Insights into Euphorbia diversity: Probing the contrasts between Euphorbia fischeriana Steud and Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata

In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),Euphorbia fischeriana Steud(E.fischeriana)and Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata(E.ebracteolata),commonly referred to as“Langdu”,are widely extensively utilized for treating lymphatic tuberculosis and ringworm[1].Both plant species are perennial herbaceous plants mainly distributed in northeastern China,Mongolia,Russia(Siberia),and Republic of Korea[2].There have been many reports on the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of the two plant species,which has made more and more researchers realize that there may be differences between E.fischeriana and E.ebracteolata.In some cases,long-term improper use of herbal medicines can even lead to life-threatening conditions[3,4].Therefore,it is essential to employ an effective technology to differentiate between these two plants based on their chemical constituents and biological activities,so as to reduce the harm caused by the mixing and misuse of medicinal materials.Therefore,the present paper describes a study of the differences between E.ebracteolata and E.fischeriana,using untargeted plant metabolomics and biological activity evaluations.This study aims to provide valuable insight into their equivalence and potential interchangeability in TCM and clinical medication.

Haematological and Biochemical Indices of Finisher Broiler Chickens Fed Graded Levels of Spurge Weeds (Euphorbia heterophylla) Leaf Meal

The study aimed to investigate the Haematological and Serum Biochemical indices of finisher broiler chickens fed graded levels of Euphorbia heterophylla leaf meal (EHLM) also known as spurge weed. The birds were allotted into six dietary treatments of ten birds segregated into three replicates each. The diets formulated with EHLM were included at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% levels in diets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively to replace soybean. Each treatment was replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Uncoagulated blood samples were collected from the birds at the end of the 56 days feeding trial and analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentrate (Hb), red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC). The mean corpuscular haemoglobin volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were calculated using PCV, RBC and Hb. The blood meant for serological analysis was centrifuged at 1000 G for 10 minutes, after which the serum was separated and used for determining serum total protein (Tp), Albumin, Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). The results revealed that the control group had significantly higher values of PCV, RBC, and Hb compared to other treatment groups. However, the values of MCV, MCH, lymphocytes, heterophils, and eosinophils were similar to the control. The biochemical parameters showed significant differences among treatment groups, but not significantly different from the control. The study concluded that EHLM may not pose a health challenge to broiler chickens at levels of 5 - 15 percent, but improved health, immunity and performance can be achieved at the 15% inclusion level.

Study on the mechanism of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.- Jujubae Fructus in the treatment of hepatocirrhosis based on network pharmacology

The active components,targets,and pathways of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.-Jujubae Fructus in treating hepatocirrhosis and the mechanism of action were explored by means of network pharmacology.Firstly,the active components and related targets of Jujubae Fructus were screened by TCMSP database and standardized by Uniprot database.The compounds of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.were obtained by searching the literature and finally screened by PubChem database,Swiss ADME,and SwissTargetPrediction.Hepatocirrhosis targets were obtained through Genecards database,PPI network analysis was conducted on common targets of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.-Jujubae Fructus and hepatocirrhosis by using String database,GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was conducted through Metascape database by using intersection targets of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.-Jujubae Fructus and hepatocirrhosis,and the results were drawn by using Weishengxin online drawing platform.Then,the network of drug-compound-target-pathway was constructed by the software of Cytoscape3.8.0.Finally,the above results were verified by molecular docking.47 active compounds from Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.-Jujubae Fructus were screened out,which had 38 common targets,162 intersection targets,and 340 signal pathways with hepatocirrhosis,mainly involving hepatitis C,JAK-STAT signal pathway and AGE-RAGE signal pathway.Targets,such as MAPK1,AKT1,TNF,JUN,IL6 and PTGS2,play important roles in the treatment.The findings suggested that the main active ingredients of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.-Jujubae Fructus in treating hepatocirrhosis are quercetin,scopolamine,physcion,7-deoxyrangduin,17-Hydroxyjolkinolide A,etc.Molecular docking results showed that the main active components and core targets might have a good binding capacity.This study preliminarily explored the potential mechanism of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.-Jujubae Fructus in treating hepatocirrhosis and provided a theoretical basis for the clinical application of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.-Jujubae Fructus.

