acid Accumulation in Human Neuronal SK-N-BE Cells

Amyloid peptide, the main component of senile plaques, is a major biological characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aim of the present study conducted on human neuronal SK-N-BE cells was to evaluate whether oligomerized Aβ1-40-induced cell damages was associated with lipid modifications. Under treatment with Aβ1-40 (10 - 100 μM;24 - 48 h), cell viability was recorded with the MTT test and by measuring LDH activity. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential and ATP production were assessed using flow cytometry and a luciferase-based ATP bioluminescence assay, respectively. Annexin V-CF647 staining assay for cell apoptosis detection was performed using flow cytometry. Potentially intracellular cytotoxic lipids (oxysterols: 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7α-OHC), 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC), and 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol;arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6);VLCFAs (C22:0, C24:0, C24:6 and C26:0)) were measured using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The cellular level of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3), often altered in AD, was also quantified. In the presence of Aβ1-40, the percentage of MTT-positive cells decreased and was associated with an increase in LDH activity. In addition, treatment with oligomerized Aβ1-40 induced a decrease of mitochondrial transmembrane potential as well as an apoptotic cell death. Sterol analysis revealed a higher cholesterol level and a significant increase of cytotoxic oxysterols per cell (7KC + 7β-OHC), and of the [(7β-OHC + 7KC)/cholesterol] ratio, considered as a lipid peroxidation index, in Aβ1-40-treated cells. An enhancement of C20:4 n-6, C22:6 n-3 and saturated VLCFAs was also observed. Therefore, Aβ1-40-induced side effects are associated with intracellular accumulation of lipids, especially cholesterol, oxysterols (7β-OHC, 7KC), C20:4 n-6, and saturated VLCFAs, which could in turn contribute to neurotoxicity.

A Diet with 3% of Energy from a Mixture of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Significantly Increases in Vivo Lipid Peroxidation in Postmenopausal Women

Dietary omega-3 (n - 3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are recommended by public health organizations to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and several epidemiological studies have suggested there is an inverse association between n - 3 intake and human cancers. However, n - 3 are susceptible to an increase in lipid peroxidation in the human body. As part of a crossover dietary intervention study of a diet (20% of energy from fat) with or without an additional 3% of energy from a mixture of n - 3 (with 5.36 g α-linolenic acid and 1.45 g eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid per 2000 kcal per day), we measured total in vivo lipid peroxidation in healthy postmenopausal women (n = 15). Our results indicated that the diet with 3% of energy from n - 3 significantly increased the urinary concentrations of total polar lipophilic aldehydes and related compounds produced via lipid peroxidation (p α, β-unsaturated hydroxy aldehydes 4-hydroxy-2-trans - hexenal (p trans -decenal (p < 0.05) compared to the diet with less than 1% of energy from n - 3. This is also the first study to document the presence of 4-hydroxy-2-trans -decenal in the urine of individuals consuming n - 3. These results demonstrate that an increase in 3% of energy from dietary n – 3 increases in vivo lipid peroxidation.

FABP7基因真核表达载体的构建及其对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖的影响

目的构建脑脂肪酸结合蛋白(BLBP/B-FABP,FABP7)基因的真核表达载体,并检测其对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖的影响。方法采用逆转录方法从星型细胞瘤组织中扩增FABP7基因,双酶切后插入线性化的pcDNA3.1载体真核启动子下游,构建重组真核表达载体,转染人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7后,采用半定量RT-PCR检测FABP7基因mRNA的表达,MTT法检测细胞的增殖活性、流式细胞术检测细胞的周期变化情况,并对细胞进行计数。结果FABP7基因重组真核表达质粒经双酶切及测序鉴定证明构建正确,转染MCF-7细胞后48、72和96h,pcDNA3.1-FABP7组的细胞数和细胞的A490值均比pcDNA3.1空质粒组明显降低,G1期细胞百分含量均明显升高。结论已成功构建了FABP7基因的真核表达载体,该载体可抑制人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的增殖。

