Changes on Stroke Burden Attributable to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter in China

Objective In recent decades,China has implemented a series of policies to address air pollution.We aimed to assess the health effects of these policies on stroke burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)).Methods Joinpoint regression was applied to explore the temporal tendency of stroke burden based on data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study.Results The age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life year(DALY)for stroke attributable to ambient PM2.5 in China,increased dramatically during 1990-2012,subsequently decreased at an annual percentage change(APC)of-1.98[95% confidence interval(CI):-2.26,-1.71]during 2012-2019.For ischemic stroke(IS),the age-standardized DALY rates doubled from 1990 to 2014,and decreased at an APC of-0.83(95%CI:-1.33,-0.33)during 2014-2019.Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)showed a substantial increase in age-standardized DALY rates from 1990 to 2003,followed by declining trends,with APCs of-1.46(95%CI:-2.74,-0.16)during 2003-2007 and-3.33(95%CI:-3.61,-3.06)during 2011-2019,respectively.Conversely,the age-standardized DALY rates for subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)generally declined during 1990-2019.Conclusion Our results clarified the dynamic changes of the ambient PM_(2.5)-attributable stroke burden in China during 1990-2019,highlighting the health effects of air quality improvement policies.

Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Blood Pressure:Evidence from a Large Chinese Multiple Follow-Up Study

Objective This study aimed to investigate the association of ambient PM_(2.5)exposure with blood pressure(BP)at the population level in China.Methods A total of 14,080 participants who had at least two valid blood pressure records were selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey during 2011–2015.Their long-term PM_(2.5)exposure was assessed at the geographical level,on the basis of a regular 0.1°×0.1°grid over China.A mixed-effects regression model was used to assess associations.Results Each decrease of 10μg/m^(3)in the 1 year-mean PM_(2.5)concentration(FPM1Y)was associated with a decrease of 1.24[95%confidence interval(CI):0.84–1.64]mmHg systolic BP(SBP)and 0.50(95%CI:0.25–0.75)mmHg diastolic BP(DBP),respectively.A robust association was observed between the long-term decrease in PM_(2.5)and decreased BP in the middle-aged and older population.Using a generalized additive mixed model,we further found that SBP increased nonlinearly overall with FPM1Y but in an approximately linear range when the FPM1Y concentration was<70μg/m^(3);In contrast,DBP increased approximately linearly without a clear threshold.Conclusion Efficient control of PM_(2.5)air pollution may promote vascular health in China.Our study provides robust scientific support for making the related air pollution control policies.

Adverse Effects of Exposure to Fine Particulate Matters and Ozone on Gestational Hypertension

Gestational hypertension(GH)is a common complication during pregnancy.GH is regarded as a potential public health challenge for pregnant women and infants.Limited evidence has linked ambient air pollution to an increased GH risk.However,most of the studies were conducted in developed countries,with inconsistent results obtained.The present study was performed to explore whether exposure to particulate matters with an aerodynamic diameter≤2.5(PM2.5)and ozone(O3)was related to elevated odds of GH in a Chinese population.This population-based cohort study involved 38115 pregnant women in Wuhan,China.All information was collected from the Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Management Information System,using standardized quality control.The daily air pollutant data for PM2.5 and O3 were obtained from the 20 monitoring stations of the Wuhan Environmental Monitoring Center during 2014.The nearest monitor approach was applied to individual exposure assessment of PM2.5 and O3 for each participant.After adjusting for major confounders and other air pollutants,a 10μg/m^3 increase in PM25 and O3 concentrations was found to correlate to a 1.14-fold[95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.09,1.20]and a 1.05-fold(95%CI:1.02,1.07)increase in GH risk,respectively.Additionally,stronger relationships between GH risk and PM25 and O3 exposure were observed in women who conceived in winter and summer,respectively.These findings suggest that air pollutants may contribute to the development of GH.

