基于活动理论的BOPPPS教学模式促进学生编程和计算思维的实证研究——以Pepper机器人教学为例

本研究以“活动理论”教育理念为依据,构建以“引导活动、知识测试活动、合作体验活动和学习反思活动”为主体的活动理论教学模型,并设计以“导入、目标、前测、参与式学习、后测、总结”六个环节为主体的BOPPPS教学模式,利用Pepper机器人开展教学实践以培养学生的计算思维。实证分析结果表明,基于活动理论的BOPPPS教学模式促进了学生的编程成绩和计算思维成绩的提升,为中小学编程教学改革提供了借鉴。

Impact of training methods and biostimulant applications on sweet pepper(Capsicum annuum) yield and nutritional values:Under greenhouse condition

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important agricultural crop because of the nutritional value of the fruit and its economic importance.Various techniques have been practiced to enhance pepper's productivity and nutritional value.Therefore,this study was conducted to determine the impact of different training methods and biostimulant applications on sweet pepper plants'growth,yield,and chemical composition under greenhouse conditions.For the training method,unpruned plants were compared with one stem and two stem plants.Unpruned plants had the fruit number of 33.98,fruit weight of 2.18 kg·plant^(-1),and total marketable yield of 1 090.0 kg·hm^(-2).One stem plant gave the best average fruit weight of 86.63 g,vitamin C content of 13.66 mg·kg^(-1)FW,and TSS content of 7.21%.However,two stem plants had the highest fruit setting of 62.41%,carotenoid content of 0.14 mg·kg^(-1)FW,and fruit chlorophyll content of 3.57 mg·kg^(-1)FW.For biostimulant applications,control plants were compared with the Disper Root (DR) and Disper Vital (DV).DR application significantly increased total sugar,carotenoid,fruit chlorophyll,and TSS contents compared to the control and DV applications.While,applying DV increased fruit setting,plant fruit number,weight,and total marketable yield.In addition,integrating one stem plant with the DR application improved fiber,vitamin C,and TSS contents significantly.Two stem plants,and the DV application improved fruit setting and carotenoid content.Thus,one and two stem training methods integrated with the DR and DV biostimulant applications could be considered for developing agricultural practices to obtain commercial yield and improve the nutrition values of sweet peppers,as unpruned plants without biostimulant applications have a negative impact.

Transcription factor CabHLH035 promotes cold resistance and homeostasis of reactive oxygen species in pepper

Plant basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors(TFs)play central roles in various abiotic stresses.However,its role in plant cold resistance is largely unknown.Previously,we characterised CaNAC035 in pepper,which positively regulates tolerance to cold,salt and drought stresses tolerance.Here,we identified CabHLH035,a CaNAC035-interacting protein in pepper.To explore its functions in cold stress tolerance,we silenced the gene in pepper via virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)and overexpressed the gene in Arabidopsis.The results showed that CabHLH035 expression was induced by cold treatment,and silencing of CabHLH035 decreased cold stress tolerance.Conversely,overexpression of CabHLH035 in Arabidopsis increased cold stress tolerance.To investigate homologs genes of C-repeat binding factor(CBF)pathway proteins and reactive oxygen species(ROS)marker gene expression blocking by CabHLH035,we performed yeast one-hybrid(Y1H),dual luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments.The results showed that CabHLH035 bound to the region upstream of the CaCBF1A and CaAPX promoters.Additionally,CaCBF1A bound to the CaDHN4 promoter.Taken together,our results showed that CabHLH035 plays a crucial role in cold stress tolerance and its potential as a target for breeding cold-resistant crops.The findings provide a basis for studying the functions and regulatory network of cold stress tolerance in pepper.

