Process parameters optimization of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet during hot stretch-creep forming

Hot stretch-creep forming （SCF） is a novel technique to produce hard-to-form thin-walled metal components. Comprehensively considering the analysis results of the springback angle, yield strength and microstructure, four hot SCF process parameters including temperature, stretch velocity, post stretch percentage and dwelling time of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet were optimized using an orthogonal experiment. The results reveal that temperature is the most important factor on springback angle. The yield strength of the deformed material in 0° direction increases, while those in directions of 45° and 90° fluctuate around the original value. After hot SCF, the shape of some a phases changes from short thin grains to long slender ones, and the microhardness changes very little. The optimized parameters with temperature of 700 ℃, stretch velocity of 5 mm/min, post stretch percentage of 2% and dwelling time of 8 min are achieved finally.

Metal Flowing of Involute Spline Cold Roll-beating Forming

The present research on involute spline cold roll-beating forming is mainly about the principles and motion relations of cold roll-beating,the theory of roller design,and the stress and strain field analysis of cold roll-beating,etc.However,the research on law of metal flow in the forming process of involute spline cold roll-beating is rare.According to the principle of involute spline cold roll-beating,the contact model between the rollers and the spline shaft blank in the process of cold roll-beating forming is established,and the theoretical analysis of metal flow in the cold roll-beating deforming region is proceeded.A finite element model of the spline cold roll-beating process is established,the formation mechanism of the involute spline tooth profile in cold roll-beating forming process is studied,and the node flow tracks of the deformation area are analyzed.The experimental research on the metal flow of cold roll-beating spline is conducted,and the metallographic structure variation,grain characteristics and metal flow line of the different tooth profile area are analyzed.The experimental results show that the particle flow directions of the deformable bodies in cold roll-beating deformation area are determined by the minimum moving resistance.There are five types of metal flow rules of the deforming region in the process of cold roll-beating forming.The characteristics of involute spline cold roll-beating forming are given,and the forming mechanism of involute spline cold roll-beating is revealed.This paper researches the law of metal flow in the forming process of involute spline cold roll-beating,which provides theoretical supports for solving the tooth profile forming quality problem.

Heat-treated microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming （LSF） Ti-6Al-4V alloy were investigated The influences of the temperature and time of solution treatment and aging treatment were analyzed. The results show that the microstructure of LSFed samples consists of Widmanstatten α laths and a little acicular in columnar prior β grains with an average grain width of 300 μm, which grow epitaxiaUy from the substrate along the deposition direction （27）. Solution treatment had an important effect on the width, aspect ratio, and volmne fraction of primary and secondary a laths, and aging treatment mainly affects the aspect ratio and volume fraction of primary α laths and the width and volume fraction of secondary a laths. Globular a phase was first observed in LSFed samples when the samples were heat treated with solution treatment （950℃, 8 h/air cooling （AC）） or with solution treatment （950℃, 1 h/AC） and aging treatment （550℃, above 8 h/AC）, respectively. The coarsening and globularization mechanisms of a phase in LSFed Ti-6Al-4V alloy during heat treatment were presented. To obtain good integrated mechanical properties for LSFed Ti-6Al-4V alloys, an optimized heat treatment regimen was suggested.

Superplastic formability of Ti-6Al-4V butt-welded plate by laser beam welding

The superplasticity of Ti-6Al-4V butt-welded plates by laser beam welding(LBW)was studied in virtue of hot tensile tests and superplastic bulging tests.Furthermore,microstructural evolution of weld metal upon superplastic forming was systematically analyzed via metallographical tests and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The relation between the microstructure of weld metal and its superplastic ability was discussed.The experimental results show that Ti-6Al-4V butt-welded plates by LBW possess superplasticity.The maximum elongation is up to 154%and the maximum bulge height can be up to 1.81 times the internal radius of the female die.There is an optimum value of the bulge height for bulging gas pressure.