Pharmacognosy research and identification of Euphorbia prostrata Ait.

Background:Euphorbia prostrata Ait.is an annual herb widely distributed in the southern region of China with great medical values on Anti-inflammation,insect repellent,treatment of diarrhea.Despite its extensive uses as a traditional Chinese medicine,no systematic research on the identification of E.prostrata has been reported.Methods:The study aimed to establish an accurate identification system for E.prostrata through traditional pharmacognostical methods,including botanical origin,morphological characters,medicinal material characters,microscopic characters,physicochemical parameters determination,phytochemical screening,and DNA barcoding analysis.Results:Physicochemical results show that this plant likely contains flavonoids,anthraquinones,and other substances.The ITS loci of the nuclear genome and psbA-trnH loci of the chloroplast genome were selected and evaluated,which were the most variable loci.Conclusion:The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the development of species identification,as well as provide references for authenticity identification,genetic relationship analysis,and further utilization of E.prostrata.

Study on the regulatory effect of liver X receptor in HEK293 cells by six main diterpene esters in Semen Euphorbiae

Background:To study the effects of the main diterpene esters in Euphorbia factor L_(1),L_(2),L_(3),L_(7a),L_(7b)and L_(8)on the transcriptional activity and protein expression of liver X receptor(LXR).Methods:The effect of the main diterpene ester components in Semen Euphorbiae on the viability of HEK293 cells were studied by MTT assay.The LXR-Luc plasmid vector was transfected into HEK293 cells and treated with Euphorbia factor L_(1),L_(2),L_(3),L_(7a),L_(7b)and L_(8)for 24 h.The effect of the main diterpene ester components of Semen Euphorbiae on LXR-Luc luciferase activity was investigated by dual luciferase reporter gene system,and the expression of LXRαprotein was detected by Western Blot.Results:Euphorbia factor L_(1),L_(2),L_(3),L_(7a),L_(7b)and L_(8)could significantly reduce the relative luciferase activity(RLU)of LXRα,and the expression level of LXRαprotein was significantly down-regulated.Conclusion:Euphorbia factor L_(1),L_(2),L_(3),L_(7a),L_(7b)and L_(8)can inhibit the expression of LXR protein level,which may be achieved by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of LXR.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of a Lebanese plant Euphorbia macroclada schyzoceras

Objective:To determine the chemical composition,total phenolic and total flavonoid contents ofthe crude extracts from leaves and stems of a Lebanese plantEuphorbia macroclada schyzoceras(E.macroclada),and to evaluate their antioxidant potential using DPPH,H2O2,and chelating offerrous ions tests.Methods:Quantification of the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents ofthe crude extracts from leaves and stems and the antioxidant activities were evaluated usingspectrophotometric analyses.The chemical composition has been estimated using differenttechniques such as IR,LC/MS and NMR.Results:Ethanolic extract from leaves ofE.macroclada was better than aqueous extract and showed higher content in total phenolic and total flavonoidthan found in the stems.On the other hand,using DPPH and H2O2tests,this extract from leavesshowed higher antioxidant capacity than aqueous extract.However,using the chelating of ferrousions test,the antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of both stems and leaves was strongerthan that of ethanolic once.The chemical composition of the whole plant showed the presence ofsome aromatic compounds and fatty acids.Conclusions:Both ethanolic and water extracts fromboth parts of this plant are effective and have good antioxidant power.So,this plant can be usedin the prevention of a number of diseases related to oxidative stress.

A Review on Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Euphorbia hirta L.

Euphorbia hirta L. is an annual medicinal herb throughout many tropical continents used to cure various diseases. Several studies have isolated many bioactive compounds from E. hirta. This study aimed at providing a collection of bioactive constituents in E. hirta. This review summarizes the extraction solvent, the structures and the properties of 38 bioactive phytochemicals isolated from E. hirta. It could help to understand the relationship existing between phytochemicals and their activities.

