Axonal remodeling is a critical aspect of ischemic brain repair processes and contributes to spontaneous functional recovery.Our previous in vitro study demonstrated that exosomes/small extracellular vesicles(sEVs)iso...Axonal remodeling is a critical aspect of ischemic brain repair processes and contributes to spontaneous functional recovery.Our previous in vitro study demonstrated that exosomes/small extracellular vesicles(sEVs)isolated from cerebral endothelial cells(CEC-sEVs)of ischemic brain promote axonal growth of embryonic cortical neurons and that microRNA 27a(miR-27a)is an elevated miRNA in ischemic CEC-sEVs.In the present study,we investigated whether normal CEC-sEVs engineered to enrich their levels of miR-27a(27a-sEVs)further enhance axonal growth and improve neurological outcomes after ischemic stroke when compared with treatment with non-engineered CEC-sEVs.27a-sEVs were isolated from the conditioned medium of healthy mouse CECs transfected with a lentiviral miR-27a expression vector.Small EVs isolated from CECs transfected with a scramble vector(Scra-sEVs)were used as a control.Adult male mice were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion and then were randomly treated with 27a-sEVs or Scra-sEVs.An array of behavior assays was used to measure neurological function.Compared with treatment of ischemic stroke with Scra-sEVs,treatment with 27a-sEVs significantly augmented axons and spines in the peri-infarct zone and in the corticospinal tract of the spinal grey matter of the denervated side,and significantly improved neurological outcomes.In vitro studies demonstrated that CEC-sEVs carrying reduced miR-27a abolished 27a-sEV-augmented axonal growth.Ultrastructural analysis revealed that 27a-sEVs systemically administered preferentially localized to the pre-synaptic active zone,while quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western Blot analysis showed elevated miR-27a,and reduced axonal inhibitory proteins Semaphorin 6A and Ras Homolog Family Member A in the peri-infarct zone.Blockage of the Clathrin-dependent endocytosis pathway substantially reduced neuronal internalization of 27a-sEVs.Our data provide evidence that 27a-sEVs have a therapeutic effect on stroke recovery by promoting axonal remodeling and improving neurological outcomes.Our findings also suggest that suppression of axonal inhibitory proteins such as Semaphorin 6A may contribute to the beneficial effect of 27a-sEVs on axonal remodeling.展开更多
目的:探讨免疫细胞表型对HSP27的因果作用。方法:采用两样本孟德尔随机化(MR)综合分析来确定免疫细胞表型与HSP27表达水平之间的因果关系。基于公开的遗传数据,我们探索了731个免疫细胞表型与HSP27表达的因果关系,总共包括四种类型的免...目的:探讨免疫细胞表型对HSP27的因果作用。方法:采用两样本孟德尔随机化(MR)综合分析来确定免疫细胞表型与HSP27表达水平之间的因果关系。基于公开的遗传数据,我们探索了731个免疫细胞表型与HSP27表达的因果关系,总共包括四种类型的免疫特征(中位数荧光强度(MFI)、相对细胞(RC)、绝对细胞(AC)和形态参数(MP))。综合敏感性分析用于验证结果的稳健性、异质性和水平多效性。结果:我们进行了双向FDR校正,HSP27的表达在统计学上对细胞免疫表型没有显著影响(P>0.05)。然而,在研究细胞免疫表型对HSP27的因果影响时,我们发现在三种细胞免疫性状类别(MFI、RC、AC)中,21种免疫表型与HSP27表达存在因果联系(P<0.05)。其中,12种免疫表型可促进HSP27的表达(IVW:P<0.05,OR<1),包括:IgD-CD24-AC;IgD-CD24-%lymphocyte;Myeloid DC AC;CD62L-myeloid DC AC;Activated Treg%CD4 Treg;CD38 on IgD+CD38dim;CCR2 on granulocyte;CD80 on CD62L+myeloid DC;CD80 on monocyte;CD8 on TD CD8br;CD4 on activated&secreting Treg;CD11c on granulocyte。另外9种免疫表型可抑制HSP27的表达(IVW:P<0.05,OR>1),即:CD62L-plas-macytoid DC AC;Naive CD4+AC;CD14+CD16+monocyte AC;CD3 on T cell;CD3 on CD8br;HVEM on CM CD4+;HVEM on naive CD4+;CX3CR1 on CD14-CD16-;CD45 on Mo MDSC。结论:本研究揭示了免疫细胞表型与HSP27之间存在显著的遗传相关性,这对了解HSP27的病理机制具有重要意义。它不仅为未来临床疾病的诊断和治疗提供了新思路,而且有助于开发更准确的生物标志物和治疗方法。此外,我们的研究结果扩展了免疫学的研究成果,并为进一步研究免疫细胞与热休克蛋白在免疫应答和疾病中的相互作用提供了新的证据。展开更多