ω-3脂肪酸联合跨膜型TNF-α对MCF-7细胞凋亡的影响及机制研究

目的探讨半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)在ω-3脂肪酸联合细胞外源性跨膜型TNF-α诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡过程中的作用。方法带有脂肪酸受体反应元件的跨膜型TNF-α表达载体转染MCF-7细胞,经ω-3脂肪酸处理后,MTT比色法检测细胞增殖能力,DNA梯形带分析ω-3脂肪酸对细胞凋亡的影响,RT-PCR和W estern b lot方法检测细胞caspase-1、8和9基因的表达变化,应用caspase特异性底物检测肿瘤细胞caspase-8活性变化,观察caspase特异性抑制剂Ac-IETD-CHO对ω-3脂肪酸联合细胞外源性跨膜型TNF-α抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导凋亡的拮抗作用。结果与MCF-7细胞相比,MCF-7转染细胞经ω-3脂肪酸处理后,细胞增殖能力减弱,检测到明显的DNA梯形带,caspase-1、8、9基因表达增加,caspase-8活性增高,caspase抑制剂可以部分拮抗ω-3脂肪酸联合跨膜型TNF-α抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和诱导凋亡的发生。结论ω-3脂肪酸联合跨膜型TNF-α可以更有效地诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡,而上调caspase的表达和/或活性可能在此过程中发挥重要作用。

高糖高胰岛素对MCF-7细胞FASN蛋白表达的影响

目的:通过观察高糖、高胰岛素对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)表达的影响,探讨FASN在乳腺癌合并糖尿病中的可能作用。方法:MCF-7细胞分为对照组、高胰岛素组、高糖组和高糖高胰岛素组。对照组培养基中D-glucose浓度为5mmol/L,高糖组D-glucose浓度为20mmol/L,高胰岛素组D-glucose浓度为5mmol/L、胰岛素浓度为125mU/L,高糖高胰岛素组D-glucose浓度为20mmol/L、胰岛素浓度为125mU/L。应用Western Blot法检测MCF-7细胞FASN蛋白的表达。结果:与对照组相比,高胰岛素组、高糖组和高糖高胰岛素组FASN蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.05),三组间FASN蛋白的表达比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:高糖、高胰岛素能促进MCF-7细胞FASN蛋白表达升高,可能是在乳腺癌合并糖尿病时具有一定的作用。

染料木素联合多不饱和脂肪酸对MCF-7细胞脂代谢基因表达的影响

选用不同浓度的染料木素(GEN)及二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)作用于MCF-7细胞,研究大豆中抗癌成分染料木素与不同比例的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)联用,对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖及脂代谢基因表达情况的影响。根据DHA的有效浓度设定亚油酸(LA)及LA∶DHA(10∶1)混合PUFAs作用浓度。将GEN分别与DHA、LA及LA∶DHA(10∶1)联合作用细胞,检测细胞生存率,并通过qPCR方法检测细胞内过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)、5-脂氧合酶(5-LOX)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)mRNA表达情况。结果表明:高浓度GEN(300,200,100μmol·L^(-1))及DHA(400,300,200μmol·L^(-1))可抑制MCF-7细胞的增殖,且随着时间增加抑制作用增强。而低浓度GEN(50,25μmol·L^(-1))及LA组及10∶1组对细胞增殖有轻度促进作用。添加GEN的G+L组和G+10∶1组细胞的生存率显著降低,同时GEN可降低G+L组细胞5-LOX mRNA的表达量,且GEN与LA∶DHA(10∶1)联用,增加了细胞内PPARγ mRNA的表达水平并抑制了COX-2 mRNA的表达。试验证实GEN可抑制高比例ω-6 PUFAs对乳腺癌细胞增殖的促进作用,其作用机制主要是通过增加PPARγ mRNA表达,抑制COX-2 mRNA表达水平实现的。大豆的抗乳腺癌作用可能是由于GEN与PUFAs在抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖方面产生了协同效应。

血管紧张素(1-7)通过上调自噬水平缓解肝细胞功能障碍

目的探讨血管紧张素(1-7)[Ang(1-7)]调节的自噬对游离脂肪酸(FFA)诱导的肝细胞功能损害的影响。方法将人正常肝细胞L-02分为正常对照组(Control)、FFA组、FFA+Ang(1-7)10^(-9)mol/L组、FFA+Ang(1-7)10^(-7)mol/L组、FFA+Ang(1-7)10^(-5)mol/L组。加入药物刺激24h后行油红O染色检测细胞内脂滴沉积情况,DCFH-DA及DHE染色检测细胞氧化应激ROS及O^-_2水平,自噬双标腺病毒(mRFP-GFP-LC3)转染观察细胞内自噬水平。结果相较Control组,FFA明显增加L-02细胞内脂质沉积、ROS、O^-_2水平,Ang(1-7)则显著降低L-02细胞内脂质、ROS、O^-_2水平,且随着浓度增大,缓解细胞内功能紊乱能力增强。Ang(1-7)可显著上调细胞内自噬小体及自噬溶酶体数目(10^(-9)mol/L Ang(1-7)组自噬溶酶体P=0.0241,自噬小体P=0.0006,10^(-7)mol/L Ang(1-7)组自噬溶酶体P=0.0075,自噬小体P<0.0001;10^(-5)mol/L Ang(1-7)组自噬溶酶体P=0.0029,自噬小体P<0.0001)。结论 Ang(1-7)可缓解FFA诱导的肝细胞内脂质沉积及氧化应激等细胞功能障碍,与Ang(1-7)上调细胞自噬水平可能相关。