Melatonin mitigates cold-induced damage to pepper seedlings by promoting redox homeostasis and regulating antioxidant profiling

This study assessed the influence of exogenous ME in the mitigation of cold damage in pepper seedlings. Melatonin(ME) is a dynamic molecule that helps plants cope with stress in several ways. Cold stress(CS) is one of the most important environmental factors that restrict plant growth and yield. Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) is a valuable commercial crop, highly sensitive to CS. Thus, identifying an efficient strategy to mitigate cold damage is critical for long-term pepper production. For this purpose, the roots of pepper seedlings were pretreated with ME(5 μmol · L^(-1)) and exposed to CS for 7 d. The results indicated that CS suppressed pepper growth, hampered photosynthetic capacity, and damaged root architecture in pepper plants. In contrast, the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS), malondialdehyde(MDA), electrolyte leakage(EL), proline, and soluble sugars were enhanced in plants under CS. ME(5 μmol · L^(-1)) pretreatment reduced the negative effects of CS by recovering plant growth, root traits, gas exchange elements, and pigment molecules compared to CS control treatment. Furthermore, ME application efficiently reduced oxidative stress markers [hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)), superoxide ion(O_(2)^(·-)), EL, and MDA] while increasing proline and soluble sugar content in pepper leaves. ME application combined with CS further increased antioxidant enzymes and related gene expression. Collectively, our results confirmed the mitigating potential of ME supplementation for CS by maintaining pepper seedling growth,improving the photosynthesis apparatus, regulating pigments, and osmolyte content.

Hydrolytic and Antimicrobial Activities of Bacteria Isolated from Fermented Peppers Sold in Markets at Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

Microorganisms are omnipresent in all environments and play mainly the role of transformers, thanks to the multiple enzymes they are able to produce. In order to valorize fermented foods in the Republic of the Congo, this work aimed to characterize and study some properties of microorganisms isolated from samples of peppers sold in three markets of Brazzaville. A numeration of the total aerobic mesophilic flora (TAMF) was made in a solid medium, allowing the evaluation of each sample’s microbial concentration. The microbial mass varied from 2.8 × 105 CFU/g for the Ouénzé sample to 1.8 × 104 CFU/g for the Total sample and 2 × 104 CFU/g for the Moungali market sample. The evaluation of the enzymatic properties of the Bacillus isolates showed that 68.42% were capable of producing cellulases and 78.94% were capable of producing amylases and proteases. Antimicrobial activities revealed that 63.15% of the isolates were able to secrete inhibitory substances against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular analysis by PCR amplification, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and BLAST bioinformatics analysis provides newly identified bacteria strains with new accession numbers in GenBank: Bacillus thuringiensis MBCBR322 (OP474008), Bacillus megaterium MBCBJ1822 (OP476493), Bacillus thuringiensis MBCBR222 (OP476494), Priestia megaterium MBCBJ2022 (OP476495) and Lactobacillus paraplantarum MBCBR1522 (OP476496). Multiple sequences alignment of identified sequences with their homologs of GenBank has shown high similarities. The phylogenetic inference assay has provided the two groups of strains observed in this study, and the two groups are very coherent with the phylogeny of the reference.

Analysis of Fourteen Mycotoxins in Chili Peppers in Guizhou Province Combining DES-DLLME and UHPLC-MS/MS and Their Risk Evaluation

Mycotoxins exist widely in food and have a serious impact on human health.At present,most detection methods of mycotoxins are costly and time-consuming.Most of these methods are aimed at detecting a single type of mycotoxin,and the efficiency is not high.On this basis,in this study,QuEChERS-deep eutectic solvent liquid-liquid microextraction was applied to extract and enrich 14 mycotoxins in chili peppers from the concept of green chemistry.A simple,time-consuming and environment-friendly multi-flux pretreatment method was established,and 100 chili pepper samples were randomly sampled from farmers'markets and supermarkets in major urban areas of Guizhou Province for detection,and risk assessment was carried out according to the detection results.