Effect of Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution on hypertension incidence:a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

Objective Studies of the association of hypertension with long-term exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5μm in diameter(PM2.5)have shown contradictory results and the magnitude of the association is still unclear.Hence,we conducted a meta-analysis of cohort studies to assess the effect of long-term exposure to PM2.5 on incident hypertension.

Fine Particulate Matter and Heavy Metals Pollution Status in Ambient Air of Some Selected Industrial Sites in Northern Nigeria

Fine particulate matter and eight heavy metals (Ni, Co, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Zn) concentrations were determined in air samples collected from three industrial sites in northern Nigeria using a Handheld Portable Particle Counter for PM2.5 and PM10 with model number CW-HAT 200 and a High Volume Respirable Dust Sampler (APM 460 NL) in conjunction with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Serial No. AA0904M046) Flame Test. The results of the fine particulates ranged from 11.0 - 46.0 μg.m-3 for PM2.5 and 22.0 - 88 μg.m-3 for PM10 across all the industrial sites investigated. Most of these results exceeded the WHO permissible levels of 25.0 μg.m-3 and 50.0 μg.m-3 for PM2.5 and PM10 and thus pose threats to people living and working close to these sites. The concentration of the heavy metals studied were found to be within WHO/EU set standards except for the concentrations of Ni, Pb, and Cd that exceeded the set standard by WHO/EU with toxicity potential >1 in the Terytex industry, Kano and Grand Cereals, Jos. Strong positive correlations were found between the fine particulates concentrations and heavy metals in all the studied sites suggesting that common anthropogenic sources contributed to the fine particulates and heavy metals recorded from the industrial areas. We suggested the installation of electrostatic precipitators to combat fine particulates emission from the stack and also recommended a proper legislative framework by the government to regulate and control industrial fugitive emissions to protect human health.

Response of fine particulate matter to reductions in anthropogenic emissions in Beijing during the 2014 Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation summit

The nested-grid capability of the global chemical transport model GEOS-Chem, with a horizontal resolution of 1/4°× 5/16° （latitude x longitude）, was used to identify the chemical species whose reductions made the largest contributions to decreases in PM2.s concentrations （fine particulate matter, diameter 〈 2.5μm, defined in this study as the sum of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, and organic carbon aerosols） in Beijing during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation （APEC） summit. A number of numerical experiments were carried out for the period 15 October-29 November 2014. The model reproduced the observed daily variations of concentrations of PM2.s and gas-phase species （carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide）. Simulated PM2.s concentrations decreased by 55.9%-58.5% during the APEC period, compared to other periods in October and November 2014, which agreed closely with measurements. Sensitivity results showed that emissions control measures regarding nitrogen oxides and organic carbon over North China led to the largest reductions in PM2.s concentrations in Beijing during the APEC summit, which led to overall reductions in the PM2.5 concentration of Beijing by 5.7% and 4.6%, respectively. The control of ammonia emissions was found to be able to greatly reduce PM2.5 concentrations in the whole of North China during the APEC meeting.

哈尔滨市大气PM_(2.5)中五种金属成分复合暴露对人群死亡风险的影响

目的定量评估哈尔滨市大气PM_(2.5)中金属成分复合暴露对人群死亡的暴露-反应关系及联合效应大小。方法基于监测系统收集哈尔滨市2013—2018年每日死亡数据、每日气象和大气污染物数据。采集大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))并进行金属成分浓度测定,基于随机森林模型预测大气PM_(2.5)中每日金属成分浓度。运用分位数g计算回归(quantile g-computation,qgcomp)估计大气PM_(2.5)中金属成分复合暴露对非意外、心血管系统和呼吸系统疾病死亡的联合效应,并探索敏感暴露人群,最后采用加权分位数和回归(weighted quantile sum regression,WQS)进行敏感性分析。结果2013—2018年期间,哈尔滨市非意外、心血管系统和呼吸系统疾病日均死亡人数的中位数(M)分别为75、42和7例。大气PM_(2.5)多种金属成分复合暴露每增加一个四分位数,非意外死亡的相对风险(relative risk,RR)为1.026(95%CI:1.010~1.043);心血管系统疾病死亡风险的RR值为1.038(95%CI:1.016~1.060)。分层分析结果表明男性和≥60岁人群为大气PM_(2.5)金属复合暴露的敏感人群。敏感性分析进一步证实上述研究结果较稳健,且金属As对人群死亡贡献的权重最大。结论大气PM_(2.5)中金属成分复合暴露可增加人群非意外死亡和心血管系统疾病死亡的发生风险,且男性和≥60岁人群是金属复合暴露的敏感人群。

