The auxin transporter OsAUX1 regulates tillering in rice(Oryza sativa)

Tillering is an important agronomic trait of rice(Oryza sativa)that affects the number of effective panicles,thereby affecting yields.The phytohormone auxin plays a key role in tillering.Here we identified the high tillering and semi-dwarf 1(htsd1)mutant with auxin-deficiency root characteristics,such as shortened lateral roots,reduced lateral root density,and enlarged root angles.htsd1 showed reduced sensitivity to auxin,but the external application of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)inhibited its tillering.We identified the mutated gene in htsd1 as AUXIN1(OsAUX1,LOC_Os01g63770),which encodes an auxin influx transporter.The promoter sequence of OsAUX1 contains many SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE(SPL)binding sites,and we demonstrated that SPL7 binds to the OsAUX1 promoter.TEOSINTE BRANCHED1(OsTB1),a key gene that negatively regulates tillering,was significantly downregulated in htsd1.Tillering was enhanced in the OsTB1 knockout mutant,and the external application of IAA inhibited tiller elongation in this mutant.Overexpressing OsTB1 restored the multi-tiller phenotype of htsd1.These results suggest that SPL7 directly binds to the OsAUX1 promoter and regulates tillering in rice by altering OsTB1 expression to modulate auxin signaling.

Irrigation regimes modulate non-structural carbohydrate remobilization and improve grain filling in rice(Oryza sativa L.)by regulating starch metabolism

Recently developed ‘super’ rice cultivars with greater yield potentials often suffer from the problem of poor grain filling, especially in inferior spikelets. Here, we studied the activities of enzymes related to starch metabolism in rice stems and grains, and the microstructures related to carbohydrate accumulation and transportation to investigate the effects of different water regimes on grain filling. Two ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown under two irrigation regimes of well-watered(WW) and alternate wetting and moderate soil drying(AWMD). Compared with the WW treatment,the activities of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPase), starch synthase(StSase) and starch branching enzyme(SBE), and the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs) in the stems before heading were significantly improved, and more starch granules were stored in the stems in the AWMD treatment. After heading, the activities of α-amylase, β-amylase, sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) and sucrose synthase in the synthetic direction(SSs)were increased in the stems to promote the remobilization of NSCs for grain filling under AWMD. During grain filling, the enzymatic activities of sucrose synthase in the cleavage direction(SSc), AGPase, StSase and SBE in the inferior spikelets were increased, which promoted grain filling, especially for the inferior spikelets under AWMD.However, there were no significant differences in vascular microstructures. The grain yield and grain weight could be improved by 13.1 and 7.5%, respectively, by optimizing of the irrigation regime. We concluded that the low activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism is the key limitation for the poor grain filling, as opposed to the vascular microstructures, and AWMD can increase the amount of NSC accumulation in the stems before heading, improve the utilization rate of NSCs after heading, and increase the grain filling, especially in the inferior spikelets, by altering the activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism.

吡虫啉和甲基硫菌灵对油菜(Brassica napus L.)和光叶紫花苕(Vicia sativa L.)的化感作用

油菜(Brassica napus L.)和光叶紫花苕(Vicia sativa L.)为重要蜜源植物。以这2种植物种子为受体,用不同浓度(20 mg/L、40 mg/L、60 mg/L、80 mg/L、100 mg/L)的吡虫啉和(200 mg/L、400 mg/L、600 mg/L、800 mg/L、1000 mg/L)的甲基硫菌灵采取室内培养皿滤纸法胁迫处理,以探讨这2种农药对油菜和光叶紫花苕的化感作用。结果表明,吡虫啉和甲基硫菌灵明显降低了油菜种子活力,抑制幼苗生长;吡虫啉总体上提高了苕子种子活力,促进幼苗生长,而甲基硫菌灵则降低苕子种子活力,抑制幼苗生长。总之,吡虫啉和甲基硫菌灵对上述2种蜜源植物均有强烈的化感作用。

光叶苕子(Vicia villosa var.)内生细菌Sz-2的特性及其对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果