Study on the Action Mechanism of Euphorbia peplus in the Treatment of Alzheimer s Disease Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS Combined with Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

[Objectives]Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS,network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques,the mechanism of Euphorbia peplus in the treatment of Alzheimer s disease(AD)was studied.[Methods]The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique was used to rapidly analyze the chemical components of E.peplus.Active components and potential targets of E.peplus were retrieved from TCMSP and Swiss Target Prediction database,and AD targets were screened using GeneCards database.The targets of E.peplus in the treatment of AD were obtained.The PPI network was constructed using String platform,and the network topology of Cytoscape software was used to compute and screen key targets,and the GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was carried out in Metascape database to construct the"component-target-pathway-disease"network.Molecular docking was used to predict the binding properties of active ingredients and targets.[Results]The results of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS showed that 83 compounds were identified from E.peplus,including 19 terpenoids,10 phenolic acids and phenols,16 flavonoids,2 phenylpropanoids,4 coumarins,1 alkaloid,1 anthraquinone and 30 other compounds.The results of network pharmacological analysis showed that 82 active ingredients were screened,and 279 common targets were identified for the treatment of AD,among which the key targets were ALB(albumin),GAPDH(glyceraldehyde triphosphate dehydrogenase),TNF(tumor necrosis factor),AKT1(serine/threonine protein kinase 1),and IL6(interleukin-6).KEGG enrichment analysis showed that key signaling pathways include cancer pathways,lipid and atherosclerosis,Alzheimer s disease,insulin resistance,serotonergic synapses,calcium signaling pathway,cAMP signaling pathway and other signaling pathways.Molecular docking results showed that 14-deoxyandrographolide,dehydroandrographolide,licochalcone B,apigenin and naringenin may be the key components of E.peplus in the treatment of AD.[Conclusions]The results suggest that E.peplus can be used to treat Alzheimer s disease through multi-component,multi-target and multi-pathway.

泽漆醇提取物抗氧化活性及对油酸诱导HepG2细胞脂肪堆积的影响

为了探究泽漆醇提取物体外抗氧化作用及其对油酸诱导HepG2细胞脂肪堆积的影响。本研究采用浸渍法分别以25%、50%、75%甲醇和乙醇对泽漆粉末进行提取,评估不同泽漆提取物的体外抗氧化活性,并测定其总酚和总黄酮含量。建立HepG2细胞脂肪堆积模型,不同浓度(20、40、60μg/mL)泽漆50%乙醇提取物处理24 h,观察细胞内脂滴形成情况;测定细胞中甘油三脂(triglyceride,TG)含量、总谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性及总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)。结果表明,泽漆醇提取物均具有抗氧化活性,且有浓度依赖性,其中50%乙醇提取物在一定浓度范围内抗氧化效果最佳(P<0.05),且总酚(8.813%±1.344%)和总黄酮(17.938%±0.819%)含量也较高。与模型组比较,泽漆50%乙醇提取物能够降低HepG2细胞内脂滴和TG值,提高细胞GSH、T-AOC含量和SOD活性(P<0.05),具有浓度依赖性。综上可知,50%乙醇提取物可以抑制油酸诱导的HepG2细胞脂肪堆积,并增强细胞内源性抗氧化能力。

