Theoretical analysis and engineering application of controllable shock wave technology for enhancing coalbed methane in soft and low‑permeability coal seams

Coalbed methane(CBM)is a significant factor in triggering coal and gas outburst disaster,while also serving as a clean fuel.With the increasing depth of mining operations,coal seams that exhibit high levels of gas content and low permeability have become increasingly prevalent.While controllable shockwave(CSW)technology has proven effective in enhancing CBM in laboratory settings,there is a lack of reports on its field applications in soft and low-permeability coal seams.This study establishes the governing equations for stress waves induced by CSW.Laplace numerical inversion was employed to analyse the dynamic response of the coal seam during CSW antireflection.Additionally,quantitative calculations were performed for the crushed zone,fracture zone,and effective CSW influence range,which guided the selection of field test parameters.The results of the field test unveiled a substantial improvement in the gas permeability coefficient,the average rate of pure methane flowrate,and the mean gas flowrate within a 10 m radius of the antireflection borehole.These enhancements were notable,showing increases of 3 times,13.72 times,and 11.48 times,respectively.Furthermore,the field test performed on the CSW antireflection gas extraction hole cluster demonstrated a noticeable improvement in CBM extraction.After antireflection,the maximum peak gas concentration and maximum peak pure methane flow reached 71.2%and 2.59 m^(3)/min,respectively.These findings will offer valuable guidance for the application of CSW antireflection technology in soft and low-permeability coal seams.

Rockburst mechanism in soft coal seam within deep coal mines

A number of rockburst accidents occurring in soft coal seams have shown that the rockburst mechanism involved in soft coal seams is significantly different from that involved in hard coal seams. Therefore, the method used to evaluate rockburst in hard coal seams is not applicable to soft coal seams. This paper established an energy integral model for the rockburst-inducing area and a friction work calculation model for the plastic area. If the remaining energy after the coal seam is broken in the rockburstinducing area is greater than the friction work required for the coal to burst out, then a rockburst accident will occur. Mechanisms of ‘‘quaking without bursting" and ‘‘quaking and bursting" are clarified for soft coal seams and corresponding control measures are proposed as the optimization of roadway layouts and use of ‘‘three strong systems"(strong de-stressing, strong supporting, and strong monitoring).

Numerical Study on an Applicable Underground Mining Method for Soft Extra-Thick Coal Seams in Thailand

The EGAT Mae Moh Mine is the largest open pit lignite mine in Thailand and it produces lignite about 16 million tons annually. In the near future, the pit limit of the mine will be reached and underground mine will then be developed through the open pit in the depth of 400 - 600 m from the surface. However, due to the challenges for underground mining such as poor geological conditions, extra thickness (20 - 30 m) of coal seams, and weak mechanical properties of coal seams and the surrounding rock, the success possibility of underground mining and an applicable underground mining method is being investigated at the present. The paper discusses the applicability of multi-slice bord-and-pillar method for the soft extra thick coal seams in the Mae Moh mine by means of numerical analyses using the 3D finite difference code “FLAC3D”.

Macro and micro grouting process and the influence mechanism of cracks in soft coal seam

Grouting is an important method to reinforce soft coal roadway,and the presence of primary cracks in the coal body has an important influence on the grouting effect.With the discrete element simulation method,the grouting process of the soft coal seam was simulated.The mechanism of primary cracks on grouting was revealed,while the influence of fracture characteristics and grouting pressure on the grouting effect was analyzed.The results demonstrated that grouting in the soft coal seam involves the stages of seepage,rapid splitting,slow splitting,and stability.Due to the presence of primary cracks,the grouting diffusion radius increased significantly.Under the slurry pressure,the tensile stress concentration was formed at the crack tip,and the slurry split the coal once the splitting pressure was reached.In addition,the distribution characteristics of fractures are found to have a great influence on the grouting effect.It is observed that smaller fracture spacing is associated with a larger slurry diffusion radius and thus easier penetration of the primary crack tips.The fracture angle affects the direction of fracture propagation.The secondary fracture formed by splitting is a tensile fracture,which is more likely to extend along the direction parallel to the maximum principal stress.Overall,these simulation results have guiding significance for the setting of reasonable spacing of grouting holes in the practice of grouting engineering.

