Construction of a High-efficient Expression Vector of Δ^(12) Fatty Acid Desaturase in Peanut and Its Prokaryotical Expression

A full-length sequence coding for △^12 fatty acid desaturase gene from peanut（Arachis hypogaea L.）was cloned into the expression vector, pRSETB, to generate recombinant plasmid pRSET/HO-A, which was subsequently transformed into expression Escherichia. coli BL21（DE3）pLysS. The △^12 fatty acid desaturase was highly expressed in E. coli BL21（DE3）pLysS in the presence of isopropyl-D-thiogalactopyranoside （IPTG）. The fusion protein was purified and used to form a reaction system in vitro by adding oleic acid as substrate and incubating it at 20℃ for 6 h. Total fatty acids was extracted and methlesterified and then analyzed with gas chromatography. A novel peak corresponding to linoleic acid methyl ester standards was detected with the same retention time. GC-MS （gas chromatogram and gas chromatogram-mass spectrometry） analysis showed that the novel peak was linoleic acid methyl ester. These results exhibited △^12 fatty acid desaturase activity, which could convert oleic acid to linoleic acid specifically.

Comparison of the Δ^(12) fatty acid desaturase gene between high-oleic and normal-oleic peanut genotypes

△^12 fatty acid desaturase gene has been targeted as a logical candidate controlling the high oleate trait in peanut seeds. By RT-PCR method, the full-length cDNAs of △^12 fatty acid desaturase gene were isolated from peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.） genotypes with normal and high ratio of oleic to linoleic acid, which were designated AhFAD2B and AhFAD2B＇, respectively. Sequence alignment of their coding regions revealed that an extra A was inserted at the position ＋442 bp of AhFAD2B＇ sequence of high oleic acid genotypes, which resulted in the shift of open reading frame and a truncated protein AhFAD2B＇, with the loss of one histidine box involved in metal ion complex required for the reduction of oxygen. Analysis of transcript level showed that the expression of △^12 fatty acid desaturase gene in high oleic acid genotype was slightly lower than that in normal genotype. The enzyme activity experiment of yeast （Saccharomyces cerevisiae） cell transformed with AhFAD2B or AhFAD2B＇ proved that only AhFAD2B gene product showed significant △^12 fatty acid desaturase activity, but AhFAD2B＇ gene product did not. These results suggested that the change of AhFAD2B＇ gene sequence resulted in lower activity or deactivation of △^12 fatty acid desaturase in high oleic acid genotype.

Identification and Functional Characterization of a NovelΔ12 Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene from Haematococcus pluvialis

The freshwater microalga Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amounts of fatty acids in response to adverse conditions.However,the key fatty acid desaturase genes in H.pluvialis remain unknown.In this study,we cloned and functionally characterized aΔ12 fatty acid desaturase gene,and designated it as HpFAD2.The open reading frame of HpFAD2 consisted of 1137 base pairs and encoded 378 amino acids.The deduced polypeptide showed 70%identity to other endoplasmic reticulumΔ12 fatty acid desaturases,whereas it had only 44%identity to plastidΔ12 fatty acid desaturases.The PSORT algorithm and phylogenetic analysis further confirmed its affiliation to the endoplasmic reticulumΔ12 fatty acid desaturases.Heterologous expression was performed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells transformed with the recombinant plasmid pYES2-HpFAD2.Two additional fatty acids(C16:2 and C18:2)were detected in the yeast transformants.The results indicatedΔ12 desaturation activity and substrate preference for C18:1 over C16:1.The transcriptional levels of H.pluvialis HpFAD2 at different growth stages were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR),indicating that the HpFAD2 transcriptional levels were significantly higher in red cells than those in green cells.Our study brings more insight into the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway of H.pluvialis.