Effects of Full-Element Bio-Organic Fertilizer on Growth,Yield,and Rhizosphere Soil Nutrients of Pepper

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of self-developed full-element bio-organic fertilizer on the growth,yield,and rhizosphere soil nutrients of pepper.Four treatments were designed,including full-element bio-organic fertilizer+conventional fertilizer reduced by 50%(T1),inactivated full-element bio-organic fertilizer+conventional fertilizer reduced by 50%(T2),conventional fertilizer(T3),and no fertilizer(CK).The results showed that T1 significantly increased the plant height,crown width,fruit number per plant,and yield of pepper.T1 had higher pH value,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,available nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium in the rhizosphere soil than T3 and CK,and it had higher available phosphorus and available potassium than T2.The disease index of bacterial wilt in T1 was 21.74,which was 10.37,20.19,and 35.48 lower than T2,T3,and CK,respectively.The control effect of T1 reached 56.71%.The above results indicated that whole bio-organic fertilizer promoted the growth to improve the yield and benefit of pepper.Moreover,the fertilizer activated soil nutrients to improve soil fertility and reduced soil-borne diseases.Therefore,the full-element bio-organic fertilizer can be promoted in the pepper fields with continuous cropping obstacles.

Mitigation of Detrimental Effects of Salinity on Sweet Pepper through Biochar- Based Fertilizers Derived from Date Palm Wastes

Globally,salinity is a brutal environmental constraint that poses a major threat to agriculture worldwide,causing nutrient imbalances and oxidative stress,leading to reduced crop yields and quality.Date palm waste from the agro-industry is a major environmental problem,but its conversion to biochar for soil amendment could help alleviate the effects of salinity stress.Pepper is a commonly grown horticultural crop that is sensitive to salinity.That’s why the current experiment was conducted with the novel idea of exploring the potential use of biochar-based fertilizer derived from date palm waste as a mitigation strategy for salinity-related problems in pepper.The study was conducted as a pot experiment in a growth chamber under controlled conditions.The experiment con-sisted of four treatment groups:Control(no salinity stress);BM350E(biochar application only);NaCl(salinity stress without biochar application);BM350E+NaCl(combined biochar and salinity stress application).The soil was amended with biochar at a concentration of 3 g kg^(-1) soil and pepper seedlings were exposed to salinity stress with 150 mM NaCl for seven days.The morphological,biochemical,and physiological responses were then eval-uated.The use of BM350E biochar significantly improved plant growth under saline conditions,increasing shoot fresh weight by 9.41%,root fresh weight by 15.32%,shoot length by 5.22%,and root length by 12.57%.It also increased chlorophyll a(Chl.a)by 8.28%,chlorophyll b(Chl.b)by 80.20%,and carotenoids(Car)by 52.43%while increasing antioxidant enzyme activities.In conclusion,BM350E biochar has the potential to effectively mitigate the negative effects of salinity on pepper growth.

Variety Selection and Green Cultivation Technology of Courtyard Ornamental and Edible Peppers

In order to comply with the development trend of the multifunctional use of peppers,we conducted an investigation into the characteristics and features of varieties,potting management techniques,and the methods of extending the fruit ornamental period and other aspects of courtyard ornamental and edible peppers.A set of cultivation techniques suitable for courtyard ornamental and edible peppers has been developed,including timely sowing and seedling,nutrient soil preparation,water and fertilizer management,trimming and pruning,preservation of flowers and fruits,green prevention and control of diseases and pests,harvesting,and so on.

输华胡椒种苗传带有害生物的风险分析研究

对输华胡椒种苗传带有害生物的潜在危害开展风险分析和评估,为检疫部门制定风险管理策略提供理论依据。通过查阅国内外相关研究进展,确定境外输华胡椒中可能传带的有害生物共有127种,包括真菌27种、细菌6种、线虫24种、昆虫68种、杂草2种。根据在中国的分布情况(未分布或分布未广)、是否官方管制、随胡椒种苗携带的可能性进行评估,确定需要进一步评估的潜在检疫性有害生物14种,包括真菌5种,细菌2种,线虫2种,昆虫5种。从入境、定殖、扩散可能性、经济影响和多指标综合评价方面对这14种潜在的检疫性有害生物进行定性和定量分析,结果表明,极高风险有害生物4种、高风险有害生物9种、中风险有害生物1种。最终确定有害红皮孔菌(Pyrrhoderma noxium)等14种有害生物为输华胡椒种苗需关注的检疫性有害生物,并提出风险管理方案。

