Comparative study of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>f sp. <i>lycopersici</i>and <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i>race-2 on plant growth parameters of tomato

Many species of soil-inhabiting fungus Fusarium, cause severe yield loss in many crops. Experiments were conducted in net house condition with complete randomized block design to determine the individual effect of different in-oculum levels of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, Race-2 and Fusarium oxysporum f sp. lycopersici on plant growth parameters viz., Plant length, fresh and dry weight and number of fruits of tomato var. P21. The experimental results showed that both the pathogens cause significant reduction in plant growth parameters. However, the fungus was not much effective on plant growth parameters in comparison to root-knot nematode. Greatest reduction in plant growth parameters was recorded in plants inoculated with 8000 J2/Kg soil of Meloidogyne in-cognita race 2. The threshold level of root-knot nematode was 1000 J2/kg soil while threshold level of Fusarium was @ 1 g/Kg soil. Inoculum level of Fusarium oxysporum f sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne in-cognita race-2 was pathogenic and caused significant reduction at and above 1 g/kg soil and 1000 J2/Kg soil respectively.

DNA methylation patterns of banana leaves in response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4

Fusarium wilt of banana, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 （Foc TR4）, is a serious soil-borne fungal disease. Now, the epigenetic molecular pathogenic basis is elusive. In this study, with methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism （MSAP） technique, DNA methylation was compared between the leaves inoculated with Foc TR4 and the mock-inoculated leaves at different pathogenic stages. With 25 pairs of primers, 1 144 and 1 255 fragments were amplified from the infected and mock-inoculated leaves, respectively. DNA methylation was both changed and the average methylated CCGG sequences were 34.81 and 29.26% for the infected and the mock-inoculated leaves. And DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation were induced by pathogen infection during all pathogenic stages. Further, 69 polymorphic fragments were sequenced and 29 of them showed sequence similarity to genes with known functions. And RT-PCR results of four genes indicated that their expression patterns were consistent with their methylation patterns. Our results suggest that DNA methylation plays important roles in pathogenic response to Foc TR4 for banana.

Characterization of Fusarium Oxysporum Isolates Obtained from Wax Gourd and Chieh-qua in China by Pathogenicity, RAMs and Sequence Analysis of the rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS1 and ITS2)

Wax gourd (Benincasa hispida Thumb. Cogn) is called white gourd, winter melon, Chinese preserving melon, Chinese squash, and don kwa. It has been cultivated in China for over 2 300 years. It probably

Study on Control Effect of Invasive Banana Fusarium Disease(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense tropical race 4)by Different Varieties and Fertilization Treatments

[Objective]The paper was to understand the field resistance performance of different banana varieties and the prevention and control ef-fect of different fertilizers,so as to provide technical reference for the prevention and control of Fusarium wilt.[Method]Field trials were set up with three treatments:shrimp peptide organic fertilizer+shrimp peptide special protection+shrimp peptide fruit Yekang(simplified as shrimp peptide organic fertilizer treatment),conventional organic fertilizer+microbial preparations(simplified as microbial treatment),and conventional or-ganic fertilizer(simplified as control).Four different banana varieties of Brazilian banana,Guijiao No.1,Nantianhuang,and Yunjiao No.1 were se-lected for the field trial.The disease incidence of Fusarium wilt and the control effects of three fertilizers were investigated during four time periods.[Result]The disease incidence of four varieties in three treatments varied.The disease incidence of Nantianhuang and Yunjiao No.1 were signifi-cantly lower than that of other two varieties.There was also significant difference in disease incidence of three treatments.The disease incidence from high to low was control>shrimp peptide organic fertilizer treatment>microbial treatment.The average monthly TR4 pathogen content in heavily infected banana plantation was more than 2000 copies,while the highest one reached 15148.9 copies.[Conclusion]Microbial agents reduced the disease incidence of Fusarium wilt to some content.Nantianhuang and Yunjiao No.1 showed the highest disease resistance compared with other varieties.However,their resistance needs to be further improved before practical application.

A study on the pathogen species and physiological races of tomato Fusarium wilt in Shanxi,China

In order to clarify the main pathogens of tomato Fusarium wilt in Shanxi Province, China, morphological identification, elongation factor 1 alpha （EF-1α） sequence analysis, specific primer amplification and pathogenicity tests were applied to study the isolates which were recovered from diseased plants collected from 17 different districts of Shanxi Province. The results were as follows： 1） Through morphological and molecular identification, the following 7 species of Fusarium were identified： F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans, F. chlamydosporum, F. sporotrichioides, and F. semitectum; 2） 56 isolates of F. oxysporum were identified using specific primer amplification, among which, 29, 5 and 6 isolates were respectively identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici physiological race 1, race 2, and race 3; 3） pathogenicity test indicated the significant pathogenicity of F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, and F. subglutinans to tomato plant. Therefore, among these 4 species confirmed as pathogenic to tomato in Shanxi, the highest isolation rate （53.3％） corresponded to F. oxysporum. Three physiological species, race 1, race 2, and race 3 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici are detected in Shanxi, among which race 1 is the most widespread pathogen and is also considered as the predominant race.

