Damage and Control Suggestions for the Emerging Disease Coffee Root Rot

[Objectives]The paper was to elucidate the symptoms,morphological characteristics,etiological factors,and current extent of damage associated with coffee root rot disease.[Methods]The symptoms,morphological characteristics,and etiological factors associated with coffee root rot disease were systematically observed,described,and analyzed.The assessment of damage was carried out using a specialized investigative methodology.[Results]The application of bottom fertilizer containing Fusarium incarnatum facilitated the pathogen's entry through root wounds during transplantation,resulting in the development of water-soaked depression lesions in the affected areas.This infection significantly reduced the number of lateral roots in coffee plants,leading to symptoms such as wilting,withering,and ultimately,the death of the aboveground foliage.F.incarnatum exhibited three distinct types of spore morphology:macroconidia,which were sickle-shaped;mesoconidia,which were spindle-shaped;and microconidia,which were oval-shaped.The incidence rate of the disease in the affected region reached 100%,with a disease index exceeding 91,indicating severe damage.[Conclusions]This study serves as a valuable reference for the prevention and management of the emerging disease known as coffee root rot.

Early SkinDiseaseIdentification Using Deep Neural Network

Skin lesions detection and classification is a prominent issue and difficult even for extremely skilled dermatologists and pathologists.Skin disease is the most common disorder triggered by fungus,viruses,bacteria,allergies,etc.Skin diseases are most dangerous and may be the cause of serious damage.Therefore,it requires to diagnose it at an earlier stage,but the diagnosis therapy itself is complex and needs advanced laser and photonic therapy.This advance therapy involvesfinancial burden and some other ill effects.Therefore,it must use artificial intelligence techniques to detect and diagnose it accurately at an earlier stage.Several techniques have been proposed to detect skin disease at an earlier stage but fail to get accuracy.Therefore,the primary goal of this paper is to classify,detect and provide accurate information about skin diseases.This paper deals with the same issue by proposing a high-performance Convolution neural network(CNN)to classify and detect skin disease at an earlier stage.The complete meth-odology is explained in different folds:firstly,the skin diseases images are pre-processed with processing techniques,and secondly,the important feature of the skin images are extracted.Thirdly,the pre-processed images are analyzed at different stages using a Deep Convolution Neural Network(DCNN).The approach proposed in this paper is simple,fast,and shows accurate results up to 98%and used to detect six different disease types.

Isolation and Identification of Pathogens Causing Foot Rot Disease of Bayinbuluk Sheep in Xinjiang

[Objective]The paper was to investigate the pathogenicity of Fusobacterium necrophrum in Bayinbuluk sheep of Xinjiang.[Method]The pathogens of 60 rotten limb tissue samples were isolated and identified from 2019 to 2021.The pathogenicity and bacteria were detected by using artificial infection test,bacterial identification instrument and high performance liquid mass spectrometer.[Result]A total of 3 pathogenic bacteria were isolated from foot rot disease of Bayinbuluk sheep,namely F.necrophrum,Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli,indicating a mixed infection.All of the isolates could cause death in mice,and the fatality rate of mice was 50%.[Conclusion]Foot rot disease is more common in the Bayinbuluk sheep flock in Hejing County of Xinjiang,and the disease can be controlled effectively by doing a good job of sanitary disinfection in the enclosure.

The Therapeutic Effect of Onion on the Pathogenic Bacteria of Gill Rot Disease in Grass Carp

[Objective] The curative effect of onion on bacterial rotted gill disease in grass carp was researched [Method] The combination method of taking medicine through oral and spraying was used to cure sick grass carp for 1 period of treatment in room under artificial conditions. [Result] Different concentrations of onion generated different cure rates. When the combination was adding 1.0% - 2.0% medicine into feed and spraying 2.0 g,/m3 - 5.0 g,/m3, the curative result was the best with cure rate was 70% -90% [ Conclusion] The onion was effective on curing bacterial rotted gill disease in grass carp and could be taken as curative medicine.