Soft–strong supporting mechanism of gob-side entry retaining in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst

When gob-side entry retaining is implemented in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst, the cementbased supporting body beside roadway will bear greater roof pressure and strong impact load. Then the supporting body may easily deform and fail because of its low strength in the early stage. This paper established the roadside support mechanical model of gob-side entry retaining. Based on this model,we proposed and used the soft–strong supporting body as roadside support in the gob-side entry retaining. In the early stage of roof movement, the soft–strong supporting body has a better compressibility, which can not only relieve roof pressure and strong impact load, but also reduce the supporting resistance and prevent the supporting body from being crushed. In the later stage, with the increase of the strength of the supporting body, it can better support the overlying roof. The numerical simulation results and industrial test show that the soft–strong supporting body as roadside support can be better applied into the gob-side entry retaining in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst.

Investigation into the deformation of a large span roadway in soft seams and its support technology

We investigated the deformation failure mechanism of surrounding rock from the aspect of engineering support for a roadway in seams with soft roofs and soft floors and observed the large displacement of the roadway in these soft seams.The result shows that the deformation area is quite large,and settlement of the roof is evident and displacement of the side walls is also obvious.We considered rock bolt-cable coupling for roadway support in seams with soft roofs and floors,in which the cable should be fixed at key positions.As well,we designed an optimal scheme to support a roadway in soft seams of the Shizuishan Second Mine in Ningxia,China.Field monitoring results show that bolt-cable coupling support has achieved the aims of roadway stability control and minimizes deformation.

煤层瓦斯含量测定技术及装备研究进展

瓦斯含量是煤与瓦斯突出危险预测、煤层瓦斯资源量估算、矿井瓦斯治理工程设计的重要参数。围绕如何在大区域准确快速测定煤层瓦斯含量,依托国家科技重大专项、国家自然科学基金和煤炭企业联合基金等项目科技攻关,在取样、测试方面取得了一定进展。主要表现在如下4个方面:①煤层瓦斯含量测定取样经历了孔口接样、岩心管定点取样、压力引射定点取样和密闭取样4个阶段,密闭取样装备保压能力达到11.5 MPa,煤心直径达到38 mm;②针对不同煤层地质条件,发展形成了顺煤层定向长钻孔密闭取样、底板穿层钻孔密闭取样和顶(底)板梳状定向长钻孔密闭取样3种取样技术;③在河南焦作和山西晋城矿区硬煤层中,顺层定向长钻孔取样深度达到516 m,密闭取样法测得煤层瓦斯含量较常规取样法分别平均提高了0.44倍和1.04倍。在安徽淮南矿区碎软煤层中,穿层钻孔密闭取样深度达到209 m,测得煤层瓦斯含量较常规取样法平均提高了0.26倍;在安徽淮北矿区碎软煤层中,顶(底)板梳状钻孔密闭取样深度达到484 m,测得煤层瓦斯含量较常规取样法平均提高了0.19倍,密闭取样法在煤层瓦斯含量测定精度、探测范围上优于常规取样法;④在瓦斯含量测试方面,除了传统解吸法测试,发展了系列煤矿井下瓦斯含量快速测试装备,可实现最快30 min内测得煤层瓦斯含量,一般用于百米孔内的瓦斯含量测试。提出了煤层瓦斯含量测定密闭取样装备需向小型化、轻量化的方向发展,并能实现随钻密闭取样。在测试上,应根据实际情况确定合理的解吸终止限,并将测试装备和密闭取样装备进一步结合,以实现深孔瓦斯含量快速准确测定。密闭取样技术已成为煤层瓦斯含量大区域精准勘查、预测的主要手段,是煤炭安全高效开采的重要技术保障。

三软煤层沿空留巷顶板结构模型及合理支护研究

为了揭示三软煤层沿空留巷围岩变形机理,探索适用于三软煤层巷道围岩控制的新技术,通过切顶沿空留巷物理相似模拟实验,研究了不切顶普通支护、切顶高强支护和切顶普通支护3种条件下顶板岩层断裂演化过程,构建了三软煤层切顶留巷顶板结构力学模型,给出了支护阻力计算方法,在韩城矿区象山煤矿进行了现场工业性试验验证。研究表明:切顶技术切断了顶板的应力传递,巷内采用高强支护,使顶板形成稳定的“短悬臂-砌体梁”结构。现场监测结果显示,不切顶普通支护的留巷顶底板平均移近量1000~1200 mm,两帮平均移近量600~700 mm;切顶高强单体支护的留巷顶底板平均移近量200~300 mm,两帮平均移近量200~300 mm;切顶组合式支架支护的留巷顶底板平均移近量50~100 mm,两帮平均移近量100~200 mm。组合式支架高强支护能够较好地控制三软煤层沿空切顶留巷围岩变形,可实现留巷二次复用无返修。