复合侵染云南西番莲的两种菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒的分子鉴定及序列分析

西番莲Passiflora caerulea是我国南部省区广泛种植的一种热带果树。本研究于2020年6月从云南省德宏州西番莲种植区采集到4份疑似感染菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒的西番莲样品,利用PCR扩增、克隆、测序以及生物信息学分析等方法,明确了西番莲样品受菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒侵染。对4份西番莲样品进行菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒全基因组扩增,从中共获得5条菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒全基因组序列,分别命名为YN7292-6、YN7293-12、YN7293-4、YN7294-16和YN7295-25,均具有菜豆金色花叶病毒属单组分病毒的典型结构,编码7个开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF);其中YN7292-6、YN7293-12、YN7294-16及YN7295-25与一品红曲叶病毒(Euphorbia leaf curl virus,EuLCuV)的不同分离物的核苷酸相似性均高于99.05%,为EuLCuV的不同分离物;而YN7293-4则与分离自江西西番莲样品的广东番木瓜曲叶病毒(papaya leaf curl Guangdong virus,PaLCuGdV)分离物GNPF1(GenBank登录号:MK673114.1)的核苷酸相似性最高,为99.70%,为PaLCuGdV的一个分离物;重组分析发现,2个分离物EuLCuV-YN7293-12和PaLCuGdV-YN7293-4均为重组病毒。本研究首次在云南省发现EuLCuV和PaLCuGdV这2种菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒复合侵染西番莲,为有效预防和控制西番莲病毒病害的发生和传播提供理论依据。

京大戟醋制前后对正常大鼠毒性的研究

目的比较京大戟醋制前后对正常大鼠肝、胃、肠、肾毒性的差异。方法采用雄性SD大鼠56只,随机分为7组:空白组、京大戟低、中、高剂量组和醋京大戟低、中、高剂量组。给药组大鼠分别灌胃0.253 g/kg、0.506 g/kg、1.012 g/kg京大戟、醋京大戟粉末,空白组灌胃等量的0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠,连续7天。考察给药后各组大鼠各脏器的组织病理形态学变化,测定血清中的肝肾功能指标及血清和组织中的氧化损伤指标。结果与空白组比较,各给药组大鼠肝、胃、肠病理切片可见不同程度的组织损伤,京大戟各剂量组的大鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)与谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)活性显著升高(P<0.01,P<0.05),肌酐(creatinine,CRE)与尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)活性略有升高;血清和肝、胃、肠组织中的超氧化歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)含量明显降低,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量显著升高(P<0.01,P<0.05)。与京大戟组比较,醋京大戟组的大鼠肝、胃、肠组织损伤较轻,血清中AST、ALT活性显著降低;血清和肝、胃、肠组织中的MDA含量明显降低,SOD和GSH含量明显升高(P>0.05),但两组间无显著性差异。结论京大戟对正常大鼠肝、胃、肠毒性明显,对肾无明显损伤,醋制后毒性均下降,其毒性作用与氧化损伤相关。

川产土瓜狼毒根部化学成分研究

对大戟属植物土瓜狼毒(Euphorbia prolifera)根部的化学成分进行研究。采用多种色谱方法对其乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,并利用波谱分析确定化合物结构。从中共分离得到11个化合物,其结构分别鉴定为24-亚甲基环阿尔廷醇(1)、β-谷甾醇(2)、β-香树脂醇(3)、月腺大戟素(4)、狼毒乙素(5)、(2,4-二羟基-6-甲氧基-3-醛基)-苯乙酮(6)、香草酸(7)、异香草酸(8)、岩大戟内酯A(9)、三十四碳-(20,23)-二烯酸(10)、4-(2'-甲基-辛氧羰基)苯甲酸(11)。化合物1–11系首次从土瓜狼毒中分离得到。

大狼毒根浸提液对3种优良牧草的化感作用研究

为筛选适宜用于滇西北大狼毒型退化草地补播治理的优良草种,以白三叶、多年生黑麦草、西南野古草3种适应高寒气候条件的牧草为受体材料,采用培养皿滤纸法和穴盘培养法,开展大狼毒根浸提液对3种优良牧草的化感作用研究。结果表明:3种供试牧草在种子萌发、幼苗生长和光合作用方面均会受到大狼毒根浸提液不同程度的化感抑制作用,其对3种牧草的种子萌发及幼苗光合能力抑制作用表现为西南野古草>多年生黑麦草>白三叶,对幼苗生长抑制作用表现为西南野古草>白三叶>多年生黑麦草。综合而言,白三叶和多年生黑麦草较耐化感,适合用于滇西北高寒地区大狼毒型退化草地的补播治理。生产中建议将两者搭配使用,以实现更好的补播效果。