Isolation and identification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in Fujian Province, China

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxyporum f. sp. cubense(Foc), is the most serious disease affecting banana production.To clarify the distribution of the Foc races in Fujian Province of China, 79 soil samples were collected from four regions of Zhangzhou City, the primary banana production area in Fujian. We isolated and identified 12 Foc strains based on internal transcribed spacer(ITS) sequence analysis, PCR amplification by using Foc-specific primers and pathogenicity assays.Our analysis indicated that 11 isolates belong to Foc race 1, and 1 isolate belongs to the Foc tropical species race 4(TR4).Although TR4 has previously been reported to occur in primary banana-producing provinces, such as Hainan, Guangxi,and Guangdong of China, this is the first report of TR4 isolated from the soil in Fujian Province. Monitoring the presence of Foc, in particular, the TR4 strains in the soil, is the basic strategy to prevent and control Fusarium wilt.

Genetic Diversity of Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae, the Causal Root and Crown Rot of Cucurbits (Melon) by Using Molecular Markers and Control

Detection of F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae causal agent of the crown and root rot disease of melon race 1, race 2 is difficult. It is based only on morphological characteristic. In this study, forty isolates identified as Fusarium solani based on morphological characterization, F. solani was one of the most frequently isolated species. Molecular identification of these isolates by PCR technique using species-specific primer, indicated that thirty-two isolates, amplified product 580 bp (race 1) and two isolate amplified product 580 bp (race 2), while six isolates were not amplified with primer of both races. Production of Trichothecenes (T2-toxen, DON.) by Fusarium solani was conducted on isolates confirmed as belonging in the F. solani by PCR. The results indicated that the presence of Tri5, Tri13 genes is coding the ability of synthesis mycotoxin. In vitro, the results indicated that NPs (AgNPs, MgNPs) and chemical (Phylex) possess the antifungal properties against at various level. Treatment with (AgNPs 150 ppm, MgNPs 2%, 3% ppm) and 3% Phylex resulted in maximum inhabitation of F. solani . In vivo, five characters (height plant, hoot ant root fresh and dry weight) were measured based on the greenhouse, field experimental results. Treatment with (AgNPs, MgNPs) and Phylex had higher measured parameters than positive control.

Identification of Biocontrol Strain HJX1 and Determination of Its Antifungal Spectrum

A biocontrol strain HJX1,which had good inhibitory effect against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense,was identified as Bacillus subtilis based on traditional morphology,16 S rRNA gene sequence and fatty acid profiles. The sequence of 16 S rRNA gene had 99% homology to B. subtilis according to the DNA fragment of 1 521 bp amplified with a pair of universal primers,P0 and P6,of bacteria. Confront culture with pathogenic fungi showed that this strain had good inhibitory effect against 10 pathogenic fungi.

香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种致病相关基因foABC1的分离

通过对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种致病突变体B1233的进一步研究,分离了被突变的致病相关基因foABC1,同源性分析及保守结构预测该基因编码一类ABC转运蛋白,其功能可能同稻瘟病菌的ABC转运蛋白一样,负责真菌毒素的泵出,或是像其他真菌的ABC转运蛋白,在病原菌侵染寄主植物时能忍耐植物因防卫反应所释放的植保素或抗毒素类物质。

香蕉枯萎病菌SNF1基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

为了解SNF1基因在香蕉枯萎病菌致病过程中的作用以及FOC1和FOC4两个生理小种之间的致病力差异关系,采用了PCR、RT-PCR的方法扩增了2个生理小种的SNF1基因,测序并采用生物信息学软件对相似序列进行搜索、比对,并对该基因编码的预测蛋白进行氨基酸序列比对和分析。研究结果显示,2个生理小种的SNF1基因的ORF分别为2 136、2 130 bp,二者相差6个碱基,同源性为99.5%。FOC1和FOC4的SNF1基因分别编码711、709个氨基酸,相差两个氨基酸,为丝氨酸(FOC1)和谷氨酰胺(FOC1)。生物信息学软件预测结果表明该蛋白N端不存在信号肽,但具有两个相同的功能结构域位点,分子量约为79 ku,pI为6.80。