【目的】从云南绿肥主推品种光叶紫花苕根内筛选出对香蕉具有促生和拮抗作用的菌株,并对其特性和香蕉枯萎病的防治效果进行研究,以丰富生防促生菌株资源库。【方法】从光叶紫花苕根中筛选出高效拮抗菌株Sz-2,使用平板对峙试验测定菌株抑菌效果;并测定其体外解磷、解钾、固氮及产铁载体能力;通过形态学观察、生理生化测定和16S rDNA序列分析,对该菌株进行了分类鉴定。布置盆栽试验,设4个处理:无抗生菌对照和接种病原菌TR4、Sz-2+TR4、Sz-2,测定香蕉叶片和球茎的发病指数以及促生效果。【结果】光叶紫花苕根内分离得到的菌株Sz-2对香蕉枯萎病菌具有较好的拮抗效果,平板径向抑菌率达74.3%。菌株Sz-2为革兰氏阴性细菌,菌落形态呈浅白色、放射状,接触酶、氧化酶、赖氨酸脱羧酶、β-半乳糖苷酶、精氨酸双水解酶、明胶水解、硝酸还原反应、纤维二糖、柠檬酸反应、葡萄糖发酵反应、酪素水解等均为阳性,吲哚反应、淀粉水解、产H2S反应、鸟氨酸脱羧酶、脲酶反应为阴性。结合形态学和分子生物学鉴定菌株Sz-2为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)。盆栽结果显示,接种拮抗菌Sz-2后的香蕉球茎和叶片枯萎病发生较轻,球茎纵切面和叶片颜色正常且植株生长健康,对球茎和叶片的防效达69.66%和84.60%;香蕉茎粗、单株鲜重和株高与CK相比分别提高了6.01 mm、83.3 g和11.82 cm。【结论】菌株Sz-2对香蕉枯萎病具有较好的防治作用,加之其解磷、解钾和产铁载体功能,对香蕉植株具有显著的促生效果,可结合绿肥研制具有防控香蕉枯萎病的功能型绿肥,为香蕉促生抗病菌株的进一步田间开发应用提供理论依据。

DDG1 and G Protein α Subunit RGA1 Interaction Regulates Plant Height and Senescence in Rice(Oryza sativa)

Many studies have already shown that dwarfism and moderate delayed leaf senescence positively impact rice yield,but the underlying molecular mechanism of dwarfism and leaf senescence remains largely unknown.Here,using map-based cloning,we identified an allele of DEP2,DDG1,which controls plant height and leaf senescence in rice.The ddg1 mutant displayed dwarfism,short panicles,and delayed leaf senescence.Compared with the wild-type,ddg1 was insensitive to exogenous gibberellins(GA)and brassinolide(BR).DDG1 is expressed in various organs,especially in stems and panicles.Yeast two-hybrid assay,bimolecular fluorescent complementation and luciferase complementation image assay showed that DDG1 interacts with theα-subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein.Disruption of RGA1 resulted in dwarfism,short panicles,and darker-green leaves.Furthermore,we found that ddg1 and the RGA1 mutant was more sensitive to salt treatment,suggesting that DDG1 and RGA1 are involved in regulating salt stress response in rice.Our results show that DDG1/DEP2 regulates plant height and leaf senescence through interacting with RGA1.

A study of efficacy of Nigella sativa in treatment of Meniere's disease: A randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial

Purpose:Meniere's disease(MD),first introduced by Prosper Meniere,is characterized mainly by vertigo,tinnitus,aural fullness and sensorineural hearing loss.Though the exact pathophysiology of MD is unknown,immunologic and inflammatory interactions are possible underlying mechanisms involved in MD.This study is aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effect of Nigella sativa on MD as a therapeutic agent.Methods:We divided 40 patients with definite MD into two groups of 20 cases.The study group received 1 g of Nigella sativa oil daily for three months and the control group received a placebo.Changes in hearing,tinnitus and vertigo were estimated by pure tone audiometry,tinnitus handicap inventory questionnaire and dizziness handicap inventory questionnaire,respectively.Results:At the end of the study we did not observe any significant improvement in study's group hearing threshold,tinnitus and vertigo compared to the control group.Conclusions:In this study,statistical analysis showed that Nigella sativa failed to improve signs and symptoms of MD.However,further investigations with a larger study population are needed to ascertain the current conclusion.