小米椒生物力学特性试验研究

为了提升小米椒的机械化收获质量和效率,对小米椒的物理及力学特性进行了试验测量。通过测量,小米椒在15天内的含水率为86%~90%,且中部最高、首部次之、尾部最低。通过拉伸试验,确定小米椒断裂时的抗拉强度为0.679 MPa±0.03 MPa。采用正交旋转组合设计方法,确定了加载速度对抗压强度的影响极显著,小米椒直径对抗压强度的影响显著,加载速度对剪切强度的影响显著。通过轴向压缩和剪切试验,确定了小米椒首部的抗压强度平均值为0.62 MPa,弹性模量平均值为2.72 MPa;中部抗压强度平均值为0.64 MPa,弹性模量平均值为3.17 MPa;尾部抗压强度平均值为0.61 MPa,弹性模量平均值为2.64 MPa,小米椒剪切强度平均值为0.32 MPa。

连作辣椒土壤理化性状及土壤酶活性对微生物菌剂的响应

以辣椒为研究对象,以5种微生物菌剂为试验材料,开展不同微生物菌剂对辣椒土壤改良效果,筛选出能够缓解辣椒连作障碍及合适的微生物菌剂,以期得到当地最优的微生物菌剂,为宁南连作辣椒改良技术集成提供参考依据。结果表明:施加微生物菌剂处理影响各生育期连作辣椒土壤碱性磷酸酶的活性,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性随生育期的延长呈现先升高后略有下降的趋势;微生物菌剂处理下土壤速效钾含量随各生育期变化不大,但显著影响开花期和成熟期土壤有机质含量;不同微生物菌剂处理对不同生育期的土壤全磷含量影响程度不同。综上所述,施加微生物菌剂均对缓解辣椒连作障碍表现出积极的正向作用。

AFLP Analysis of Cytoplasmic Male-sterile Line and Its Maintainer Line of Pepper

[Objective] The aim of this study was to analyze the cytoplasmic male sterile line 21A and its maintainer line 21B of peppers by AFLP,and lay the foundation for further studies on molecular mechanism of the cytoplasmic male sterility in peppers.[Method] Cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)line 21A and its maintainer line 21B were analyzed by AFLP to obtain the specific amplified fragments of cytoplasmic male sterile line 21A,while the specific amplified fragments were recovered or sequenced,and analyzed by BLAST...

Effect of Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers on the Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Hot Pepper in Qiu-bei

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of slow and controlled release fertilizers（SCRF）on the yield of qiubei hot pepper,its nutrient use efficiency and environment.[Method] Using Qiubei hot pepper（Capsicum frutescens L.）as the experimental material,we studied the fertilization effect and environment-protecting effect of SCRF.[Result] The result showed that SCRF could improve the agronomic characteristics of hot pepper.Compared to singly applied common fertilizers,SCRF increased economic yield by 20.90% and economic benefit by 13 234.35 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 47.93%.In comparison with common straight fertilizers at same NPK proportion and rate,SCRF increased economic yield by 5.26% and economic benefit by 5 554.80 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 9.91%.Under the reduced use of SCRF by 20%,SCRF increased economic yield by 12.38% and economic benefit by 9595.20 Yuan/hm2 compared with singly applied common fertilizers,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 65.95%.SCRF improved nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium use efficiencies by 12.42-17.53,3.35-5.24 and 5.37-14.02 percents respectively.[Conclusion] As the result of much reduced N and P application rates,SCRF would significantly economize fertilizer resources and minimize the pollution caused by the loss of fertilizer nutrients,which is of practical importance for environment protection.