北京地区紫外辐射长期变化特征分析研究

本文利用2005~2020年北京地区观测得到的辐射资料,揭示近十多年来北京地区紫外辐射的变化规律,同时对影响紫外辐射长期变化的主要因子进行了分析。结果表明,紫外辐射呈现出明显的日、季节变化特征。日变化呈现出单峰的变化规律,在正午时出现一天中的极大值,而早晚则是低值时段,极大值和极小值分别出现在中午12时(北京时,下同;16.26 W m^(−2))和上午08时(5.64 W m^(−2))。紫外辐射从春季开始逐渐增强,到夏季出现一年中的极大值,随后开始下降,直到冬季出现一年中的极小值,月均极大值和极小值分别出现在6月(12.17 W m^(−2))和12月(5.4 W m^(−2))。紫外辐射年均值为9.74 W m^(−2)。紫外辐射与晴空指数呈现正相关,与气溶胶光学厚度和大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)呈现负相关。

基于视觉的夜间细颗粒物浓度估计

基于视觉的细颗粒物浓度(PM_(2.5))估计技术依据成像时悬浮细颗粒物对光线散射和吸收的整体影响来评估其浓度。这类技术具备良好的普适性,可实时检测广阔区域。已有研究依赖大气光均匀且充足的日间场景,无法适用于缺乏大气光且光照不均匀的夜间场景。本文提出首个基于视觉的夜间PM_(2.5)浓度估计方法,通过图像处理捕获人造光源在不同散射方向的光强分布,并以此特征拟合浓度值。该方法创新地将人造光源及周边光晕区域视为夜晚雾霾信息的主要来源。由于夜间自然光照强度相对人造光源较低,其主导的区域往往趋于漆黑,导致日间雾霾信息的主要来源(自然光照下像素颜色随着景深增加而逐渐接近“大气光/天空”颜色)在夜间的作用相比光源处要小很多。该方法明显优于日间PM_(2.5)估计方法,平均误差(MAE)为6.187μg/m^(3),决定系数(R^(2))为0.857,对比最新的端到端的神经网络方法在MAE和R^(2)上分别有20.69%、13.36%的相对提升。

2020—2022年海口市城区大气PM_(2.5)中重(类)金属组成及来源解析

目的探析海口市主城区大气PM_(2.5)中重(类)金属污染的组成和主要来源。方法于2020—2022年对海口市主城区进行逐月定期(10—16日)采集大气PM_(2.5)样品,每日持续采样时间不少于22 h;利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测量PM_(2.5)样品中25种重(类)金属成分;对PM_(2.5)中检出率较高的16种重(类)金属成分采用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)解析主要污染来源。结果2020—2022年海口市主城区大气PM_(2.5)质量浓度范围4.00~64.00μg/m^(3),均数(x±s)为(20.48±12.88)μg/m^(3)、中位数(M)17.00μg/m^(3)及四分位数间距(IQR)14.25μg/m^(3),年度间PM_(2.5)24小时平均浓度差异不具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=1.24,P>0.05);不同季节PM_(2.5)24小时平均浓度差异具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=44.86,P<0.01),PM_(2.5)24小时平均浓度(均数)高低顺序为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;16种重(类)金属的质量浓度范围为0.01~1008.00 ng/m^(3),质量浓度M值由高到低依次为Fe>Al>Zn>Mn>Pb>Ba>Cu>Sr>Ni>Se>V>As>Sn>Cr>Cd>Li。PMF模型解析结果表明,PM_(2.5)中16种重(类)金属污染主要贡献来源以道路及土壤尘源(49.82%)和交通尾气源(36.96%)为主,次之贡献源有混合燃烧源(9.61%)、建材施工尘源(2.51%)和船舶燃油源(1.10%)。结论2020—2022年海口市大气PM_(2.5)质量浓度均未超过我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)24小时平均浓度二级限值(75μg/m^(3))水平,PM_(2.5)中重(类)金属构成主要以Fe、Al、Zn、Mn和Pb元素为主,其主要贡献源是道路及土壤尘源和交通尾气源。