香蕉枯萎病4号小种T-DNA插入突变体Focr4-1453表型特征及致病性分析

尖孢镰刀菌古巴转化型是引起香蕉枯萎病的主要病原菌,呈世界多态性分布,其致病机理尚不清楚。Focr4-1453为T-DNA插入突变体库中筛选出的一株与致病性相关的突变体。在克隆出其失活基因之后,将野生型菌株中的相同基因进行敲除和互补,得到敲除突变体ΔFoc4-1453和互补突变体ΔFoc4-1453-cp-1。对获得的3株突变体进行生物学表型研究发现,这些菌株的菌落生长速度、产孢能力以及孢子萌发率较野生型菌株明显降低,且无法透过玻璃纸进行生长。致病性测定试验表明,该基因失活会导致病原菌侵染能力显著减弱。

Fungistatic Activity of Crude Protein Extracted from Bacillus subtilis HJX1

Bacillus subtilis HJX1, a biocontrol strain of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, could inhibit growth of several plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. To un- derstand its mechanism of fungistasis, we extracted crude protein from fermentation broth of the strain HJX1 through ammonium sulfate precipitation, and prelimina- rily studied fungistatic activities at different conditions. The results showed that the crude protein was insensitive to protease K, trypsin or ultraviolet radiation. The fungistatic activity was unchanged when treated in water batch at 40 ℃, 60 ℃, 80 ℃ or 100 ℃ for 30 min, and the fungistatic activity maintained 60% when trea- ted at 121℃ for 30 min.

河北省西瓜枯萎病菌生理小种鉴定与AFLP分析

【目的】明确河北省西瓜枯萎病菌生理小种类型和遗传多样性,为西瓜抗病育种和西瓜枯萎病的综合防治提供依据。【方法】本文对采自河北省12个西瓜种植地区的46个西瓜枯萎病菌菌株和4个已知生理小种的菌株进行了致病性测定和AFLP分析。【结果】根据菌株对3个鉴别寄主表现出的致病性强弱,将河北省46个西瓜枯萎病菌菌株划分为3个不同的生理小种,即0号、1号和2号,分别占供试菌株的17.4%、65.2%和17.4%,其中1号生理小种为优势小种,分布在河北省所有西瓜种植区。21对AFLP引物对供试菌株扩增出1157条带,其中多态性带389条,占总带数的33.6%。河北省西瓜枯萎病菌的遗传距离变化在0.33～0.95之间,平均为0.66,群体遗传多样性比较丰富。基于AFLP标记聚类分析表明,50个菌株被划分为3个类群(AFLP Groups,AGs)。AGI包含4个菌株,均为2号生理小种;AGII包括4个菌株,均为0号生理小种;AGIII包括42个菌株,以1号生理小种为主(32个),占该类群的76.2%。【结论】河北省西瓜枯萎病菌存在明显的致病性分化,其AFLP类群划分与致病性鉴定划分的生理小种之间存在一定相关性,但与菌株的地理来源无关。

基于RAPD、ISSR和AFLP对西瓜枯萎病菌遗传多样性的评价

利用RAPD、ISSR和AFLP分子标记技术对50个西瓜枯萎病菌株进行了分析。结果表明,21个RAPD引物、21个ISSR引物和21对AFLP引物分别对供试菌株扩增出113、134和389条带,三种分子标记的遗传相似系数比较一致,均可揭示西瓜枯萎病菌的遗传变异特点。三种分子标记产生的聚类分析结果存在一定差异,其中RAPD类群与生理小种和地理来源之间均不存在明显关系;而AFLP和ISSR类群与生理小种之间存在一定相关性,与菌株的地理来源关系不明显。

香蕉枯萎病菌1号和4号生理小种的快速检测与鉴定

【目的】从香蕉枯萎病菌1号和4号生理小种特有的基因序列入手,建立一种快速可靠的分子检测技术,为防止香蕉枯萎病的传播蔓延、尽早采取防治对策、指导香蕉生产进行品种配置提供理论依据。【方法】根据研究室已经筛选到的4号生理小种候选致病相关基因序列设计引物,分别以来自海南、广东和广西的6个香蕉枯萎病菌1号生理小种菌株、7个4号生理小种菌株、7个尖镰孢其它专化型菌株以及2个外围菌株DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,筛选香蕉枯萎病菌1号、4号生理小种特异性引物及尖镰孢菌的通用引物。【结果】筛选到的特异性引物不仅可用于香蕉枯萎病菌DNA的检测,还可直接用于对罹病香蕉组织和土壤中的香蕉枯萎病菌的检测;筛选到的尖镰孢菌通用引物,可作为内参照以检测DNA的质量,以避免假阴性情况的出现。【结论】所建立的三重PCR检测方法实现了在一次PCR反应中快速、准确地同步检测香蕉枯萎病菌1号和4号生理小种,对检测香蕉苗是否感染枯萎病及蕉园土壤是否受到香蕉枯萎病菌的污染具有重要意义。