基金supported by the NIH grants,R01 NS111801(to ZGZ)American Heart Association 16SDG29860003(to YZ)。
文摘Axonal remodeling is a critical aspect of ischemic brain repair processes and contributes to spontaneous functional recovery.Our previous in vitro study demonstrated that exosomes/small extracellular vesicles(sEVs)isolated from cerebral endothelial cells(CEC-sEVs)of ischemic brain promote axonal growth of embryonic cortical neurons and that microRNA 27a(miR-27a)is an elevated miRNA in ischemic CEC-sEVs.In the present study,we investigated whether normal CEC-sEVs engineered to enrich their levels of miR-27a(27a-sEVs)further enhance axonal growth and improve neurological outcomes after ischemic stroke when compared with treatment with non-engineered CEC-sEVs.27a-sEVs were isolated from the conditioned medium of healthy mouse CECs transfected with a lentiviral miR-27a expression vector.Small EVs isolated from CECs transfected with a scramble vector(Scra-sEVs)were used as a control.Adult male mice were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion and then were randomly treated with 27a-sEVs or Scra-sEVs.An array of behavior assays was used to measure neurological function.Compared with treatment of ischemic stroke with Scra-sEVs,treatment with 27a-sEVs significantly augmented axons and spines in the peri-infarct zone and in the corticospinal tract of the spinal grey matter of the denervated side,and significantly improved neurological outcomes.In vitro studies demonstrated that CEC-sEVs carrying reduced miR-27a abolished 27a-sEV-augmented axonal growth.Ultrastructural analysis revealed that 27a-sEVs systemically administered preferentially localized to the pre-synaptic active zone,while quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western Blot analysis showed elevated miR-27a,and reduced axonal inhibitory proteins Semaphorin 6A and Ras Homolog Family Member A in the peri-infarct zone.Blockage of the Clathrin-dependent endocytosis pathway substantially reduced neuronal internalization of 27a-sEVs.Our data provide evidence that 27a-sEVs have a therapeutic effect on stroke recovery by promoting axonal remodeling and improving neurological outcomes.Our findings also suggest that suppression of axonal inhibitory proteins such as Semaphorin 6A may contribute to the beneficial effect of 27a-sEVs on axonal remodeling.
文摘目的:探讨免疫细胞表型对HSP27的因果作用。方法:采用两样本孟德尔随机化(MR)综合分析来确定免疫细胞表型与HSP27表达水平之间的因果关系。基于公开的遗传数据,我们探索了731个免疫细胞表型与HSP27表达的因果关系,总共包括四种类型的免疫特征(中位数荧光强度(MFI)、相对细胞(RC)、绝对细胞(AC)和形态参数(MP))。综合敏感性分析用于验证结果的稳健性、异质性和水平多效性。结果:我们进行了双向FDR校正,HSP27的表达在统计学上对细胞免疫表型没有显著影响(P>0.05)。然而,在研究细胞免疫表型对HSP27的因果影响时,我们发现在三种细胞免疫性状类别(MFI、RC、AC)中,21种免疫表型与HSP27表达存在因果联系(P<0.05)。其中,12种免疫表型可促进HSP27的表达(IVW:P<0.05,OR<1),包括:IgD-CD24-AC;IgD-CD24-%lymphocyte;Myeloid DC AC;CD62L-myeloid DC AC;Activated Treg%CD4 Treg;CD38 on IgD+CD38dim;CCR2 on granulocyte;CD80 on CD62L+myeloid DC;CD80 on monocyte;CD8 on TD CD8br;CD4 on activated&secreting Treg;CD11c on granulocyte。另外9种免疫表型可抑制HSP27的表达(IVW:P<0.05,OR>1),即:CD62L-plas-macytoid DC AC;Naive CD4+AC;CD14+CD16+monocyte AC;CD3 on T cell;CD3 on CD8br;HVEM on CM CD4+;HVEM on naive CD4+;CX3CR1 on CD14-CD16-;CD45 on Mo MDSC。结论:本研究揭示了免疫细胞表型与HSP27之间存在显著的遗传相关性,这对了解HSP27的病理机制具有重要意义。它不仅为未来临床疾病的诊断和治疗提供了新思路,而且有助于开发更准确的生物标志物和治疗方法。此外,我们的研究结果扩展了免疫学的研究成果,并为进一步研究免疫细胞与热休克蛋白在免疫应答和疾病中的相互作用提供了新的证据。