含细颗粒悬浮物矿井水的混凝沉淀参数优化

针对宝日希勒露天煤矿矿井水中悬浮颗粒物粒径小、难去除的问题,采用单因素与正交实验方法确定了混凝沉淀工艺的最佳参数,分析了矿井水中细颗粒物的混凝机理。结果表明,混凝沉淀的最佳工艺参数为聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量50 mg/L,非离子型聚丙烯酰胺(NPAM)投加量5.0 mg/L,快速搅拌(300 r/min)时间1 min,慢速搅拌(50 r/min)时间8 min,静置时间5 min;在最佳工艺条件下,悬浮物(SS)质量浓度为5.0 mg/L,去除率为99.1%,相比单独投加PAC时,10μm以下的细颗粒物去除率提高了25.9%,矿井水的ζ电位由-40.9 mV降低至-16.3 mV,说明细颗粒物的混凝机理主要为PAC吸附电中和作用和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)吸附架桥作用。

海相细粒沉积成因机制与有机质富集模式研究进展

综合分析了国内外细粒沉积的特征、成因及有机质富集模式研究进展。海相细粒沉积主要由黏土矿物、石英、碳酸盐矿物和有机质组成,受风力、异轻流、重力流和底流4大搬运营力作用,发育泥纹层和粉砂纹层2类纹层,单一型、顺序型和交互型3类纹层组(层系),块状层、递变层和交互层3类层(层组)。海相细粒沉积发育浊流沉积、底流沉积及远洋-半远洋沉积3种主要沉积相类型及其过渡类型。海相细粒沉积有机质存在高生产力和强保存2种富集模式,高生产力富集模式下黑色页岩主要通过“上升洋流”、“氧含量最低值区(OMZ)”和“近岸透光带缺氧(PZE)”模式形成高有机质富集,强保存富集模式下黑色页岩主要通过“受限盆地”、“改进的受限盆地”、“不规则底形”、“水洼扩张”、“海侵化变层”和“近岸海侵(TN)”模式形成高有机质富集。目前海相细粒沉积成因机制与相模式研究存在的主要问题包括名词术语不规范、不同矿物成分成因不明确,以及细粒浊流沉积、等深流沉积和半远洋沉积难以区分,需要今后进一步研究解决。

2022年南京市大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险

目的了解南京市大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染特征,评估其健康风险。方法于2022年每月10—16日分别在江北新区和江宁区2个监测点开展PM_(2.5)和PAHs采样,分别采用称重法和高效液相色谱法测定PM_(2.5)和PAHs含量,利用健康风险评价模型评价PAHs的致癌风险。结果不同季节PM_(2.5)、PAHs和B[a]P的浓度存在差异(P<0.01),其中PM_(2.5)、PAHs浓度均是冬、春季高于夏、秋季,B[a]P浓度春季高于夏、秋季。两个监测点PAHs、B[a]P年均浓度、春季、夏季浓度的比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且江北新区均高于江宁区。两个监测点含量最高的多环芳烃是5环、其次是4环和6环。两个监测点3环、4环、5环、6环PAHs年均浓度均不同(P均<0.05),江北新区高于江宁区。PAHs年浓度中位数值对两个监测点人群的终生超额致癌风险均大于1.0×10^(-6)。PAHs年浓度95分位数对人群的年龄段超额致癌风险除江宁区0~2岁年龄段人群外,对其他年龄段人群的超额致癌风险均大于1×10^(-6)。结论南京市两个监测点大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs分布存在季节和地区差异,具有潜在的超额致癌风险。