Omega-7脂肪酸的功能研究现状

Omega-7脂肪酸是一组单不饱和脂肪酸。近年来,随着相关研究的深入,其营养价值和生理功能越来越为人们所认识。如可作为信号分子在机体代谢中发挥重要作用,可提高人体对胰岛素的敏感性,对糖尿病、代谢综合征和动脉粥样硬化有一定功效,有助于抵抗炎症和控制体重等。目前国外已有w-7脂肪酸相关保健食品上市,但由于其在体内的代谢研究尚未完善等原因,国内进行相关保健食品的生产研究较少。天然w-7脂肪酸常见于秘鲁凤尾鱼、野生鲑鱼等深海鱼类和沙棘果油、澳洲坚果油、海藻等植物类食品中,但其含量很低。高浓度的w-7脂肪酸需要通过特殊纯化工艺提取,目前采用的方法一般是分子蒸馏和超临界CO_2萃取。本文综述w-7脂肪酸在食品、保健品方面的功能研究现状及产品开发情况,旨在为w-7脂肪酸的开发利用提供参考。

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Underlying Protein, Oil, and Five Major Fatty Acids’ Contents in Soybean

Improved seed composition in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] for protein and oil quality is one of the major goals of soybean breeders. A group of genes that act as quantitative traits with their effects can alter protein, oil, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids percentage in soybean seeds. The objective of this study was to identify Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) controlling protein, oil, and fatty acids content in a set of F5:8 RILs derived from a cross between lines, ‘MD 96-5722’ and ‘Spencer’ using 5376 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers from the Illumina Infinium SoySNP6K BeadChip array. QTL analysis used WinQTL Cart 2.5 software for composite interval mapping (CIM). Identified, were;one protein content QTL on linkage group (LG-) B2 or chromosome (Chr_) 14;11 QTL associated with oil content on six linkage groups LG-N (Chr_3), LG-A1 (Chr_5), LG-K (Chr_9), LG-F (Chr_13), LG-B2 (Chr_14), and LG-J (Chr_16);and sixteen QTL for five major fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids) on LG-N (Chr_3), LG-F (Chr_13), LG-B2 (Chr_14), LG-E (Chr_15), LG-J (Chr_16), and LG-G (Chr_18). The SNP markers closely linked to the QTL reported here will be useful for development of cultivars with altered oil and fatty acid compositions in soybean breeding programs.

The Effects of Dietary Fatty Acid Pattern on Layer's Performance and Egg Quality

The feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of flaxseed on layer＇s performance and egg quality, and the effects of the dietary ratio of ω-6 fatty acid to ω-3 fatty acid on fatty acid deposition in yolk using flaxseed as resource of ω-3 fatty acid and sunflower seed as resource of ω-6 fatty acid. 192 20-wk-old Newroman commercial hens were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups with 6 replicates containing 8 birds. The rations corresponding with the four treatments were formulated with 4% flaxseed ＋ 9% sunflower seed, 8% flaxseed ＋ 18% sunflower seed, 15% flaxseed, and soybean meal, respectively. Sunflower seed was unshelled and flaxseed was whole. Ratios of ω-6 fatty acid to ω-3 fatty acid in 4 dietary treatments were 5.67, 5.21, 1.07, and 11.83, respectively. It can be concluded that long-term feeding 15% flaxseed had no significant （P〉 0.05） influence on egg production, egg weight, eggshell quality, yolk weight, and percentage of yolk weight. Dietary ratio of ω-6 fatty acid to ω-3 fatty acid had impact on the 0-3 fatty acid levels in yolk, nevertheless yolk fatty acid profiles were different from those of dietary fatty acid compositions.