Isolation and Identification of the Pathogen Causing Skin Ulcer Disease in Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther and Its Sensitivity to Chinese Herbal Medicine

In this study, the pathogen causing skin ulcer disease in Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther was isolated for morphological observation, physiological and bio- chemical identification. According to the result, the isolated pathogen was identified as Vibrio harveyi. The results of recurrent infection of C. semilaevis Gonther showed that the pathogen was strongly pathogenic to C. semilaevis Gunther. In or- der to explore the pathogenesis, outer membrane protein （OMP） gene of C. semi- laevis Gunther was detected by PCR. The results showed that all the three repre- sentative strains harbored OMP gene. According to the results of sensitivity test of the pathogen to Chinese herbal medicine, Galla Chinensis, Fructus Mume, Fructus Hippophae and Lignum Sappan exerted strong antibacterial effects against V. harveyr, Pericarpium Granati exhibited slight antibacterial effect against V. harveyi; Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Acori GramineL Herba Houttuyniae, Herba Portulacae, Herba Andrographis, Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Herba Menthae Heplocalycis had little effect on V. harveyi. Galla Chinensis, Fructus Mume, Fructus Hippophae and Lignum Sappan were prepared into three prescriptions, among which prescription 1 （Galla Chinensis ＋ Fructus Mume） exhibited the strongest antibacterial effect.

Isolation and Identification of Fungus Causing Collar Rot Disease of Rubber Tree

Collar rot caused the death of Hevea rubber in a village located in Jino County of Xishuangbanna in September, 2012. In order to elucidate the causal agent of collar rot and its taxonomic status, the causal fungus was isolated and identified through a series of tests about its pathogenicity, morphology, culture feature and biological characteristics. The results indicated that the fungus was Fusarium venfrico- sum. It could grow at temperatures ranging from 10 to 40 ℃, and the most suitable temperature was 30 ℃. Its mycelium growth was inhibited above 40 ℃ or below 10 ℃. The accumulated water in wet season was the main reason for this disease occurrence.

Prevention and Control of Gentiana macrophylla Pall Root Rot Disease

The root rot is a major disease affecting yield of Gentiana macrophyl a pal , reducing yield or even causing total crop failure. This research introduced the occurrence characteristics and various control techniques of root rot of Gentiana macrophyl a pal , in order to provide references for farmers.

Characterization of Pythium chondricola associated with red rot disease of Pyropia yezoensis (Ueda)(Bangiales,Rhodophyta) from Lianyungang,China

Pyropia yezoensis(formerly Porphyra yezoensis)is an economically important red alga that is cultured extensively in China.The red rot disease occurs commonly during Pyropia cultivation,causing serious economic losses.An incidence of red rot disease was found in a P.yezoensis farm from mid-November to mid-December 2015 at Lianyungang,Jiangsu Province,China.Histopathological examination revealed that the naturally infected thalli were infected apparently by a pathogen,leading to red rot symptoms.The causative agent was isolated and identified as the oomycete Pythium chondricola by morphological analysis and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1(cox 1).In artifi cial infection experiments on the P.yezoensis blades,the P.chondricola isolate was able to cause the same characteristic histopathology seen in natural infections.P.chondricola grew well at a wide range of temperatures in the range 8-31℃,salinities at 0-45 and pH 5-9.In an orthogonal test used to determine the effects of environmental factors(temperature,salinity,and zoospore concentration)on infection,the data revealed that temperature was the most important factor to affect red rot disease development,with the optimal conditions for disease expansion being 20℃,35 salinity,and a zoospore concentration of 10^6 zoospores/mL.The results obtained from the present study prompted us to set up a comprehensive epidemiological study on Pyropia,which will provide support to maintain the healthy development of the Pyropia industry in China.