Cloning and molecular characterization of△^(12)-fatty acid desaturase gene from Mortierella isabellina

AIM： To clone △^12 -fatty acid desaturase gene of Mortierella isabellina and to functionally characterize this gene in vitro and in vivo.METHODS： Reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） was used to clone the open reading frame of △^12-fatty acid desaturase gene （D12D） of Mortierella isabellina. Plasmids pEMICL12 and pYMICL12 were constructed with it. pEMICL12 was transformed into Escherichia coli（E.coli） strain BL21 using CaCl2 method for expression after induction with IPTG. pTMICL12 was transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain IN- VSc1 using lithium acetate method for expression under the induction of galactose. Northern blotting method was used to investigate the effect of temperature on the transcriptional level of this gene in S.cerevisiae strain IN- VSc1.RESULTS： Recombinant plasmids pEMICL12 and pTMICL12 were successfully constructed and transformed into E. coli and S.cerevisiae separately with appropriate method. After induction with IPTG and galactose, it was found that expression of △^12-fatty acid desaturase genes in E.coli and S. cerevisiae under appropriate conditions led to the production of active △^12-fatty acid desaturase, which could convert 17.876% and 17.604% of oleic acid respectively to linoleic acid by GC-MS detection in vitro and in vivo.CONCLUSION： Cloning and expression of M.isabellina D12D gene in E.coli and S.cerevisiae is successfully completed.

Identification and characterization of a delta-12 fatty acid desaturase gene from marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana

The cDNA of the delta-12 fatty acid desaturase gene, IgFAD2, was cloned from the marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana, a species capable of producing docosahexaenoic acid. Sequence analysis indicated that the open reading frame measured a length of 1 158 bp and encoded 386 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 42.8 kDa and an isoelectric point of 9.2. Computational analysis of the protein sequence of IgFAD2 showed typical features of membrane-bound desaturase such as three conserved histidine boxes along with four membranespanning regions that were universally present among plant desaturases. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that the abundance of IgFAD2 transcript was significantly upregulated under different environmental stresses including low temperature(15℃), high salinity(salinity of 62 and 93), and nitrogen starvation(220 μmol/L). Heterologous expression indicated that yeast cells transformed with a plasmid construct containing IgFAD2 could convert endogenous oleic acid(18:1^(?9), OA) into linoleic acid(18:2^(?9, 12), LA). These findings confirm that I. galbana IgFAD2 plays important roles in the biosynthetic pathways of unsaturated fatty acids.

Production of γ-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid by Synechococcus sp.PCC7002 containing cyanobacterial fatty acid desaturase genes

Genetic modifi cation is useful for improving the nutritional qualities of cyanobacteria. To increase the total unsaturated fatty acid content, along with the ratio of ω-3/ω-6 fatty acids, genetic engineering can be used to modify fatty acid metabolism. S ynechococcus sp. PCC7002, a fast-growing cyanobacterium, does not contain a Δ6 desaturase gene and is therefore unable to synthesize γ-linolenic acid(GLA) and stearidonic acid(SDA), which are important in human health. In this work, we constructed recombinant vectors Syd6 D, Syd15 D and Syd6Dd15 D to express the Δ15 desaturase and Δ6 desaturase genes from Synechocystis PCC6803 in Synechococcus sp. PCC7002, with the aim of expressing polyunsaturated fatty acids. Overexpression of the Δ15 desaturase gene in S ynechococcus resulted in 5.4 times greater accumulation of α-linolenic acid compared with the wild-type while Δ6 desaturase gene expression produced both GLA and SDA. Co-expression of the two genes resulted in low-level accumulation of GLA but much larger amounts of SDA, accounting for as much to 11.64% of the total fatty acid content.