基于网络药理学探究地锦草防治溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制

【目的】基于网络药理学并结合分子对接方法分析地锦草防治溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的活性成分和靶点,探究其潜在机制,进而保护动物肠道。【方法】利用TCMSP数据库获取地锦草的活性成分及对应药物靶点。通过GeneCards、DisGeNET、TTD、PharmGKB和DrugBank数据库获取疾病靶点。药物靶点和疾病靶点取交集获取潜在靶点,分别借助STRING和DAVID数据库对潜在靶点进行蛋白互作(PPI)分析及GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析。借助AutoDock 1.5.7软件进行分子对接验证,利用PyMOL软件将对接结果可视化。通过体内试验利用30只BALB/c小鼠制作葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的UC模型,设置对照组、模型组、地锦草低(5 mg/mL)、高(15 mg/mL)剂量组、美沙拉嗪组(52 mg/mL)。除对照组外,其余各组小鼠连续7 d自由饮用3%DSS诱导UC模型,各给药组小鼠每天灌胃1次,根据小鼠体重灌胃相应剂量的药物0.1 mL/10 g,对照组和模型组小鼠灌胃等体积无菌生理盐水,连续7 d,测其体重变化、疾病活动指数(DAI)评分和结肠长度,检测肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL6)和IL10含量。【结果】地锦草主要活性成分有山柰酚、4’-5二羟基黄酮和鞣花酸等,对应的药物靶点256个,疾病靶点4265个,潜在靶点128个,核心靶点7个。GO功能富集涉及对活性氧的反应、对氧化应激的反应、炎症反应、膜筏、小窝、激酶调节剂活性等。KEGG信号通路涉及PI3K-Akt和TNF信号通路等。分子对接结果显示,山柰酚和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARG)、4’,5-二羟基黄酮和PPARG、鞣花酸和丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶1(AKT1)、鞣花酸和IL6具有较强结合潜力。体内试验结果表明,与对照组相比,模型组小鼠体重严重下降,严重的甚至出现水样血便,DAI评分极显著升高(P<0.01),结肠组织的黏膜层及黏膜下层出现大量炎性细胞浸润,甚至有小溃疡的出现,表明小鼠UC造模成功。与模型组相比,各给药组小鼠结肠组织黏膜层炎症细胞浸润减少,DAI评分极显著降低(P<0.01),结肠挛缩情况好转,TNF-α和IL6含量显著减少(P<0.05),IL10含量显著增加(P<0.05),抑制炎症发生。【结论】地锦草中的山柰酚、4’-5二羟基黄酮和鞣花酸等主要活性成分可能通过作用于AKT1、PPARG和IL6等核心靶点参与炎症相关信号通路及生物功能,抑制炎症,减轻肠道损伤,从而发挥防治UC的效用。

基于非靶向代谢组学的斑地锦叶片和乳汁成分分析

为比较斑地锦(Euphorbia maculata L.)叶片和乳汁所含活性成分的差异,通过液相色谱-质谱联用仪(LC-MS)进行相关代谢物数据采集,基于非靶向代谢组学对斑地锦叶片和乳汁的化学成分进行分析,采用主成分分析、多元统计分析、正交偏最小二乘判别分析相结合的方法鉴定差异代谢物,通过文献检索归纳比较叶片和乳汁主要差异代谢物的药理活性。结果表明,在斑地锦叶片和乳汁中共鉴定出1229种代谢物,主要为生物碱(217种)、苯丙素及其衍生物类(178种)、脂类(147种)、萜类(137种),黄酮类(113种)等化合物。通过多元统计分析筛选出859种差异代谢物,有466种代谢物在乳汁中高表达,其中3-脱氢莽草酸(酚酸类)、山梨酸(萜类)、原儿茶酸(酚酸类)、肉桂醛(苯丙素及其衍生物类)、橙皮苷(黄酮类)、川芎内酯(萜类)、α-细辛脑(苯丙素及其衍生物类)、水杨酸(酚酸类)、D-樟脑(萜类)、蒙花苷(黄酮类)、反式阿魏酸(苯丙素及其衍生物类)、姜黄素(酚酸类)、二十碳五烯酸乙酯(脂类)、β-石竹烯(萜类)等14种代谢物首次在斑地锦中被报道。斑地锦黄酮类活性成分在叶片中的表达量均明显高于乳汁;没食子酸乙酯、原儿茶酸乙酯、反式阿魏酸在乳汁中的表达量均明显高于叶片,其中反式阿魏酸在乳汁中的表达量为叶片的57.74倍。综上,斑地锦叶片和乳汁中代谢物成分和含量具有显著差异。