Infection and Colonization of Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium proliferatum in Rice Spikelet Rot Disease

Rice spikelet rot disease(RSRD), caused by Fusarium proliferatum, is an emerging disease. So far, the effects of diseased rice floral organs as well as the primary infection sites and stages of this pathogen are not determined. We investigated changes in the floral organs, along with the infection processes of the pathogen in plants inoculated with F. proliferatum and labelled with a green fluorescent protein during different growth stages of rice. The results showed that RSRD is not a systemic infectious disease, which has negative effects on the fertility of the infected rice. F. proliferatum caused brown colored anthers, crinkled pistils and ovaries, pollen grain deformities and anther indehiscence. The number of pollen grains on the stigmas decreased significantly in the infected spikelets, and the anther dehiscence and seed-setting rate successively declined by 69% and 73%, respectively, as a result of the infection. The initial infection stage occurred at the pollen cell maturity stage, and the primary invasion sites were determined to be the anthers of rice. It was noted that the pathogen mainly damaged the pollen cells, and with the exception of the filaments, proceeded to colonize the pistils and endosperm.

Antibacterial Activity of Extracts from Zostera marina Against Pathogens of Apostichopus japonicus Skin Ulceration Disease

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of extracts from Zostera marina against the pathogens of Apostichopus japonicus skin ulceration disease.When 95% ethanol (v/v) solvent was used to extract Zostera marina at 50℃,aqueous extract (ZA) showed obvious bacteriostatic effects on the tested bacterial strains (inhibition halo diameters between 8.23 mm and 13.62 mm),whereas the ethyl acetate extract (ZE) was almost inactive.The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZA against four pathogens were homogeneous at 12.8 g L-1.ZA components were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) assay and six fractions were obtained.In another study,the six fractions showed inhibitory effects against the tested bacteria while their functions seemed to counteract the ZA activity.

Deep Learning Based Automated Diagnosis of Skin Diseases Using Dermoscopy

Biomedical image analysis has been exploited considerably by recent technology involvements,carrying about a pattern shift towards‘automation’and‘error free diagnosis’classification methods with markedly improved accurate diagnosis productivity and cost effectiveness.This paper proposes an automated deep learning model to diagnose skin disease at an early stage by using Dermoscopy images.The proposed model has four convolutional layers,two maxpool layers,one fully connected layer and three dense layers.All the convolutional layers are using the kernel size of 3∗3 whereas the maxpool layer is using the kernel size of 2∗2.The dermoscopy images are taken from the HAM10000 dataset.The proposed model is compared with the three different models of ResNet that are ResNet18,ResNet50 and ResNet101.The models are simulated with 32 batch size and Adadelta optimizer.The proposed model has obtained the best accuracy value of 0.96 whereas the ResNet101 model has obtained 0.90,the ResNet50 has obtained 0.89 and the ResNet18 model has obtained value as 0.86.Therefore,features obtained from the proposed model are more capable for improving the classification performance of multiple skin disease classes.This model can be used for early diagnosis of skin disease and can also act as a second opinion tool for dermatologists.

Study on Preventive Effect of Cecropin and Lysozyme on Skin Fester Disease in Trionyx sinensis

[ Objective ] This study was to investigate the preventive effect of cecropin and lysozyme on skin fester disease in Trionyx sinensis. [ Method ] By employing intramuscular injection method, the preventive effect of mixtures of cecropin （10 mg/kg） and lysozyme（ 10 mg/kg） and of cecropin（6 mg/kg） and lysozyme（ 5 mg/kg） were challenged on Aeromonas encheleia-caused skin fester disease in T. sinensis. The mortality and relative percent survival were used evaluate the preventive effect of different drugs. The serum agglutination titer, cytophagocytosis and bactericidal activity were detected to compare the effect of drugs on the immunity and disease resistance of T. sinensis. [ Result] The residue concentrations of gentamicin and lysozyme in serum were compared to evaluate the side effect of drugs used challenged. The results showed that combined use of cecropin and lysozyme gave the best preventive effect and immunity in T. sinensis, with an extremely significant difference from other treatments （ P 〈 0.01 ）. Analysis of drug residue in serum indicated that lysozyme was completely metabolized 6 days after medication, while gentamicin residue was still observed 12 days later. [ Conclusion] The combined application of cecropin and lysozyme showed better preventive effect than antibiotics in fester disease of T. sinensis. Moreover, no drug residue and side effect were observed in the combined use treatment. This method avoids the side effect of antibiotics, worthy of extension at commercial scale.