Drought-Mediated Modulation in Metabolomic Profiling of Nigella Sativa Leaf, Growth, Ecophysiology and Antioxidants

Abiotic stresses,including drought,have been found to affect the growth and medicinal quality of numerous herbs.The proposed study aims to study the effects of different drought regimes on the metabolic profile,growth,ecophysiology,cellular antioxidants,and antioxidant potential of Nigella sativa(Black cumin)leaf.Forty-day-old seedlings of N.sativa were exposed to three regimes of drought(control,moderate and high)for a week.UPLCMS/MS metabolic profile of the leaf reveals the presence of more than a hundred metabolites belonging to anthocyanins,chalcones,dihydro flavonoids,flavonoids,flavanols,flavones,flavonoid carbonoside,isoflavones,etc.Drought was found to alter the contents of identified metabolites.Drought stress-induced oxidative stress and increased production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions.Physiological changes,activities of antioxidant enzymes,contents of antioxidants,and proline were significantly high under drought to protect against the low water regimes.Furthermore,stressed leaf extract had higher antioxidant potential.Thus,N.sativa leaf bears multiple metabolic pathways and can tolerate a higher degree of drought or osmotic stress.

DROUGHT-INDUCED UNKNOWN PROTEIN 1 positively modulates drought tolerance in cultivated alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)

Alfalfa is the most widely cultivated perennial legume forage crop worldwide.Drought is one of the major environmental factors influencing alfalfa productivity.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying alfalfa responses to drought stress are still largely unknown.This study identified a drought-inducible gene of unknown function,designated as Medicago sativa DROUGHT-INDUCED UNKNOWN PROTEIN 1(MsDIUP1).MsDIUP1 was localized to the nucleus,chloroplast,and plasma membranes.Overexpression of MsDIUP1 in Arabidopsis resulted in increased tolerance to drought,with higher seed germination,root length,fresh weight,and survival rate than in wild-type(WT)plants.Consistently,analysis of MsDIUP1 over-expression(OE)alfalfa plants revealed that MsDIUP1 also increased tolerance to drought stress,accompanied by physiological changes including reduced malondialdehyde(MDA)content and increased osmoprotectants accumulation(free proline and soluble sugar),relative to the WT.In contrast,disruption of MsDIUP1 expression by RNA interference(RNAi)in alfalfa resulted in a droughthypersensitive phenotype,with a lower chlorophyll content,higher MDA content,and less osmoprotectants accumulation than that of the WT.Transcript profiling of alfalfa WT,OE,and RNAi plants during drought stress showed differential responses for genes involved in stress signaling,antioxidant defense,and osmotic adjustment.Taken together,these results reveal a positive role for MsDIUP1 in regulating drought tolerance.

Conventional Breeding and Molecular Markers for Blast Disease Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Monogenic lines,which carried 23 genes for blast resistance were tested and used donors to transfer resistance genes by crossing method.The results under blast nursery revealed that 9 genes from 23 genes were susceptible to highly susceptible under the three locations(Sakha,Gemmeza,and Zarzoura in Egypt);Pia,Pik,Pik-p,Piz-t,Pita,Pi b,Pi,Pi 19 and Pi 20.While,the genes Pii,Pik-s,Pik-h,Pi z,Piz-5,Pi sh,Pi 3,Pi 1,Pi 5,Pi 7,Pi 9,Pi 12,Pikm and Pita-2 were highly resistant at the same locations.Clustering analysis confirmed the results,which divided into two groups;the first one included all the susceptible genes,while the second one included the resistance genes.In the greenhouse test,the reaction pattern of five races produced 100%resistance under artificial inoculation with eight genes showing complete resistance to all isolates.The completely resistant genes:Pii,Pik-s,Piz,Piz-5(=bi2)(t),Pita(=Pi4)(t),Pita,Pi b and Pi1 as well as clustering analysis confirmed the results.In the F1 crosses,the results showed all the 25 crosses were resistant for leaf blast disease under field conditions.While,the results in F2 population showed seven crosses with segregation ratio of 15(R):1(S),two cross gave segregated ratio of 3 R:1 S and one gave 13:3.For the identification of blast resistance genes in the parental lines,the marker K3959,linked to Pik-s gene and the variety IRBLKS-F5 carry this gene,which was from the monogenic line.The results showed that four genotypes;Sakha 105,Sakha 103,Sakha 106 and IRBLKS-F5 were carrying Pik-s gene,while was absent in the Sakha 101,Sakha 104,IRBL5-M,IRBL9-W,IRBLTACP1 and IRBL9-W(R)genotypes.As for Pi 5 gene,the results showed that it was present in Sakha 103 and Sakha 104 varieties and absent in the rest of the genotypes.In addition,Pita-Pita-2 gene was found in the three Egyptian genotypes(Sakha 105,Sakha 101 and Sakha 104)plus IRBLTACP1 monogenetic.In F2 generation,six populations were used to study the inheritance of blast resistance and specific primers to confirm the ratio and identify the resistance genes.However,the ratios in molecular markers were the same of the ratio under field evaluation in the most population studies.These findings would facilitate in breeding programs for gene pyramiding and gene accumulation to produce durable resistance for blast using those genotypes.