Functional characterization of a Δ6 fatty acid desaturase gene and its 5′-upstream region cloned from the arachidonic acid-rich microalga Myrmecia incisa Reisigl(Chlorophyta)

It is suggested that Δ6 fatty acid desaturase(FAD) plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants and microalgae. But why does it adapt to the changed environments such as nitrogen starvation is seldom understood. One Δ6 FAD gene( MiD6 fad) from an arachidonic acidrich microalga M yrmecia incisa Reisigl(Chlorophyta) was first heterologously expressed in S accharomyces cerevisiae for the identification of function. The fatty acid profile of transgenic yeast detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry illustrated that the enzyme MiD6 FAD could convert linoleic and ?-linolenic acids to γ-linolenic and stearidonic acids, respectively, demonstrating that M iD6 fad encoded a Δ6 FAD. A 1 965-bp fragment of the cloned 2 347-bp 5′-upstream region of M iD6 fad was next subcloned and fused upstream with green fluorescent protein(GFP) gene to replace the GAL1 promoter of the vector pYES2. The generated construct was transformed into S. cerevisiae for function determination. Confocal microscopic images of the transformed line illustrated that this inserted fragment could drive GFP expression, which was further verified by fluorescence intensity quantification and Western blot analysis using antiGFP antibody. The conversion efficiency(approximately 2%-3%) of MiD6 FAD was much lower than the reported ? 3 FAD and Δ6 elongase in this microalga, suggesting that MiD6 FAD catalysed the possible ratelimiting step for ArA biosynthesis. The presence of several putative c is-acting regulatory elements in this identified promoter sheds new light on the regulation mechanism research of Δ6 FAD transcription for the ArA production in M. incisa in changing environmental factors.

Association of Bovine Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 Gene Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Intramuscular Fatty Acid Composition in Japanese Black Steers

Beef from Japanese Black cattle (JBK), is popular in Japan and valued for its highly marbled fat content. In JBK, genes affecting oleic acid content in meat have been studied mainly to lower the fat melting point and improve tenderness;however, there has been no direct correlation demonstrated between beef taste and oleic acid. To investigate genes affecting other fatty acids other than oleic acid, polymorphisms of the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) gene were genotyped and associations with fatty acid profile in JBK beef were investigated. Amplifications of 5’-flanking regions, 12 exons, and 3’-untranslated regions of the FADS2 gene in three Japanese and five Western cattle breeds via PCR, were amplified, sequenced and SNPs were identified using specific TaqMan genotyping assay. Fatty acid composition of intramuscular adipose tissue of the Trapezius muscle was analyzed in JBK steers. Six of the 15 identified SNPs are novel and have never been registered in any public bovine SNP database. A non-synonymous SNP (rs211580559;C > T;294 Ala > Val) in exon 7 was examined in order to evaluate its association with fatty acid profiles. The data showed that highly significant association existed between rs211580559 and C18:2 (n-6) composition, and accounted for 22.3% of the variation. There were no significant relationships between rs2115-80559 and the other fatty acids. It was concluded that rs211580559 of the FADS2 gene may be a useful selection marker for reducing unfavorable volatiles generated from linoleic acid in JBK beef during the cooking process.

Origin and evolution of fatty acid desaturase genes in oil crop Brassica napus

Fatty acid(FA)desaturases,as the key enzymes in lipid metabolism,are responsible for biosynthesis of the unsaturated fatty FAs,which play important roles in maintaining cell membrane integrity and multiple stress responses.Although attention has been drawn to some plant FA desaturase genes,their global landscape in oil crops is still lacking.Here,we performed systematic characterization and phylogenomic synteny network analyses of the FA desaturase gene family in polyploid oil crop B.napus and other 54 species covering major streptophyte lineages.A total of 1653 FA desaturase genes were identified from these plant genomes.Based on the broad-scale family phylogeny and functional domains,we proposed a unified eight-group classification system for angiosperm FA desaturases,and found that the origin of genes responsible for FA desaturation evolved early and some genes were absent in different species.Phylogenomic analyses revealed deeply conserved syntenic relationships within each of the eight FA desaturase groups.B.napus contains up to 93 FA desaturase genes from the eight groups.Recurrent duplication events in Brassicaceae contributed to the expansion of FA desaturase genes in B.napus,leading to further functional diversification.These FA desaturase genes exhibited spatio-temporal specific expression patterns in different tissues of B.napus,and a set of FA desaturase genes seem to be orchestrated by key transcriptional factors during seed development,such as zf-HD,B3,GATA3,PEI1,NFYA7,YAB1 and YAB2.Altogether,our data have inferred the evolutionary trajectory of this important gene family across distinct plant lineages,providing theoretical basis for future manipulation of FA desaturase genes to improve the seed oil quality of B.napus.