Skin disease and thyroid autoimmunity in atopic South Italian children

AIM:To verify the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity(TA) and the possible association between atopy and TA in children affected by skin disease.METHODS:Three hundred and twenty-four children consecutively referred due to skin disease symptoms to our Pediatric Department were enrolled.One hundred and eighty-seven were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis(AD),95 with acute urticaria,40 with chronic urticaria(CU),and 2 with alopecia areata(AA).According to the work-up for atopy,the children were divided into two groups:Atopics and non-atopics.TA was diagnosed by serum thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies and/or thyroglobulin autoantibodies levels more than twice normal values over a period of two months by immunoassay.RESULTS:In all children with skin disease,a significant prevalence of TA in atopies compared with non-atopies(13.67%vs 2.67%,P=0.0016) and a significant association between TA and atopy(OR=5.76,95%CI:1.71-19.35) were observed.These findings were confirmed as significant in children with AD:TA in atopies was 11.5%,while TA in non-atopies was2.7%(P=0.03,OR=4.68,95%CI:1.02-21.38).In addition,atopics with CU showed a significantly higher prevalence of TA(26.9%),but none of the non-atopics showed CU(P=0.0326).On the other hand,atopies with AA showed a 100%(2 out of 2) prevalence of TA,compared with none of the non-atopies.CONCLUSION:In children with skin disease,atopy seems to be associated with an increased risk of TA.

A summary about dendritic cells in skin diseases

Dendritic cellls (DCs) comprise an es se ntial component of the immune system, are crucial in the initiation of antigen s pecific immune responses. In this summary we focus on summarizing on the central role of DCs in skin diseases: Bullous dermatoses, Dermatitis, Psoriasis, Lichen Planus , Graft-versus-host disease, Connect Tissue Diseases, Virus Diseases, Fungi Diseases, HIV, Urticaria, Urticaria pigmentosa, Mastocytosis, Tumour, Sola r dermatoses. Moreover,in this summary we review the distribution and phenotype of DCs in human skin. Markers and phenotyps 's study have provided strong suppo rt for a concept in which DCs play an important role in the pothogenesis of som e skin diseases.

Helicobacter pylori and inflammatory skin diseases

Throughout the history of mankind, infections have been the major cause of diseases. Over the last decades, not only the incidence of emerging infectious diseases have increased, but also tremendous strides have been made in understanding the biology of several pathogenic microorganisms. Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is a spiral-shaped, gram-negative bacterium, which infects over the half of the world's population. H. pylori has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of gastrointestinal disorders. However, new researches have demonstrated that H. pylori is also involved in the pathogenesis of various extragastric diseases. The difference in the clinical outcome of H. pylori infection may be explained, at least in part, by host response to the infection and H. pylori virulence factors. It is obvious that as developments in the research on H. pylori spring up, an understanding of the pathophysiology of H. pylori infection will continue to be identified. Here in this review, we summarize the current knowledge about H. pylori and its association with inflammatory skin diseases.

Sequence Analysis of Attachment Gene of Lumpy Skin Disease and Sheep Poxviruses

In Egypt,protection of cattle against lumpy skin disease (LSD) was carried out using a sheep poxvirus (Kenyan strain) vaccination strategy.In the present study 15 skin nodules from LSD suspected cows and 5 scab samples from sheep pox (SP) suspected sheep were collected.Hyperimmune rabbit sera to Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)/Ismailyia88 strain and sheep pox virus (SPV)/ Kenyan vaccinal strain were prepared.The causative agent in the collected samples was identified using immunoflourescence (IF) and immunoperoxidase techniques.Of the 15 skin nodules suspected of LSD,10 showed a positive reaction and 3 out of 5 skin scabs suspected of sheeppox were found to be positive.An antigenic correlation between field skin isolate of LSDV,tissue culture adapted LSDV/Ismailyia88 strain,field skin isolate of SPV and SPV/Kenyan vaccinal strain was studied using prepared hyperimmune sera.Also,nucleotide sequence of the PCR amplified attachment gene fragments of field skin isolate of LSDV,tissue culture adapted LSDV/Ismailyia88 strain,field skin isolate of SPV and SPV /Kenyan vaccinal strain were compared.The results revealed that the four used viruses were antigenically identical.Sequence analysis indicated that field skin LSDV isolate is more related to tissue culture adapted LSDV/Ismailyia88 strain than to vaccinal SPV/ Kenyan strain and the skin isolate of SPV is more closely related to field skin isolate of LSDV than to SPV/Kenyan vaccinal strain.Thus,further study should be applied on the advantage of a LSD vaccine prepared from LSDV in protection of cattle against LSD compared to the commonly used sheep pox vaccine.