松软厚煤层区段煤柱剪切滑块运动机理及协同控制技术

松软厚煤层区段煤柱高、煤壁暴露面积大,加之煤质松软、裂隙发育,强采动作用下极易造成煤柱失稳,巷道维护难度极大。以山西伏岩煤业3号煤层开采为工程背景,基于剪切滑块理论,探究采掘扰动下煤柱变形破坏机理,求解煤柱剪切滑块运动范围及应力分布规律,揭示煤柱侧帮剪切滑块运动机理,提出煤柱稳定性协同控制对策并在现场进行工程实践验证。结果表明:①采用极限平衡理论与叠加理论,确定了煤柱剪切滑块运动范围及煤柱垂直应力分布规律,阐明煤柱剪切滑块安全系数分布规律:0~1.26 m深度,煤柱上部安全系数较小;在1.26~3.95 m处,煤柱中线部分大面积安全系数较小,易受顶板来压破坏。②提出了1种以“注浆加固—锚索强化—切顶卸压”为主体的区段煤柱协同控制技术,煤柱侧裂隙较无支护条件及原支护条件分别减少62.89%和46.26%,巷道围岩完整性大幅提高,形成了强承载结构,有效控制了煤柱变形及底臌。③根据松软厚煤层区段煤柱条件,合理确定了协同控制设计参数,并对煤柱防控效果进行试验监测评估。现场试验结果表明,煤柱裂隙得到充分填充,注浆后煤体强度提高63%以上;巷道位移、锚杆索受力、离层等均在可控范围,表明协同控制技术明显提高了煤柱承载力,回采巷道围岩变形得到有效控制,为工作面安全高效开采提供了空间保障。

松软煤层钻进钻杆减重降阻机制及应用研究

施工瓦斯抽采钻孔是治理瓦斯危害的必要手段,针对松软煤层钻进因钻杆自重大引起的钻进阻力大、钻进效率低及劳动强度高等问题,提出了优化钻杆结构以减少自重并降低钻进阻力的研究思路,通过设置四翼内凹结构达到减小钻杆自重及降低钻进阻力的目的,并依此设计了四翼内凹刻槽钻杆,兼顾钻杆推进阻力和旋转扭矩损失,建立了钻杆钻进阻力模型,结合ANSYS数值模拟方法对四翼内凹刻槽钻杆进行强度校核分析与参数优化,研制了四翼内凹刻槽钻杆,并进行了现场工业性试验。研究表明:(1)对于100m钻孔深度,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆相对于圆状刻槽钻杆质量减轻了21.88%,在正常钻进时,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆与圆钻杆相比旋转扭矩损失降低了25.10%;与圆状刻槽钻杆相比降低了20.90%。在塌孔10m的情况下,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆钻进阻力相对于圆钻杆降低了51.44%,相对于圆状刻槽钻杆降低了43.65%。(2)对四翼内凹刻槽钻杆进行强度分析与参数优化,结果显示,在常规坑道钻机作用下,钻杆最大应力与内凹深度呈正相关,与壁厚呈负相关,壁厚对于应力的影响大于内凹深度的影响,且在内凹宽度为33mm、深度为4mm、壁厚为11.5mm时,安全系数为1.59。(3)现场工业性试验表明,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆排渣顺畅,强度可靠,钻进深度提高了18.18%,钻进效率提高了17.80%。在保证钻杆强度的前提下、通过钻杆结构创新有效降低钻杆质量,对于降低工人劳动强度、提高钻进效率和成孔率具有显著的效果,为推动复杂地层钻探技术发展提供了新的方法。

