Use of Stream and Dismembered Stream Valleys Now Crossing Wyoming’s Northern Laramie Mountains to Test a Recently Proposed Regional Geomorphology Paradigm, USA

Detailed topographic maps show multiple stream valleys and what are probably dismembered stream valleys that extend completely across Wyoming’s northern Laramie Mountains. Several of the most obvious valleys are described with valley origins first explained (or attempted to be explained) from the commonly accepted regional geomorphology paradigm (accepted paradigm) perspective and second from a recently proposed regional geomorphology paradigm (new paradigm) perspective in an effort to determine which of the two paradigms provides the simplest explanations. Accepted paradigm explanations require at least some of the valley erosion to have occurred prior to deposition of Oligocene and Miocene sediments that once covered the northern Laramie Mountains (with some of the exhumed valleys now containing sediment cover remnants). In contrast the fundamentally different new paradigm requires immense south-oriented continental ice sheet melt water floods to have crossed the region as ice sheet related crustal warping raised the region and the Laramie Mountains (and implies sediments now partially filling some of the valleys are probably flood deposited materials). The new paradigm provides simpler explanations for the origins of the valleys now extending completely across the northern Laramie Mountains and also for their related barbed tributaries, truncated side valleys, and drainage route U-turns than the accepted paradigm, although the new paradigm also leads to a fundamentally different middle and late Cenozoic regional geologic history than is currently recognized. One paradigm cannot be used to judge a different paradigm, but the paradigms can be compared based on their ability to explain evidence and Occam’s Razor can determine which of the two paradigms provides the simplest explanations. New paradigm explanations for northern Laramie Mountains valley origins investigated here require fewer assumptions than the accepted paradigm explanations suggesting the new paradigm merits serious future consideration.

抗除草剂简化栽培型谷子品种朝谷58的选育及配套栽培技术研究

[目的]选育抗除草剂简化栽培型谷子品种朝谷58并探究其配套栽培技术。[方法]运用多系品种的概念,从河北省谷子研究所引进抗拿捕净的谷子材料冀谷25与性状较好的优良春谷品种朝谷9号杂交,育成了适宜简化栽培的多系谷子新品种朝谷58;通过研究姊妹系的适宜混配比例、播种量、播期、除草剂种类、除草剂适宜喷施时期及剂量等提出了与其配套的简化栽培技术。[结果]朝谷58由抗拿捕净的新品种323-1及不抗拿捕净的同型姊妹系323-2组成,2012年3月通过辽宁省杂粮备案登记。该品种抗倒伏、抗旱且抗多种病害。与该品种配套的简化栽培技术实现了同时化学间苗和化学除草,喷药后7 d左右自动达到大田生产所需的留苗密度,出苗30 d内对杂草防效达90%以上,全生育期基本不需要人工间苗和人工除草。[结论]为该品种在生产上的推广应用提供了参考。

华北油田留58潜山雾迷山组储层非均质性研究

留58潜山蓟县系雾迷山组油藏为块状裂缝性灰岩油藏,储层空间类型包括了原生孔隙,溶蚀孔隙,以及裂缝等类型。潜山储层物性的分布特点表现为纵向上的分层发育和横向上的分带发育。综合本区测井解释及岩心观察认为,影响潜山储层发育的因素包括储层岩性,纵向上不同储层段与内幕隔层的配置关系,以及平面上储层发育带是否处于潜山构造顶部或断层破碎带等。通过对留58潜山储层非均质性特征的研究,总结了该区储层发育规律,为后期油藏的合理开发提供科学依据。

Interdecadal change of the connection between winter North Pacific Oscillation and summer precipitation in the Huaihe River valley

The relationship between the winter North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and the following summer precipitation in the Huaihe River valley before and after the mid-1970s is investigated by using the Chinese 160-station precipitation data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1951 to 2008.It is found that their linkage appears to have an apparent interdecadal variation.Before the mid-1970s, there was a prominent out-of-phase relationship between the winter NPO and the summer precipitation in the Huaihe River valley.However, such a relationship is significantly weakened afterwards.The change of atmospheric circulations related to the winter NPO before and after the mid-1970s is further addressed.Before the mid-1970s, a strong (weak) winter NPO was followed by the summer situations with anomalous low-level cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation over the western Pacific and descending (ascending) over the Huaihe River valley.Meanwhile, the water vapor transporting to the Huaihe River valley was reduced (enhanced).These conditions are unfavorable (favorable) for the precipitation occurring in the Huaihe River valley, and thus the local precipitation was decreased (increased).After the mid-1970s, however, the impact of winter NPO on the summer atmospheric circulation system associated with the rainfall in the Huaihe River valley becomes diluted, thereby weakening its linkage to the summer precipitation in the Huaihe River valley.