Cutaneous Cryptococcosis Arising in a Patient with Idiopathic Lung Disease: Related Illnesses or “Ticks and Fleas”

Cryptococcus is a yeast typically found in bird feces such as pigeon droppings. Infection may occur through inhalation of spores or via direct inoculation into the skin. Typically there is a history of immunosuppression, but cases are also reported in immunocompetent hosts. Cryptococcus may manifest as pulmonary disease or primary cutaneous infection, but dissemination to a systemic illness is the most life-threatening concern. We present the case of a 71-year-old man with a four-year history of idiopathic lung disease, treated with oral prednisone and mycophenolate, presents with a new onset skin rash on the right wrist. He has a history of cleaning and clearing barns and sheds after a recent storm devastated the area. Birds and bats were present in these structures while he was working. Initial therapy failed, and subsequent biopsy showed the presence of Cryptococcus yeast. Further investigation yielded a positive, low titer Cryptococcus antigen screen but negative blood cultures. This case illustrates three valuable facets of patient care. Ideally, one diagnosis will explain all of the clinical presentation, but when that is not the case then multiple etiologies must be explored. Sometimes first-line therapy is ineffective, and the clinician should not be afraid to recognize that and change course. Importantly with skin lesions, failure to respond to treatment or worsening of the lesion in the face of topical and/or oral steroids should lead one to consider the possibility of infection, particularly in an immunosuppressed patient, and prompt biopsy is prudent.

Bioengineered skin organoids:from development to applications

Signifcant advancements have been made in recent years in the development of highly sophisticated skin organoids.Serving as three-dimensional(3D)models that mimic human skin,these organoids have evolved into complex structures and are increasingly recognized as efective alternatives to traditional culture models and human skin due to their ability to overcome the limitations of two-dimensional(2D)systems and ethical concerns.The inherent plasticity of skin organoids allows for their construction into physiological and pathological models,enabling the study of skin development and dynamic changes.This review provides an overview of the pivotal work in the progression from 3D layered epidermis to cyst-like skin organoids with appendages.Furthermore,it highlights the latest advancements in organoid construction facilitated by state-of-the-art engineering techniques,such as 3D printing and microfuidic devices.The review also summarizes and discusses the diverse applications of skin organoids in developmental biology,disease modelling,regenerative medicine,and personalized medicine,while considering their prospects and limitations.

Ethnomedicinal plants used in the treatment of skin diseases in Hyderabad Karnataka region,Karnataka,India

Objective:To document traditional medicinal plants knowledge used in treating skin diseases at Hyderabad Karnataka Region.Methods:The information on the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of skin diseases was gathered from traditional herbal healers and other villagers through interviews.Results:A total of 60 plants species belonging to 57 genera and 34 families were found useful and herewith described them along with the method of drug preparation,mode of administration,probable dosage and duration of treatment.Several new findings on the traditional rural practices were reported.Conclusions:The present study revealed that the Hyderabad Kamataka rural people is primarily dependent on medicinal plants for treating skin diseases.

Identification and Control of Radish Alternaria Leaf Spot, Black Rot, Soft Rot, Virus Disease and Hollowness

The damage characteristics and occurrence regularity of radish alternaria leaf spot, black rot, soft rot, virus disease and hollowness are introduced in the paper, and the corresponding control method is proposed from two aspects of agricultural control and chemical control.