Cloning of Cotton Delta-12 Oleate Desaturase Gene FAD2-1 and Construction of Its ihpRNA and amiRNA Interference Vectors

Delta-12 oleate desaturase gene （FAD2-1） which converts oleic acid into linoleic acid, is the key enzyme determining the fatty acid composition of cottonseed oil. By employing RT-PCR method, full length cDNA of cotton delta-12 oleate desat- urase gene GhFAD2-1 containing an open reading frame of 1 158 bp was cloned for constructing RNAi vector. A 515 bp long specific fragment of this gene was se- lected for constructing ihpRNA vector under the control of a seed-specific promoter NAPIN, named pFGC1008-NAPIN-FAD2-1; meanwhile miRNA gene-silencing vector pCAMBIA1302-amiRNA-FAD2-1 targeting GhFAD2-1 was also constructed.

Δ12/Δ15脂肪酸脱饱和酶在多不饱和脂肪酸生产中的应用研究进展

Δ12/Δ15脂肪酸脱饱和酶(FADS12/15)广泛存在于植物、动物和微生物中,是多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs)合成的关键酶,在其生产中发挥着重要作用。PUFAs具有广泛的益生功能,但是由于人体内缺乏FADS12/15,无法合成亚油酸和α-亚麻酸,因此必须通过食物摄入来补充。此外,人体对其他PUFAs的需求也很高,迫切需要开发优质的PUFAs生产者。微生物是脂肪酸生产的潜在资源,通过FADS12/15基因工程改造可有效提高ω-3和ω-6 PUFAs的产量,从而为人类提供优质的生物脂质资源。作者综述了FADS12/15参与的脂肪酸合成途径及其催化机理,以及FADS12/15基因过表达体系和基因工程微生物种类,总结了FADS12/15同源或异源表达生产PUFAs的研究现状,旨在为FADS12/15基因工程研究和PUFAs的高效生产提供参考。

同型半胱氨酸、叶酸及维生素B_(12)与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的研究进展

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD),是全球最常见的肝病,与胰岛素抵抗、肥胖和代谢综合征密切相关。随着年龄的增加,高血压、高血脂、糖代谢异常等代谢疾病的发病率逐渐升高,而NAFLD通常因无症状而易被忽视,因此,寻找早期有效的诊断指标对遏制疾病的发展十分必要。同型半胱氨酸是许多慢性疾病发生的危险因素,如心血管疾病、糖尿病、NAFLD等,叶酸、维生素B_(12)又与同型半胱氨酸的代谢密切相关,本文就三者与NAFLD的关系作一综述,为NAFLD的临床诊疗提供新思路。

Cloning and characterization of a stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene from Jatropha curcas

Using degenerate primers and RT-PCR, RACE techniques, a 1491 bp cDNA segment of stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase （SAD） is cloned from developing seeds of Jatropha curcas L. The segment contains a 1191 bp of complete open reading frame （ORF）. Analysis in the BLAST on NCBI shows that Jatropha curcas SAD （JSAD） gene encodes a protein precursor composed of a signal peptide of 33 amino acids and a mature peptide of 363 amino acids. The homological analysis shows that JSAD has high level of homology both in nucleotide sequence and in amino acid sequence to other plants SADs. The nucleotide and peptide identity of JSAD to Ricinus communis SAD （RSAD） is up to 89% and 96.2% respectively. Molecular modeling of JSAD indicates that its three-dimensional structure strongly resembled the crystal structure of RSAD.