蒙药京大戟奶制前后肠道毒性变化及成分分析

目的探究蒙药京大戟奶制前后肠道毒性变化与成分组成变化的相关性。方法小鼠灌胃给予生品京大戟、牛奶浸泡京大戟(奶制)及水浸泡京大戟(水制)的95%乙醇提取物,以粪便含水量、小鼠各肠段炎症因子TNF-α和IL-1β水平为指标,考察京大戟奶制前后的泻下作用及肠道致炎毒性变化;采用LC-MS/MS分析京大戟奶制前后95%醇提取物的成分组成变化。结果与空白组相比,京大戟生品、水制品可导致小鼠粪便含水量及各肠段TNF-α和IL-1β水平显著升高(P<0.05);与生品组相比,奶制品组各指标均显著下降(P<0.05),水制品组则无显著差异,表明水制不能起到减毒作用,辅料牛奶是降低京大戟毒性的关键辅料。质谱分析结果显示,京大戟中共鉴定出50个成分,其中萜类成分38个,酚酸类成分6个,其它成分6个,奶制后各成分含量均有不同程度的下降。对生、制品京大戟质谱数据进行主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)及正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(Partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)发现,生、制品成分可明显聚为2类,通过t检验筛选出生、制品的13个差异性成分,其中11个是萜类成分,表明京大戟奶制后萜类成分组成发生显著变化。炮制后牛奶辅料残液中检测出来源于京大戟的17个成分,其中16个为萜类成分,表明京大戟萜类成分在炮制浸泡过程中转移至辅料牛奶中。结论京大戟奶制后毒性降低、泻下作用缓和,其减毒机制可能与牛奶浸泡炮制过程中,萜类成分转移至牛奶中,饮片中毒性成分含量降低有关。

月腺大戟( Euphorbia ebracteolata)根部提取物抑菌作用的测定

以小麦赤霉病病菌(Fusariumgraminerum)、油菜菌核病病菌(Sclerotiniascleotiorum)、棉花黄萎病病菌(Verticilliumdahli-ae)、苹果炭疽病病菌(Glomarellacingulata)、甜瓜蔓枯病病菌(Mycosphaerellamelonis)为供试病原菌,采用琼胶平板法对月腺大戟根部丙酮提取物进行了离体抑菌活性测定;月腺大戟根部提取物样品供试质量浓度分别设为0.05g/mL,0.1g/mL,0.2g/mL,0.4g/mL四个梯度。测定结果表明:不同浓度月腺大戟根部丙酮提取物对5种供试病原菌均表现为很强的抑菌作用,该研究为月腺大戟根部进一步开发植物性农药提供理论依据。