四翼内凹刻槽钻杆高效排渣钻进技术研究

为解决松软煤层钻进钻孔排渣通道堵塞这一制约钻孔施工效果的关键难题,基于优化钻杆截面形状以增大排渣空间、预防钻孔堵塞这一理念,提出四翼内凹刻槽钻杆几何设计构想,通过孔内排渣阻力力学方程计算验证、钻杆排渣效果数值模拟,分析钻杆结构参数对排渣性能的影响,研制四翼内凹刻槽钻杆并在某矿进行工业性试验。研究结果表明:相较于传统圆状刻槽钻杆,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆在施工过程中具有更大的排渣空间,通过孔内沿程阻力计算对比,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆孔内沿程阻力较圆状刻槽钻杆低13%;数值模拟计算结果表明,当弧形内凹切槽对钻杆的圆心角α=35°、切入深度|EF|=4 mm时,渣体运移距离最大,平均运移速度最大,排渣性能最优;工业性试验表明,使用四翼内凹刻槽钻杆施工钻孔,班进尺长度和终孔深度得到显著提升。研究结果可为煤矿瓦斯抽采钻孔钻具设计提供参考。

煤层顶板间接压裂裂缝扩展机制及影响因素

碎软低渗煤层在我国普遍发育,制约煤层气单井产气量提高和产业发展。间接压裂是通过在邻近层产生垂直裂缝沟通煤层进而实现煤层有效改造的一种压裂方式,可以有效应对钻井塌陷、煤粉产出、压裂液滤失和煤层厚度薄等不利因素。通过间接压裂物理模拟试验和扩展有限元数值模拟分析,揭示煤层顶板间接压裂裂缝扩展影响因素,明确裂缝扩展机制,以期为间接压裂技术提供指导。通过直接压裂煤层和不同起裂位置、垂向应力和施工排量影响下间接压裂试验表明,起裂压力高,更易产生长裂缝,且受原生裂缝影响程度减小;但起裂点距离煤层越远,起裂所需能量越大,高破裂压力会对煤层造成粉碎性破坏;大施工排量下,起裂压力对应升高,起裂时间变短,原生裂缝影响程度变小。考虑地应力、起裂位置、岩石力学和施工排量等参数的数值模拟结果显示,在模型参数设置条件下,最大水平主应力和垂向应力差在<4 MPa,煤层与顶板有效应力差>3 MPa、弹性模量差<15 GPa的地层和岩性组合适合间接压裂,起裂位置距离煤层最优距离为<6 m,施工排量需要根据力学性质、断裂能密度等参数确定最优范围。

松软煤层大采高工作面煤壁片帮机理及深浅孔交替超前预注浆加固技术研究

目的为探究松软煤层大采高工作面煤壁片帮机理,并对片帮严重的松软煤层大采高工作面煤壁进行有效控制,方法利用材料力学理论得到煤壁片帮的频发位置,引入煤壁剪切破坏准则,得出松软煤体煤壁片帮的主控因素。并以李村煤矿1305工作面为例,通过FLAC3D建立数值模型,以煤壁最大位移、煤体破坏深度、支承压力大小和支承压力峰值位置4个因素作为参考比较对象,通过引入正交试验法,研究了煤层埋深、内摩擦角、黏聚力、抗拉强度以及支护强度对煤壁片帮的影响程度。结果结果表明:煤体自身的物理力学性质(内摩擦角和黏聚力)是影响煤壁片帮的主要因素,其次煤体的赋存条件(埋深)也是一个较为关键的影响因素。结论工业性试验基于正交试验结果提出了大采高综采工作面深浅孔交替超前预注浆加固技术,有效控制了李村煤矿1305工作面煤壁片帮严重情况,为其他类似地质条件大采高综采工作面煤壁片帮控制提供了借鉴。

松软煤层底板爆破致裂增透模拟试验研究及应用

针对松软煤层爆破增透钻孔施工困难,爆破增透产生的裂隙不发育且易于重新压实的问题,提出在底板岩层开展爆破作业,达到松软煤层增透进而增加瓦斯有效抽采时间的目的。为了监测跨界面应力波传播规律及煤层损伤状况,在实验室构建了物理模型并开展了煤层底板爆破相似模拟试验。同时使用数值模拟的研究方法对煤层底板爆破过程中煤、岩体内部的损伤及裂隙的演化过程进行补充。结果表明:松软煤层底板爆破裂纹沿爆破孔向四周岩体扩展,爆破孔位置和底板煤岩交界面以及煤层内部的破坏较为严重,产生跨界面损伤裂纹。爆炸应力波从松软煤层底板岩层传播到松软煤层时,岩体和松软煤体的交界面产生透射压缩应力波和反射拉伸应力波,透射波作用于松软煤体,使煤层裂隙增加;反射波反作用于岩体,在煤岩交界面形成交叉裂纹,使底板岩层裂隙和松软煤层裂隙贯通,有利于松软煤层的瓦斯垂向运移流动和卸压瓦斯抽采。潘一东煤矿现场应用表明,煤层底板爆破增透后瓦斯抽采纯量及其浓度快速上升,抽采纯量从0.06 m^(3)/min提高到1.46 m^(3)/min,增加了23.33倍;瓦斯浓度从爆破前的10.46%上升到45.50%左右,增加了3.34倍,并且长时间维持在较高水平。研究成果可为深部松软煤层瓦斯高效抽采提供理论基础和技术支持。