Topographic Map Analysis of Laramie Range Bedrock-Walled Canyon Complex and the Goshen Hole Escarpment-Surrounded Basin, Albany and Platte Counties, Southeast Wyoming, USA

The Laramie River after flowing in a north direction through southeast Wyoming’s Laramie Basin abruptly turns in an east direction to flow across the north-to-south oriented Laramie Range in a bedrock-walled canyon and eventually reaches the lower elevation Great Plains and southeast-oriented North Platte River. The North Laramie River, Bluegrass Creek, and North Sybille/Sybille Creek also flow from the Laramie Basin in separate bedrock-walled valleys into the Laramie Range before eventually joining the Laramie River. Bedrock-walled through valleys link the various Laramie Range stream and river crossing valleys and detailed topographic maps were used to determine how this anastomosing bedrock-walled canyon complex and the large escarpment-surrounded Goshen Hole basin (located just to the east of the anastomosing canyon complex) originated. Map evidence shows multiple streams of water must have diverged in the Laramie Basin from the north-oriented Laramie River to enter the Laramie Range before converging in or east of the Laramie Range and also shows how present day through valleys enabled diverging and converging streams of water to cross the Laramie Range. The anastomosing bedrock-walled valley complex studied here extends from north of the North Laramie River valley to south of the North Sybille/Sybille Creek valley. Large volumes of water flowing from the Laramie Basin to the Great Plains are interpreted to have eroded the anastomosing canyon complex and the “downstream” Goshen Hole escarpment-surrounded basin. Headward erosion of the north-oriented Sybille and Chugwater Creek valleys across large sheets of east-oriented water are interpreted to have left the Goshen Hole escarpment-surrounded basin as a large abandoned headcut. A water source was not determined, although a continental ice sheet that deeply eroded and warped the North American continent is considered to be a possible source.

Relationship between the Late Spring NAO and Summer Extreme Precipitation Frequency in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The relationship between the late spring North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the summer extreme precipitation frequency (EPF) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley (MLYRV) is examined using an NECP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and daily precipitation data from 74 stations in the MLYRV. The results show a significant negative correlation between the May NAO index and the EPF over the MLYRV in the subsequent summer. In positive EPF index years, the East Asian westerly jet shifts farther southward, and two blocking high positive anomalies appear over the Sea of Okhotsk and the Ural Mountains. These anomalies are favorable to the cold air from the mid-high latitudes invading the Yangtze River Valley (YRV). The moisture convergence and the ascending motion dominate the MLYRV. The above patterns are reversed in negative EPF index years. A wave train pattern that originates from the North Atlantic extends eastward to the Mediterranean and then moves to the Tibetan Plateau and from there to the YRV, which is an important link in the May NAO and the summer extreme precipitation in the MLYRV. The wave train may be aroused by the tripole pattern of the SST, which can explain why the May NAO affects the summer EPF in the MLYRV.

Simulation and Analysis about the Effects of Geopotential Height Anomaly in Tropical and Subtropical Region on Droughts or Floods in the Yangtze River Valley and North China

Previous study comes to the conclusion： based on the anomalies of the South Asian high （SAH）, 100-hPa geopotential height, and 100-hPa circulation over tropical and subtropical regions, we can predict precipitation anomaly in the Yangtze River Valley and North China. To test its validity, a series of experiments have been designed and operated, which include controlled experiment, sensitivity experiment （which has added anomalies into 100-hPa geopotential height and wind field）, and four-composite experiments. Experiments based on the composed initial field such as EPR-CF, EPR-CD, EPR-HF, and EPR-HD, can reproduce the floods or droughts in the Yangtze River Valley and North China. It suggests that anomalies of the SAH, 100- hPa geopotential height, and circulation over tropical and subtropical regions may probably imply summer precipitation anomalies in the two regions. Sensitivity experiment results show that anomalies of the SAH, 100-hPa geopotential height, and southwest flow in the previous period is a signal of droughts or floods for the following summer in the Yangtze River Valley and North China. And it is also one of the factors that have impact on summer precipitation anomaly in the two regions. Positive anomaly of 100-hPa geopotential height and the anomalous intensifying of the SAH and southwest flow will induce floods in the Yangtze River Valley and droughts in North China; while negative anomaly of 100-hPa geopotential height and anomalous weakening of the SAH and southwest flow will induce droughts in the Yangtze River Valley and floods in North China.

Influences of three oceans on record-breaking rainfall over the Yangtze River Valley in June 2020

The rainfall over the Yangtze River Valley(YRV)in June 2020 broke the record since 1979.Here we show that all three oceans of the Pacific,Indian and Atlantic Oceans contribute to the YRV rainfall in June 2020,but the Atlantic plays a dominant role.The sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in three oceans are associated with the two vorticity anomalies:negative 200-hPa relative vorticity anomalies over North China(NC)and negative 850-hPa relative vorticity anomalies in the South China Sea(SCS).The rainfall anomalies in the YRV are mainly controlled by atmospheric process associated with the NC vorticity.The positive SST anomalies in May over the western North Atlantic induce positive geopotential height anomalies in June over the mid-latitude North Atlantic,which affect the rainfall anomalies in the YRV by changing the NC vorticity via Atlantic-induced atmospheric wave train across Europe.The Indian Ocean and tropical North Atlantic,as capacitors of Pacific El Niño events in the preceding winter,affect the SCS vorticity associated with the anomalous anticyclone over the SCS and also facilitate the YRV rainfall by providing favorable moisture conditions.This study suggests that the May SST over the western North Atlantic is a good predictor of June rainfall anomalies in the YRV and highlights the important impacts of three-ocean SSTs on extreme weather and climate events in China.

Recent Studies on Attributions of Climate Change in China

Attributions of floods/cooler along the Yangtze River Valley anddroughts/warmer in North China for the last 25 years have been reviewed in this paper. Both naturalclimate variability and human activities are considered. Some stronger evidences contributed to thenatural climate variability, such as decadal and interdecadal variabilities of East Asian summermonsoon, the periodicities and transitions of rainfall and temperature changes in China, abruptclimate change, NAO, AO, AAO, ENSO, and snow cover. The signals produced by the human activitiessuch as greenhouse gases and 'brown clouds' likely play the role for the patterns. But the physicalfeedbacks and mechanisms still keep ambiguous and vague. More researches should be carried out infuture to solve this issue.