我国城市地区PM_(2.5)和O_(3)污染相关性:2017~2022年时空演变特征与协同防控启示

基于2017~2022年全国地级及以上城市空气质量监测数据及各省(自治区、直辖市)污染排放数据,计算PM_(2.5)日均浓度(DA PM_(2.5))和O_(3)日最大8h滑动平均值(MDA8_O_(3))间的皮尔逊相关系数(R_(p)),分区域分时段研究了二者相关性的时空变化特征,从污染排放等方面分析其原因.结果表明:从时空变化上看,全国范围内DA PM_(2.5)和MDA8_O_(3)第一、四季度在统计上无显著相关性(R_(p)=-0.11~0.03),仅西南、华南地区为正相关(R_(p)=0.11~0.32).全国范围内DA PM_(2.5)和MDA8O_(3)在第二季度(R_(p)=0.26~0.36)、第三季度(R_(p)=0.46~0.55)呈正相关,汾渭平原及西北地区在部分年份不相关.污染排放是影响PM_(2.5)和O_(3)污染相关性的主要因素.从时间变化上看,全国和各区域一次PM_(2.5)、二氧化硫排放特征值(ECV_(PM_(2.5))、ECV_(SO_(2)))下降而氮氧化物、挥发性有机物排放特征值(ECVNOx和ECVVOCs)上升,这与大部分省(自治区、直辖市)R_(p)平均值上升的趋势一致.从空间分布上看,在ECVPM_(2.5)和ECVSO2低而ECV_(NOx)和ECV_(VOCs)高的地区,PM_(2.5)与O_(3)污染正相关性较强.提出全国不同区域差异化的污染防控启示.京津冀及周边、长三角、东北和西南地区(第二、三季度)以及华南地区(全年),需关注NO_(x)和VOCs排放控制.京津冀及周边、长三角、东北和西南地区(第一、四季度)以及汾渭平原和西北地区(全年),需加强一次PM_(2.5)污染减排.

基于机器学习的郑州市大气PM_(2.5)与O_(3)浓度预测方法及气象因子的影响分析

近年来,我国面临着细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染形势依然严峻以及臭氧(O_(3))污染日益凸显的双重压力.为进一步准确预测郑州市大气PM_(2.5)与O_(3)浓度并探明气象因子的影响,本研究使用2018−2022年郑州市大气污染物和气象因子逐时数据,结合统计学单因素分析和机器学习LightGBM模型多因素分析,建立了一种基于长时间序列数据的PM_(2.5)与O_(3)浓度预测及气象因子影响分析的综合分析方法.结果表明:①训练后的LightGBM模型能够较好地预测PM_(2.5)污染,准确率达80.8%;对O_(3)污染预测的准确率为52.5%.②郑州市大气PM_(2.5)浓度与气压呈正相关,与比湿和环境温度均呈负相关;大气O_(3)8 h滑动平均浓度(O_(3)-8 h浓度)与比湿和太阳辐射均呈正相关,与气压呈负相关.③有利的气象条件可能是2021年PM_(2.5)年均浓度得到显著改善的重要因素;同时,不利的气象条件也促使2021年和2022年6月O_(3)月评价值(O_(3)日最大8 h滑动平均90百分位浓度)有所上升.研究显示,这种基于长时间序列的综合分析方法适用于大气PM_(2.5)与O_(3)浓度的气象因子影响分析,也能有效预测PM_(2.5)与O_(3)的浓度.