Effect of strain rate difference between inside and outside groove in M-K model on prediction of forming limit curve of Ti6Al4V at elevated temperatures

The influence of initial groove angle on strain rate inside and outside groove of Ti6Al4V alloy was investigated.Based on the evolution of strain rate inside and outside groove,the effect of strain rate difference on the evolution of normal stress and effective stress inside and outside groove was also analyzed.The results show that when linear loading path changes from uniaxial tension to equi-biaxial tension,the initial groove angle plays a weaker role in the evolution of strain rate in the M-K model.Due to the constraint of force equilibrium between inside and outside groove,the strain rate difference makes the normal stress inside groove firstly decrease and then increase during calculation,which makes the prediction algorithm of forming limit convergent at elevated temperature.The decrease of normal stress inside groove is mainly caused by high temperature softening effect and the rotation of groove,while the increase of normal stress inside groove is mainly due to strain rate hardening effect.

Influence of material models on theoretical forming limit diagram prediction for Ti-6Al-4V alloy under warm condition

Forming limit diagram (FLD) is an important performance index to describe the maximum limit of principal strains that can be sustained by sheet metals till to the onset of localized necking. It offers a convenient and useful tool to predict the forming limit in the sheet metal forming processes. In the present study, FLD has been determined experimentally for Ti?6Al?4V alloy at 400 °C by conducting a Nakazima test with specimens of different widths. Additionally, for theoretical FLD prediction, various anisotropic yield criteria (Barlat 1989, Barlat 1996, Hill 1993) and different hardening models viz., Hollomon power law (HPL), Johnson?Cook (JC), modified Zerilli–Armstrong (m-ZA), modified Arrhenius (m-Arr) models have been developed. Theoretical FLDs have been determined using Marciniak and Kuczynski (M?K) theory incorporating the developed yield criteria and constitutive models. It has been observed that the effect of yield model is more pronounced than the effect of constitutive model for theoretical FLDs prediction. However, the value of thickness imperfection factor (f0) is solely dependent on hardening model. Hill (1993) yield criterion is best suited for FLD prediction in the right hand side region. Moreover, Barlat (1989) yield criterion is best suited for FLD prediction in left hand side region. Therefore, the proposed hybrid FLD in combination with Barlat (1989) and Hill (1993) yield models with m-Arr hardening model is in the best agreement with experimental FLD.

Superplastic forming of Ti6Al4V alloy using ZrO_(2)-TiO_(2) ceramic die with adjustable linear thermal expansion coefficient

Firstly,the relation between the coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)and the volume fraction of TiO_(2) was investigated, and also the influence of relative density of ceramic on the CTE was studied.The results show that the volume fraction of TiO_(2) and the relative density both make influence on the CTE of ZrO_(2)-TiO_(2) ceramic.According to the results,the ZrO_(2)-TiO_(2)(volume fraction of TiO_(2) is 27%)ceramic die with the similar CTE(8.92×10^(-6) ℃^(-1))to Ti6Al4V was fabricated.Secondly,to evaluate the dimensional accuracy of the workpiece superplastically formed,the Ti6Al4V impression experiment was performed.The result shows that the dimensional inaccuracy of workpiece is 0.003.Thirdly,in order to evaluate the practicability,the experiment of superplastic forming Ti6Al4V using ZrO_(2)-TiO_(2) cylinder ceramic die was carried out.The Ti6Al4V cylinder shows good shape retention and surface quality,and high dimensional accuracy.The ceramic dies seem to be adequate for superplastic forming the high accuracy Ti6Al4V, and the trials have confirmed the potential of the ZrO_(2)-TiO_(2) ceramic die.

Superplastic Forming and Diffusion Bonding for Sandwich Structure of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Superplastic forming and diffusion bonding (SPF/DB) is a well-established process for the manufacture of components almost exclusively from Ti-6AI-4V sheet material. The sandwich structure of Ti-6AI-4V alloy is investigated. The effects of the microstructure on the SPF/DB process were discussed. The microstructure at the interfaces and the distribution of thickness were researched.

Rule Ordering in Uvwie

One of the assumptions underlying theories of phonological derivation is that the phonological architecture of any language consists of,at least,an abstract underlying form,its surface form and conditions which derive the surface form from its underlying form.It is further assumed that the conditions are serially ordered in frameworks which subscribe to the rule ordering such as orthodox generative phonology and lexical phonology.In the present study,these issues are engaged in the case of Uvwie.In particular,the study seeks to investigate the conditions(processes and rules)which derive surface forms from their corresponding underlying forms,and the order in which they apply.Thus the study will examine the different well-motivated phonological rules attested in the derivation of Uvwie formatives,and provide evidence for the order in which the processes apply.The study employe data documented in Ekiugbo(2016),and couched its analysis within rule ordering principle of generative phonology.The study identifies six rules,which are ordered thus:nasal assimilation>glide formation>vowel elision>tone fusion>vowel lengthening>consonant elision.