18份广东香蕉种质对枯萎病的抗性评价

【背景】香蕉枯萎病是世界性的香蕉毁灭性病害,尚无有效药剂防控,筛选抗病品种是目前理想的防治方法。【方法】采用组培苗伤根接种法,研究了18份香蕉种质对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种的抗性水平,并根据病情指数进行抗性分级。【结果】在供试的18份香蕉种质中,2份(东莞大蕉、抗枯5号)高抗,2份(碧盛、大丰)抗病,3份(抗枯1号、粉杂、农科1号)中抗,7份(粤优抗1号、广东-741、泰国B9、大蕉、台湾8号、海贡蕉、威廉斯8818)感病,4份(巴西、广东2号、广粉1号、粉蕉)高感。【结论与意义】不同香蕉种质对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种的抗病性存在较大差异,本研究初步筛选出7份抗枯萎病的香蕉种质,为香蕉枯萎病抗病育种提供了依据,为病区种植香蕉品种提供了有效参考。

香蕉枯萎病菌ste12基因的克隆与序列分析

为了解ste12基因在尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型侵染香蕉过程中的作用,及其与尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型1号和4号生理小种之间的致病力差异关系,采用PCR和RT-PCR方法扩增了2个生理小种的ste12基因,并对扩增产物进行了测序及相似序列搜索和比对,还对基因编码的蛋白进行了氨基酸序列比对和分析。研究结果表明,2个生理小种ste12基因开放阅读框均为2070 bp,存在7个碱基的差异,基因同源性为99.7%。编码689个氨基酸,氨基酸序列一个有差异。根据生物信息学软件预测编码蛋白没有信号肽,具有两个相同的功能位点,分子量和PI分别为75 ku和6.47。

香蕉枯萎病病原菌海藻糖合成酶基因tps1的克隆与诱导表达分析

为了解tps1基因在尖镰刀菌古巴专化型生理小种1号和生理小种4号之间及与其他镰刀菌之间的差异,分析推测tps1基因与2个生理小种之间的寄主选择性差异的关系,通过比对现有镰刀菌属的海藻糖合成酶基因序列,参照尖孢镰刀菌番茄专化型的tps1基因序列设计并合成引物,采用PCR和RT-PCR方法扩增了2个生理小种的tps1基因并测序进行比较分析,同时对香蕉与粉蕉苗诱导2个生理小种后的tps1基因表达量变化进行分析。结果表明,2个生理小种tps1基因全长均为1660bp,开放阅读框均为1605bp,编码535个氨基酸,基因序列间仅存在2个碱基位点的差异,编码蛋白间无差异;2个生理小种的tps1基因序列与镰刀菌属其他种间存在较大的差异,经寄主诱导后的2个生理小种的tps1基因表达量呈现不同的变化。从tps1基因序列及其编码蛋白的氨基酸序列在2个生理小种之间的差异性分析结果推测,2个生理小种寄主选择性差异与tps1基因并无明显对应关系,这为进一步研究tps1基因与病菌在无寄主下的长期生存的关系奠定了基础。

香蕉枯萎病菌4个生理小种核糖体DNA内转录间隔区的RFLP分析

【目的】明确香蕉枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense 4个生理小种的系统发育关系。【方法】利用PCR扩增该病菌4个生理小种的核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(Internal transcribed spacer,ITS),利用AIu I、Hpa II和Taq I 3种限制性内切酶对这些小种的ITS产物进行RFLP分析。【结果】PCR扩增结果表明:来自4个生理小种的8个菌株均可扩增得到568 bp的ITS单一片段,但这些生理小种间的片段没有明显的多态性;对这些生理小种ITS产物进行RFLP分析发现,不同生理小种之间的差异很小。【结论】PCR-RFLP技术不适用香蕉枯萎病菌生理小种的分析鉴定。

粉蕉枯萎病病原菌1号小种致病力的分化

通过采集或交流的方式共得到海南、广东、福建、云南和广西等省区的29个市县的57个粉蕉枯萎病病原菌1号小种(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense Race 1)菌株,并利用盆栽伤根淋灌法接种粉蕉苗,系统评价了57个Race 1菌株的致病力。结果表明:供试的57个Race 1菌株表现出很明显的致病力分化,其中,强致病力的菌株有32个、中致病力的有23个、弱致病力的有2个,分别占供试菌株的56.14%,40.35%,3.51%。供试的粉蕉枯萎病病原菌1号小种存在着明显的致病力分化现象,已分化为强、中和弱3种致病型,强致病力菌株为优势菌株。