Effect of Dietary Lipid on the Growth, Fatty Acid Composition and Δ5 Fads Expression of Abalone(Haliotis discus hannai Ino) Hepatopancreas

This study investigated the effect of dietary lipid on the growth, fatty acid composition and Δ5 fatty acyl desaturase genes(Fads) expression of juvenile abalone(Haliotis discus hannai Ino) hepatopancreas. Six purified diets were formulated to contain tripalmitin(TP), olive oil(OO, 72.87% 18:1n-9), grape seed oil(GO, 68.67% 18:2n-6), linseed oil(LO, 70.48% 18:3n-3), ARA oil(AO, 41.81% ARA) or EPA oil(EO, 44.09% EPA and 23.67% DAH). No significant difference in survival rate was observed among abalone fed with different diets. Weight gain rate(WGR) and daily growth rate of shell length(DGRSL) were significantly increased in abalone fed with diets containing OO, AO and EO, but decreased in abalone fed with LO diet(P < 0.05) in comparison with those fed with TP. High level of dietary 18:2n-6 resulted in higher content of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs) in abalone fed with GO than those fed with TP, OO, LO and EO(P < 0.05). n-3 PUFAs in abalone fed with LO was significantly higher than those in abalone fed with TP, OO, GO and AO(P < 0.05). The highest contents of 20:1n-9 and 22:1n-9 were observed in abalone fed with OO. The expression of Δ5 Fads in hepatopancreas of abalone was enhanced by high concentration of 18:3n-3 and suppressed by dietary LC-PUFAs; however it was not affected by dietary high concentration of 18:1n-9 or 18:2n-6. These results provided valuable information for understanding the synthesis of LC-PUFAs and nutritional regulation of Δ5 Fads expression in abalone.

Roles of vitamin A in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis

Dietary macronutrients and micronutrients play important roles in human health.On the other hand,the excessive energy derived from food is stored in the form of triacylglycerol.A variety of dietary and hormonal factors affect this process through the regulation of the activities and expression levels of those key player enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase,fatty acid synthase,fatty acid elongases,and desaturases.As a micronutrient,vitamin A is essential for the health of humans.Recently,vitamin A has been shown to play a role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism.This review summarizes recent research progresses about the roles of vitamin A in fatty acid synthesis.It focuses on the effects of vitamin A on the activities and expression levels of mRNA and proteins of key enzymes for fatty acid synthesis in vitro and in vivo.It appears that vitamin A status and its signaling pathway regulate the expression levels of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis.Future research directions are also discussed.

△12-脂肪酸脱氢酶及其编码基因研究进展

△12-脂肪酸脱氢酶是催化脂肪酸链第12位碳原子形成双键的脱氢酶类,控制着油酸、亚油酸和其他多种不饱和脂肪酸的合成和含量。△12-脂肪酸脱氢酶根据电子供体不同可以分为fad2型和fad6型,fad2又可以分为管家型fad2和种子特异型fad2,fad2型和fad6型具有相同功能,但亲缘关系较远。fad2型编码基因在植物中一般有多个拷贝。本研究从△12-脂肪酸脱氢酶的结构和功能、分类、系统进化、生理学作用、基因克隆、基因结构和拷贝数等方面对其研究进展进行了综述,对相关研究领域的未来研究方向进行了展望。

△12-脂肪酸去饱和酶FAD2的基本特性及其在胁迫中的功能

脂肪酸去饱和酶(fatty acid desaturase,FAD)催化与载体结合的饱和脂肪酸或不饱和脂肪酸在脂酰链上形成双键.脂肪酸去饱和酶可以分为脂酰ACP去饱和酶、脂酰CoA去饱和酶和脂酰脂去饱和酶三类.而脂酰脂去饱和酶中的△12-脂肪酸去饱和酶(△12 fatty acid desaturase,FAD2)是催化脂肪酸链第12位碳原子形成双键的去饱和酶类,控制着油酸、亚油酸和其他多种不饱和脂肪酸的合成和含量.主要从△12-脂肪酸去饱和酶FAD2的基本特性和在胁迫中的功能进行了综述,并对相关研究领域的未来研究方向进行了展望.