Cluster-based composition rule for Laves phase-related BCC solid solution hydrogen storage alloys

A new cluster line approach for the composition rule of Laves phase-related BCC solid solution hydrogen-storage alloys was presented. The cluster line in a ternary phase diagram refers to a straight composition line linking a specific binary cluster to the third element. In the Laves phase-related BCC solid solution alloy system such as Ti-Cr-V, Ti-Cr tends to form binary Cr2Ti Laves phase while Ti-V and Cr-V to form solid solutions. This Laves phase is characterized by a close-packing icosahedral cluster Cr7Ti6. A cluster line Cr7Ti6-V is then constructed in this system. Alloy rods with a diameter of 3 mm of compositions along this line were prepared by copper-mould suction method. The alloy structure is found to vary with the V contents. Furthermore, the P-C-T measurements indicate that the cluster-line (Cr7Ti6)1-xVx alloys have large hydrogen storage capacities.

LET SLEEPING DOGS LIE IN THE SLEEPING CAR——TEACHING NON—FINITE V—ING FORM

INTRODUCTION For Chinese students of English,grammar learning is so important that their textbooks inevitably entail grammar sections organized in a linear way.These students treat grammar learning as the stepping stone on their way of English learning.They hope to have a good command of grammar both for their present learning and for their further studies.For their present learning,their linguistic knowledge is tested and assessed through

纵向V型肋卷边C形不锈钢梁抗弯承载力试验研究

为研究在冷弯薄壁C形不锈钢梁腹板增设纵向加劲肋后对其极限抗弯承载力的影响,本文考虑腹板高度、高宽比以及加劲肋尺寸的不同,进行4组试件的对照试验研究。结果表明:对卷边C形不锈钢梁腹板进行加肋能良好地抑制腹板鼓曲,有效提高其极限抗弯承载力;加大加劲肋的尺寸会略微提高其极限抗弯承载力,但刚度略有降低;增加卷边C形不锈钢梁的腹板高度可有效提升其极限抗弯承载力和抵抗变形的能力。

基于H/V谱比法的重庆测震台网场地响应研究

利用重庆测震台网36个子台地脉动噪声数据,采用H/V谱比法计算分析场地响应。根据各台站0.5~20 Hz场地响应曲线形态特征,将这些子台分为平坦类、低频放大类、中频放大类、中频衰减类和高频放大类。结合7个钻孔应变同址观测台站地质剖面图,分析了浅层地质构造对台站场地响应的影响,结果表明:台基岩性差异和分层结构对场地放大效应有直接影响,台站局部低密度介质会造成低频段(0.5~1 Hz)的场地放大效应,而岩性单一的地下结构场地放大效应不明显。对比3个台基改造台站在改造前后的场地响应曲线,发现台基观测形式的改变对台站场地响应会产生实质性的影响,地震计墩加高后的独立柱体结构,明显增大了中高频段场地放大效应。重庆地区场地响应等值线分布与区域地形地貌之间无必然联系,但台基局部地势和所处山体的位置会影响观测频带范围内场地响应曲线表现形态。综合来看,台基岩性差异和工艺水平、浅层地质构造和介质密度、局部地形特征和山体部位等均会影响台站场地响应的表现形式。

Influence of hydrogen content on room temperature compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate

Electromagnetic forming tests were done at room temperature to reveal the influence of hydrogen content on the compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate. Microstructure was observed to reveal the mechanism of hydrogen-enhanced compressive properties. The experimental results indicate that hydrogen has favorable effects on the compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate. Compression of Ti-6Al-4V alloy first increases up to a maximum and then decreases with the increase of hydrogen content at the same discharge energy under EMF tests. The compression increases by 47.0% when 0.2% (mass fraction) hydrogen is introduced into Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The optimal hydrogen content for cold formation of Ti–6Al–4V alloy under EMF was determined. The reasons for the hydrogen-induced compressive properties were discussed.