基于UPLC-Q-TOF MS的染毒(PM2.5)大鼠尿液代谢组学研究

为探明PM2.5对大鼠代谢组学的影响,将SD大鼠随机分为对照组(SC)和PM2.5模型组(MG),每组15只。将生理盐水和PM2.5混悬液分别注入各组大鼠气管,每周2次,持续4周。通过超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF MS)对各组大鼠尿液的代谢组学变化进行检测,采用多元统计分析探究整体代谢组学的变化。通过数据分析和数据库检索,从大鼠尿样中鉴定出17种潜在生物标记物,主要代谢途径涉及戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化、色氨酸代谢、酪氨酸代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、嘌呤代谢、对乙酰氨基酚代谢、视黄醇代谢和丙戊酸代谢途径,PM2.5对大鼠诱导损伤作用,可能与其扰乱大鼠体内正常代谢活动有关。研究结果有助于了解PM2.5的毒理学机制,筛选PM2.5暴露大鼠的潜在生物标志物,为进一步探索PM2.5毒性作用及致病机制提供了理论依据。

汾渭平原PM_(2.5)和O_(3)污染导致的健康效应及情景预测

细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))和臭氧(O_(3))已成为主要大气污染物,对人体健康危害较大.本文选取大气污染防控重点区域汾渭平原作为研究区,分析2014-2021年PM_(2.5)和O_(3)浓度变化特征及其健康效应,并估算2030年实现不同减排标准的潜在健康效益.结果表明:①2014-2021年汾渭平原PM_(2.5)年均浓度呈下降趋势,而O_(3)年均浓度却呈波动上升趋势,PM_(2.5)和O_(3)复合污染天数下降趋势显著.②归因于PM_(2.5)污染的早逝人数和经济损失均呈下降趋势;而归因于O_(3)污染的早逝人数及经济损失均呈上升趋势,2021年归因于O_(3)污染的全因、呼吸系统疾病和心血管疾病早逝人数较2014分别增加了60.36%、11.94%和74.32%,经济损失增加了136.60%、65.18%和157.20%,其中西安市和洛阳市健康风险与经济损失问题相对突出.③若2030年PM_(2.5)和O_(3)年均浓度均达《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)二级标准限值,汾渭平原归因于PM_(2.5)和O_(3)的早逝人数较2021年将分别下降15.99%和2.71%,而随着人均可支配收入的逐年增加,健康经济损失将分别增加6.39×10^(8)元(95%CI:5.20×10^(8)~7.56×10^(8)元)和30.05×10^(8)元(95%CI:16.17×10^(8)~43.26×10^(8)元);若进一步将PM_(2.5)和O_(3)浓度降至更低,可进一步避免早逝人数的增加,且带来显著的经济效益.研究显示,汾渭平原PM_(2.5)治理有所成效,但是O_(3)污染问题凸显,其导致的健康死亡人数及经济损失均呈上升趋势,应保证达到现有标准的基础上制定更高目标标准,才能有效改善居民健康状况,并带来显著的经济效益.

亚慢性PM_(2.5)和O_(3)共同暴露对大鼠鼻黏膜ATP总量及ATP酶活性的影响

目的:探讨细颗粒物(fine particle matter,PM_(2.5))和臭氧(ozone,O_(3))亚慢性共同暴露对大鼠鼻黏膜组织腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)总量及ATP酶活性的影响。方法:采用随机数字表法将20只雄性Sprague Dawley(SD)大鼠均分为对照组和暴露组,每组各10只,分别饲养于常规清洁级环境和本团队既往所搭建的大气污染物暴露系统中,连续暴露208 d。暴露期间,监测暴露系统内PM_(2.5)和O_(3)浓度,采用自测和站点数据相结合的方法对暴露系统内PM_(2.5)和O_(3)进行综合评估。在暴露第208天处死大鼠取心、肝、脾、肾、睾丸等主要器官和鼻黏膜组织,称量各脏器重量并计算脏器系数。利用所收集鼻黏膜组织,使用生物发光法测定ATP总量,使用分光光度法检测Na^(+)-K^(+)-ATP酶和Ca^(2+)-ATP酶活性。使用两独立样本t检验比较各指标组间差异。结果:自第3周开始至暴露结束,暴露组大鼠体质量高于对照组(P<0.05),两组间脏器系数差异无统计学意义。暴露组日均PM_(2.5)浓度为(30.68±19.23)μg/m3,O_(3)最大8 h浓度(O_(3)-8 h)为(82.45±35.81)μg/m3。暴露组大鼠鼻黏膜组织ATP化学发光值(792.4±274.1)IU/L低于对照组(1126.8±218.1)IU/L,鼻黏膜组织Na^(+)-K^(+)-ATP酶活性(1.53±0.85)U/mg低于对照组(4.31±1.60)U/mg(P<0.05)。对照组和暴露组鼻黏膜组织的蛋白含量分别为(302.14±52.51)mg/L和(234.58±53.49)mg/L,Ca^(2+)-ATP酶活性分别为(0.81±0.27)U/mg和(0.99±0.73)U/mg,组间差异均无统计学意义。结论:亚慢性PM_(2.5)和O_(3)共同暴露可能影响大鼠鼻黏膜组织供氧能力。

