Perhaps no region on earth presents such a confusing array of place names as does the area made up of the former provinces of Kham and Amdo in historic Tibet (Xizang). Within these areas, cities, towns, villages, moun...Perhaps no region on earth presents such a confusing array of place names as does the area made up of the former provinces of Kham and Amdo in historic Tibet (Xizang). Within these areas, cities, towns, villages, mountains, lakes and other geographic features have at least two names applied to them, one Tibetan, the other Chinese. Overlying this indigenous nomenclature are the names applied by outsiders, mostly Europeans, each of whom used their native language to transliterate the names they heard or read from Tibetan or Chinese script, and names in the languages of other ethnic minorities who live within the area. Adding to the confusion are the conflicting “standards” for transliterating Tibetan and Chinese names. To resolve the inconsistencies and uncertainties of place names in this region, a multilingual gazetteer and thesaurus was prepared. The gazetteer-thesaurus was compiled to be used as a tool for correlating the often radically different names assigned to a single place or feature and to provide the geographic coordinates for each. The impetus for this project was the need to assign geographic coordinates to plant specimens collected in the area since the latter part of the 19th century up until the advent and widespread use of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in the 1990s. Georeferencing specimens is necessary for plotting the historical distribution of species and for more completely understanding the information contained on specimen labels. Knowing the distribution of plants is important for answering phylogenetic questions, determining local and widespread biogeographical patterns, identifying areas of unusually high diversity or endemism, and determining areas in need of special protection. The value of such a gazetteer, however, extends well beyond the field of botany. It is intended to be of use to anyone with a desire to know the nomenclatural history of places in the area and for pinpointing with a fair degree of accuracy the location of each of those places.展开更多
针对国内外已有的复杂工业产品多学科设计仿真优化框架与平台在多学科模型集成能力、计算能力、协同能力方面的不足,研究和开发国产自主的新一代复杂工业产品多学科设计仿真优化框架与平台UniXDE(unified exploration and design enviro...针对国内外已有的复杂工业产品多学科设计仿真优化框架与平台在多学科模型集成能力、计算能力、协同能力方面的不足,研究和开发国产自主的新一代复杂工业产品多学科设计仿真优化框架与平台UniXDE(unified exploration and design environment)。本平台基于微服务云架构技术构建整体框架,提供低代码仿真优化流程编排、组件化CAD/CAE参数化集成接口、丰富的多学科设计优化算法库、分布式高性能优化计算引擎、可视化计算监控和报告自动生成等功能。通过白车身轻量化、船型优化、飞行器起落架性能优化等工程应用,表明UniXDE可显著提升产品综合性能和设计成功率。展开更多
基金Supported by the U. S. National Science Foundation, Grant No. DEB-0321846, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 40332021.
文摘Perhaps no region on earth presents such a confusing array of place names as does the area made up of the former provinces of Kham and Amdo in historic Tibet (Xizang). Within these areas, cities, towns, villages, mountains, lakes and other geographic features have at least two names applied to them, one Tibetan, the other Chinese. Overlying this indigenous nomenclature are the names applied by outsiders, mostly Europeans, each of whom used their native language to transliterate the names they heard or read from Tibetan or Chinese script, and names in the languages of other ethnic minorities who live within the area. Adding to the confusion are the conflicting “standards” for transliterating Tibetan and Chinese names. To resolve the inconsistencies and uncertainties of place names in this region, a multilingual gazetteer and thesaurus was prepared. The gazetteer-thesaurus was compiled to be used as a tool for correlating the often radically different names assigned to a single place or feature and to provide the geographic coordinates for each. The impetus for this project was the need to assign geographic coordinates to plant specimens collected in the area since the latter part of the 19th century up until the advent and widespread use of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in the 1990s. Georeferencing specimens is necessary for plotting the historical distribution of species and for more completely understanding the information contained on specimen labels. Knowing the distribution of plants is important for answering phylogenetic questions, determining local and widespread biogeographical patterns, identifying areas of unusually high diversity or endemism, and determining areas in need of special protection. The value of such a gazetteer, however, extends well beyond the field of botany. It is intended to be of use to anyone with a desire to know the nomenclatural history of places in the area and for pinpointing with a fair degree of accuracy the location of each of those places.
文摘针对国内外已有的复杂工业产品多学科设计仿真优化框架与平台在多学科模型集成能力、计算能力、协同能力方面的不足,研究和开发国产自主的新一代复杂工业产品多学科设计仿真优化框架与平台UniXDE(unified exploration and design environment)。本平台基于微服务云架构技术构建整体框架,提供低代码仿真优化流程编排、组件化CAD/CAE参数化集成接口、丰富的多学科设计优化算法库、分布式高性能优化计算引擎、可视化计算监控和报告自动生成等功能。通过白车身轻量化、船型优化、飞行器起落架性能优化等工程应用,表明UniXDE可显著提升产品综合性能和设计成功率。