V型天窗对线路通过能力的影响

在分析列车运行图结构的基础上,深入研究了繁忙干线V型天窗的特点,建立了V型天窗对线路通过能力的影响的数学模型,以分析V型天窗中影响线路通过能力的关键因素.对各影响因素的灵敏度分析表明,线路通过能力的扣除与天窗时间和天窗分段长度成正比,与货物列车速度、列车间隔时间成反比.

原位烧结合成(Ti,V)C/Fe复合材料的组织及形成机理

以钛粉、铁粉、钒铁粉、铬铁粉、钼铁粉及石墨粉为原料,通过原位烧结制备了(Ti,V)C/Fe复合材料。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱EDS分析了材料的组织结构。结合差示扫描量热法分析(DSC)和高温X射线衍射分析研究了Fe-Ti-V-C体系原位烧结的动力学过程。结果表明:(Ti,V)C/Fe复合材料致密化程度高。增强相(Ti,V)C的形态比TiC更规则,TiC颗粒中存在富Mo的"环形结构",而(Ti,V)C中没有"环形结构"。合成(Ti,V)C/Fe复合材料的动力学过程为:在770℃左右发生钒的碳化反应生成VC,1140.4℃时发生Ti的碳化反应生成TiC,随着温度升高,VC和TiC发生固溶反应形成(Ti,V)C固溶体。在1400℃烧结时,硬质相(Ti,V)C(或TiC)在液相中根据Gibbs-Thomson效应,按照小颗粒不断溶解,大颗粒相应粗化的模式长大。

喷射成形Al-Fe-V-Si系耐热铝合金的数值模拟及组织分析

利用数值模拟方法模拟了在喷射成形Al Fe V Si系耐热铝合金过程中雾化液滴的飞行状态及凝固行为 ,给出了不同尺寸雾化液滴的冷却速度和固相分数随飞行距离的变化规律 ,并对雾化颗粒的形貌组织进行了观察分析。在雾化颗粒中观察到了尺寸在 1～ 10 μm的第二相 ,能谱及XRD分析表明这种第二相为Al12 (Fe ,V) 3

利用CODE V设计含有自由曲面的光学系统

由于自由曲面灵活的空间布局和设计自由度,使光学系统的结构得到了简化,像质得到了提高。本文通过设计实例详细介绍了在光学设计软件CODE V中运用用户自定义面型UDS(user defined surface)的功能和计算机动态链接库DLL(dynam ic link library)软件技术设计含有自由曲面光学系统的方法。通过利用此方法设计了球面和锥面光学系统,验证了其准确性和可靠性。并且利用此项技术设计了含有自由曲面的光学系统,使光学系统达到了质量轻、体积小的设计目标。此项技术扩充了CODE V软件的功能,有效地拓宽了CODE V计算复杂面型的能力。

基于不同倾角下水珠形态量化特征的V串复合绝缘子憎水性判定方法

憎水性是表征复合绝缘子老化状况的重要指标,由于V串复合绝缘子伞裙与水平面呈不同的倾角,常规的检测方法无法对其憎水性进行有效的现场检测与判定。首先采用pH值为14、温度为100℃的Na OH溶液对复合绝缘子样片进行老化,在与水平面呈25°夹角的条件下采用喷水分级法测试获得了各老化后样片的憎水性等级,提出了采用微量进样器在样片表面滴加体积为20μL水珠的方法,排除了喷水分级法中水雾喷射角度、速度以及喷水量等因素对水珠形态特征的影响。针对不同倾角下水珠在不同憎水性等级样片表面的形态特征,研究了7个水珠形态特征参数与倾角和憎水性等级之间的关系,发现内上角、内顶角相关性较强;结合与倾角和憎水性密切相关的最大稳态水珠体积参数,提出了V串复合绝缘子憎水性等级的综合判定方法。通过对不同倾角下的伞裙开展水珠形态测试,验证了本文提出方法的有效性和准确性,实现了V串复合绝缘子的憎水性检测与判定。

喷射成形Al-8．5Fe-1．1V-1．9Si合金的热稳定性

利用喷射成形技术制备了Al-8.5Fe-1.1V-1.9Si合金,借助透射电镜、X射线衍射和拉伸测试等手段研究了合金的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明,沉积态组织是由α-Al基体和Al_(12)(Fe,V)_3Si耐热相所组成。合金在400℃保温24h后具有高的拉伸强度,颗粒状的耐热相Al_(12)(Fe,V)_3Si的尺寸变化不大,显示了良好的热稳定性。