同位素结合PMF模型解析珠三角PM_(2.5)来源研究

二次气溶胶是大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中最多的组分,客观识别其来源是PM_(2.5)源解析的难点,也是精确控制PM_(2.5)污染来源的关键。本研究在广东省鹤山超级大气监测站采集了76个PM_(2.5)样品,分析了其碳质组分(元素碳和有机碳)、水溶性离子(SO_(4)^(2-)、NH4^(+)、K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Cl^(-)、Na^(+)、Mg^(2+)、NO_(2)^(-)和NO_(3)^(-))和金属元素(Fe、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、V、Zn、Cd、As)共20种化学组分,测定了7个PM_(2.5)代表样品的总碳(TC)放射性碳(^(14)C)。基于PM_(2.5)化学组分的PMF模型结果显示,生物质燃烧、海盐、土壤扬尘、轮船排放、工业过程、燃煤源和二次气溶胶分别贡献PM_(2.5)的18.98%、4.32%、13.85%、7.61%、14.08%、12.72%和30.03%。基于已发表的δ^(15)N(NO_(3)^(-))、δ^(18)O(NO_(3)^(-))结果,利用贝叶斯模型定量解析了NO_(3)^(-)的来源,并应用线型回归将PMF模型解析的二次气溶胶源再分配给一次颗粒源,结果显示,燃煤源(36.50%)、生物燃料源(29.35%)、土壤扬尘+海盐源(21.00%)和移动源(13.15%)是珠三角PM_(2.5)的主要来源。二次分配后PMF模型结果中TC的非化石源贡献与基于^(14)C结果的相对误差小于9%,说明PMF模型能很好地捕获PM_(2.5)主要贡献源,并且较准确地源解析珠三角的PM_(2.5),研究结果可为区域污染防治政策措施的制定提供科学依据。

河南省大气细颗粒物暴露与小于胎龄儿的发病风险关系

目的:探讨大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)及其组分与小于胎龄儿(SGA)发病风险的关联。方法:基于国家免费孕前优生健康检查数据库2013年河南省的母婴数据进行分析,使用logistic回归模型分析孕妇妊娠各时期PM2.5及其组分暴露对SGA的影响。结果:在调整一般人口学资料、生活方式和健康行为、妊娠情况和环境温度变量后,以第一分位数PM2.5浓度为参照,孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期和全孕期暴露于第四分位数PM2.5浓度分娩SGA的风险分别增加58.2%(OR=1.582,95%CI 1.44~1.738)、35.4%(OR=1.354,95%CI 1.235~1.483)、30.1%(OR=1.301,95%CI 1.189~1.423)和45.9%(OR=1.459,95%CI 1.363~1.561)。以第一分位数浓度暴露为参照,全孕期黑炭、有机物、铵盐、硝酸盐和硫酸盐第四分位数浓度暴露与分娩SGA风险增加均有关(P<0.05)。结论:妊娠各时期孕妇避免PM2.5暴露均能降低SGA发生风险。