茶树△12-脂肪酸去饱和酶基因FAD2和FAD6的克隆与表达分析

本研究在茶树转录组测序的基础上,以铁观音茶树的芽叶为材料,采用RT-PCR技术,克隆了茶树不饱和脂肪酸合成途径中的关键限速酶—△12-FAD(12-脂肪酸去饱和酶)基因的包含完整ORF的cDNA序列(CsFAD2和CsFAD6)。生物信息学分析结果表明,CsFAD2的全长为1 184 bp,其开放阅读框(ORF)长度1 149 bp,编码382个氨基酸,定位于内质网上,其氨基酸序列与油茶FAD2的同源性最高达97%;CsFAD6的全长为1 425 bp,其ORF长度为1 311 bp,编码436个氨基酸,定位于叶绿体上,其氨基酸序列与葡萄FAD6同源性达81%。荧光定量PCR结果表明,铁观音茶树幼苗在4℃低温胁迫处理72 h过程中,这两个基因的表达均受低温的诱导,其表达量随着处理时间的延长而升高,在处理48 h时,表达量水平最高;在100 g·L-1的PEG胁迫处理12 h过程中,这两个基因的表达均受PEG胁迫处理的诱导;在ABA(100μmol·L-1)胁迫处理72 h过程中,在处理6~24 h期间,CsFAD2的表达量显著升高,而CsFAD6的表达不受ABA处理的影响,CsFAD6的表达量在处理72 h时显著降低;在Na Cl(250 mmol·L-1)胁迫72 h过程中,CsFAD2的表达量全程降低,而CsFAD6在处理24~72 h期间表达量显著升高。

花生Δ^(12)-脂肪酸去饱和酶基因RNAi表达载体的构建

利用RNAi原理构建花生Δ12-脂肪酸去饱和酶基因的hpRNA表达载体,以抑制该基因的表达,获得高油酸/亚油酸比值的花生种质。根据花生Δ12-脂肪酸去饱和酶基因序列(GenBank:AF248739)设计引物,以豫花4号花生品种DNA为模板,克隆了该基因的启动子及长度约500 bp的外显子片段,在此基础上构建完成由自身启动子引导的花生Δ12-脂肪酸去饱和酶基因的反向重复片段RNAi载体pCAMBIA1301-Afad12Ri。

普通油茶两个Δ-12脂肪酸脱氢酶基因序列特征及表达模式研究

[目地]研究普通油茶油脂成分形成的调控机制。[方法]通过转录组测序获得2条普通油茶Δ-12脂肪酸脱氢酶基因序列,分别命名为Cofad6和Cofad2-2,并对这两个基因及其编码蛋白的序列特征进行比较,对其基因表达量与脂肪酸成分含量的相关性进行分析。[结果]Cofad6基因c DNA编码区全长1 347 bp,编码448个氨基酸;Cofad2-2基因c DNA编码区全长1 152 bp,编码383个氨基酸。经比对,Co FAD6蛋白与其余物种FAD6蛋白有65.7%83.68%的氨基酸同源,Co FAD2-2与浙江红花油茶FAD2-2蛋白有99.22%的氨基酸同源,与其余物种的蛋白质78.59%81.72%同源。蛋白质二级结构分析表明,Co FAD6和Co FAD2-2均具有一个脂肪酸去饱和酶结构域,属于脂酰-Co A去饱和酶基因家族;两者均为跨膜蛋白,且Co FAD2-2具有定位于内质网的保守模序。定量PCR检测发现,在普通油茶‘长林4号’无性系未成熟种子中,Cofad6表达量随着种子发育先升高后降低,而Cofad2-2基因随着种子发育表达量逐渐降低,与种子油脂中亚油酸、亚麻酸含量变化趋势呈显著正相关,与油酸含量变化呈显著负相关。[结论]推测Cofad2-2基因是调控普通油茶种子油脂中油酸和亚油酸含量的关键基因之一,该研究为普通油茶油脂改良基因工程育种奠定了基础。