深部顶板夹煤层巷道变形破坏分析及其控制

为了探究深部顶板夹煤层软岩巷道大变形破坏问题,以平煤六矿三水平戊二胶带运输巷为工程背景,开展夹煤层巷道围岩破坏分析及控制对策的研究。首先,构建原支护体系组合拱力学模型,推导出直墙半圆拱形巷道稳定判别式;其次,提出“锚网索-梁-注浆-组合砂浆锚索”联合返修控制对策,即沿戊8煤层顶板进行巷道扩刷,采用锚网索、梯子梁完成基本支护,对围岩进行深浅孔注浆加固、顶板及两帮关键部位布置组合砂浆锚索等加强支护,并通过数值模拟分析返修前后应力、位移场分布特征;最后,开展工业性试验,并监测矿压。结果表明:两帮及顶底板最大收敛量分别为93、112 mm,后期变形速率均低于1 mm/d,围岩变形得到有效控制,返修效果良好。

韩城区块煤层气井顶板控底重复压裂技术研究与应用

针对鄂尔多斯盆地韩城区块碎软煤层气老井采用常规重复压裂技术效果不佳的难题,以X井为研究对象,分析了初次压裂改造效果及剩余气产能特征,结合二次加砂与顶板压裂,提出顶板控底重复压裂技术。利用实验与数值模拟软件优化施工参数,优选100目石英砂控底并暂堵老缝、40/70目+20/40目石英砂支撑新缝的三级加砂工艺,优化射孔位置为距煤层顶部3~5 m,施工排量为9 m^(3)/min,平均加砂比例为9%,形成增大储层改造体积、提高储层动用程度的顶板控底重复压裂技术。在X井进行现场试验,重复压裂后新增产气量268.1万m^(3),累计应用18口井,平均单井日产气量增加1 210.42 m^(3),有效解决了碎软煤层气老井重复压裂改造效果差的问题,可以满足煤层气老井二次开发及压裂作业降本增效的需求,具有良好的推广应用价值。

松软煤层定向长钻孔钻进技术及应用

针对象山矿井3号煤层受采动影响,卸压瓦斯通过顶底板裂隙释放至保护层工作面及采空区,造成上隅角瓦斯浓度高的难题,结合突出矿井高应力软煤层等复杂地质条件,采用复合钻进与滑动定向钻进工艺,利用ZYL-6000D全方位千米钻机配套螺旋钻杆、YSX18矿用随钻测量系统,采用高压氮气钻进技术,在21315综采工作面施工定向长钻孔进行瓦斯抽采,抽采钻孔使用“三堵两注”两相封孔技术,最终形成松软煤层定向长钻孔钻进控制及钻探工艺技术。试验结果表明,ZYL-6000D全方位千米定向钻机配合高强度刻槽钻杆可提高钻进深度和效率,“三堵两注”两相封孔方法对钻孔周围裂隙进行有效封堵,瓦斯抽采浓度大幅度提升,实现松软煤层定向长钻孔瓦斯治理模块化抽采,为矿井安全高效稳定发展提供有力保障。

高应力松软突出煤层定向长钻孔水力冲孔技术研究

为解决松软突出煤层高应力区瓦斯动力灾害问题,以象山矿5#煤21511工作面为研究对象,采用数值模拟、现场考察方法分析了定向长钻孔水力冲孔前后及不同冲孔出煤量的煤体应力变化规律、塑性损伤发育特征和现场实际瓦斯抽采效果。结果表明:冲孔技术显著影响了周围煤体地应力分布,煤体卸压范围和塑性破坏范围大幅提升;冲孔出煤量与钻孔卸压区域半径、塑性破坏区域直径呈正相关关系;冲孔长钻孔单孔抽采量较普通长钻孔提升了23.5%,有效抽采半径平均提高了近12.3%。定向长钻孔水力冲孔技术不仅可远距离治理瓦斯,而且显著提升了钻孔抽采效果,具有技术可行性。