基于液质联用和模拟炮制的诃子汤制狼毒大戟减毒机制研究

目的基于液质联用(LC-MS)和模拟炮制初探诃子汤制狼毒大戟的减毒机制。方法采用LC-MS分析狼毒大戟诃子汤制前后和狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位诃子汤模拟炮制后的化学成分变化;小鼠分别灌胃给予狼毒大戟生品乙醇提取物、狼毒大戟水制品乙醇提取物、诃子汤乙醇提取物、狼毒大戟诃子汤制品乙醇提取物、狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷提取物、狼毒大戟诃子汤制品二氯甲烷提取物、狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位诃子汤模拟炮制提取物,以粪便含水量、TNF-α和IL-1β的释放水平以及肠道病理损伤情况评价诃子汤制狼毒大戟和诃子汤模拟炮制狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位的毒性变化。结果狼毒大戟中共鉴定出115种化合物,诃子汤中共鉴定出53种化合物。狼毒大戟经诃子汤炮制后有58种化合物的含量显著降低,12种化合物的含量显著升高。与空白对照组相比,狼毒大戟生品组及其水制品组的粪便含水量、TNF-α和IL-1β的释放水平均显著升高(P<0.01),肠道损伤明显。与狼毒大戟生品组相比,诃子汤组和狼毒大戟诃子汤制品组的粪便含水量、TNF-α和IL-1β的释放水平均显著降低(P<0.01),肠道损伤得到修复。狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位经诃子汤模拟炮制后,二萜类化合物和鞣质酚酸类化合物的离子强度变化率分别为-6.75%~8.09%和66.06%~100.00%。狼毒大戟诃子汤制品二氯甲烷部位二萜类化合物的离子强度变化率为-9.92%~54.72%,无鞣质酚酸类化合物。与空白对照组相比,狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位组和狼毒大戟诃子汤制品二氯甲烷部位组的粪便含水量、TNF-α和IL-1β的释放水平均显著升高(P<0.01),肠道损伤严重。与狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位组相比,狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位诃子汤模拟炮制组的粪便含水量、TNF-α和IL-1β的释放水平显著降低(P<0.01),肠道未见明显损伤。结论诃子汤制能缓和狼毒大戟肠道毒性,其减毒机制可能是狼毒大戟在炮制过程中引入的诃子汤中大量的鞣质酚酸类化合物在动物体内起到了药理拮抗作用。

Pistillate Flower Development and Stigma Receptivity of Euphorbia pulcherrima

Objective] This study aimed to investigate the relationship between pistil-late flower developmental morphology and stigma receptivity in Euphorbia pulcherri-ma. [Method] One-year-old adult plants of E. pulcherrima cultivar ‘Mil enium’ were used as experimental materials to analyze pistil ate flower development process by macroscopic and scanning electron microscope （SEM） observation. Stigma receptivity was detected with benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method and in vivo pol en germina-tion method. [Result] The pistil ate flower development process of E. pulcherrima was consisted of columnar stigma phase, stigma lobe slightly opening phase, Y-shape stigma lobe phase, inverse V-shaped stigma lobe phase and stigma curling phase. Pistil ate flower development and stigma receptivity of E. pulcherrima exhibit-ed certain correlation. The stigma receptive period lasted from stigma lobe slightly opening phase to inverse V-shaped stigma lobe phase; inverse V-shaped stigma lobe phase was appropriate for pol ination, lasting for 3-5 d, with V-shaped stigma lobe and a large amount of exudates on stigma surface according to SEM obser-vation. Stigma receptivity of E. pulcherrima detected with benzidine-hydrogen perox-ide method was consistent with that detected in vivo pol en germination method. [Conclusion] ln breeding practice, the optimal pol ination period of E. pulcherrima can be determined based on the developmental morphology of pistil ate flower.

大狼毒次生代谢物分析及主要物质化感效应研究

为探究有毒植物大狼毒(Euphorbia jolkinii)含有的主要化感活性物质及化感效应,本试验运用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术(UPLC-MS/MS)对大狼毒次生代谢物进行分析,并采用生物测试法,开展3种代表性次生代谢物对多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和红三叶(Trifolium pratense)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响研究。结果表明:大狼毒根、茎叶分别含有898种和1025种次生代谢物,分属酚酸类、氨基酸及其衍生物、脂质、黄酮和生物碱等。4-硝基苯酚、奎宁酸和2-苯乙胺等代谢物在根、茎叶中均有检测到且相对丰度较高,对多年生黑麦草和红三叶种子萌发及生长均起到显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),抑制效果存在代谢物差异和“浓度效应”,以4-硝基苯酚抑制最强,2-苯乙胺次之,奎宁酸最弱。综上,大狼毒植株体内次生代谢物种类多,其中4-硝基苯酚和2-苯乙胺等代谢物化感效应较明显,为大狼毒潜在化感活性物质资源化开发利用提供参考依据。