Screening of SSR Core Primers for Purity Identification of Pepper(Capsicum) Hybrids

[Objective] This study aimed to screen a set of SSR core primers suitable for purity identification of pepper （Capsicum） hybrids. [Method] DNA fingerprint of 100 pepper hybrids was analyzed using 17 SSR primers. [Result] According to the polymorphism and heterozygosity, Hpms1-214, Es395 and Hpmsl-5 were determined as three preferred core primers for purity identification of pepper hybrids. By using these three preferred core primers, 97 pepper hybrids （accounting for 97%） had heterozygous band pattern with at least one primer. Es330, Es363, Epms923, Es120 and Es64 were determined as candidate core primers for purity identification of pepper hybrids. Specific primers of 14 varieties were obtained, which could be used to further screen parent-complementary primers of each pepper hybrid. [Con- clusion] This study laid the foundation for constructing standard DNA fingerprints for purity identification of pepper hybrids.

Screening of Low Temperature Resistance Germplasm Resources of Pigment Pepper

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the method and standard for rapidly screening low temperature-resistant pepper germplasm resources and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of low temperature-resistant pepper. [ Method ] With 110 pigment pepper seeds as the materials, their germination vigor under optimum temperature and suboptimal temperature were determined by means of roll rapid germination, and seeds with different genetic types were evaluated from aspects of germination vigor and its interval division. [ Result ] 37 pepper seeds with stronger low temperature resistance were screened. [ Conclusion]This study provides an important basis for screening low temperature-resistant pepper germplasm resources.

Discussion on AFLP Molecular Markers in Piper methysticum and Pepper

The aim of the research was to discuss the genetic relationships between Piper methysticum, Pepper and other wild species in Pepper genus. DNA was extracted from leaves which belonged to 28 germplasms including 6 materials of P. methysticum, 21 maerials of cultivated and wild Pepper, 1 material of Peperomia pellucida belonged to different genus. Premiers with good band-type and high polymorphism and resolution were selected from 64 pairs of primers for AFLP amplification and the clustering analysis was conducted with MVSP3.13f software. 191 bands were amplified by 4 pairs of premiers, 189 of which had polymorphism, being 98.6%. 28 germplasms were classified into 6 different groups at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.52 by silver staining AFLP, in which 6 materials of Piper methysticum were clustered into a single group, indicating that P. methysticum belonged to Pepper family of Pepper genus but were distantly related to the others. The research provided the basis for selecting rootstocks for P. methysticum graft, molecular identification of P. methysticum and the fingerprint construction of P. methysticum.

Current Situation and Countermeasures of Breeding for Processing Pepper in China

Research progress on the heterosis, cytoplasmic male sterility and biotechnology breeding of processing pepper （Capsicum annuum L.） was introduced, and the problems of limited germplasm resources and varieties of processing pep- per, large gap with the foreign companies were pointed out. Some suggestions were proposed on strengthening innovation and collection of germplasm resources, breed- ing processing pepper varieties, enhancing breeding level of processing pepper and its market competitiveness.

Relationship between SSR Genetic Distance and Heterosis in Hot Pepper

[Objective] This study aimed to predict the heterosis of hot pepper using SSR genetice distance. [Method] Twenty-five hybridized combinations between 10pepper parents were obtained through NCⅡ incomplete diallel cross to analyze the relationship between SSR genetic distance and heterosis. [Result] The genetic distance of the parents varied in a range from 0.13 to 0.33, and the average genetic distance was 0.25, indicating that the genetic difference was not obvious among the parents, namely, they shared a close genetic relationship. In addition, the SSR genetic distance was closely related to yield per plant and fruits per plant, but showed no obvious correlation with other traits. [Conclusion] This study proved that in a certain range the combinations between the parents with a distant genetic distance possessed stronger heterosis and a larger possibility to produce a high yield and vice versa.

In vitro Regeneration Culture of Pepper and Its Application in Breeding

This paper summarized the technology of haploid production, protoplast culture, organ regeneration culture of pepper and the key factors affecting in vitro regeneration culture of pepper, including explants, seedling age, medium,genotype and plant growth regulator, then pointed out several main problems, in order to provide the reference for building an efficient in vitro regeneration culture system of pepper and its application in breeding.