Improvement of (Eruca sativa Mill) yield, oil, chemical constituents and antioxidant activity utilizing a by-product of yeast production (CMS) with zinc and boron under salinity stress conditions

The impact of low-quality irrigation water on plant development has garnered significant attention from researchers. In light of this, two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance, yield, oil production and composition, as well as active constituents of Rocket(Eruca sativa Mill) cultivated in calcareous soil under saline water irrigation. Foliar sprays containing condensed molasses soluble(CMS), zinc(Zn), and boron(B) alone or in combination were used for irrigation. The data obtained from measuring various parameters of Rocket following foliar spraying with CMS, Zn, B or their combinations demonstrated that most treatments resulted in a significant increase in these parameters. The highest values for most measurements were observed when foliar application included all three components(CMS + Zn + B), resulting in a seed yield of 184.6 g/m2and an oil content of 675.3 kg/ha. Compared to the control group, the macronutrient content of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca increased by 34.4%, 56%, 42%, 45%, and 39% respectively in the seeds treated with these components.Furthermore, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolics flavonoids, and antioxidants showed increases of 24%, 34%,21%, 43%, and 28% respectively compared to the control group. Gas-liquid chromatography analysis identified ten components present in the seed oil characterized by higher unsaturated fatty acids ranging from 81.28% to92.28% and lower saturated fatty acids ranging from 6.72% to 8.21%. Therefore, foliar spray application including CMS, zinc, and boron can help alleviate salinity effects on Rocket plants grown under saline water irrigation conditions while improving growth, yield, oil production, and nutritional content such as total carbohydrates, proteins, and macronutrients levels.

8个紫花苜蓿品种在干热区生产性能和营养价值评价

为了筛选出适宜热带亚热带地区种植的苜蓿优良品种,在干热河谷区元谋,采用方差分析方法和灰色关联度分析方法,对2017年引进的8个紫花苜蓿品种进行生产性能和营养价值研究。结果表明:(1)参试的8个紫花苜蓿,在本区均能安全越冬,正常生长,生育期205~215 d。(2)株高最高的品种为WL525HQ,达到70.20 cm,与维多利亚、德钦、赛迪7号和WL712HQ品种有显著差异(P<0.05)。一级分枝数最高的品种为WL656品种,为27.20枝,WL712HQ和G8品种间有显著差异(P<0.05)。茎叶比最高的品种为WL712HQ品种,为1.10,与德钦和赛迪7号品种间有显著差异(P<0.05)。年均干草产量最高的是赛迪7号紫花苜蓿,显著高于德钦品种(P<0.05),2018年、2019年、2020年和三年的平均产量分别为34217.40 kg/hm^(2)、32527.55 kg/hm^(2)、22024.93 kg/hm^(2)和29589.96 kg/hm^(2),所有参试材料在2018年和2020年每年可刈割8次,2019年为9次。(3)5号品种粗蛋白和全磷含量显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),分别为21.43%和0.25%。WL903品种粗纤维含量显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),含量为23.51%。(4)经灰色关联度分析,8个紫花苜蓿品种排名前3的为赛迪7号、WL525HQ、维多利亚。综上,赛迪7号、‘WL-525HQ’、维多利亚表现较好,可在干热河谷区大面积推广应用。

A Farmer’s Approach to Detecting Photoperiod Sensitivity in Rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) Landraces

Most indigenous rice landraces are sensitive to photoperiod during short day seasons,and this sensitivity is more pronounced in indica than in japonica landraces.Attempts to identify photoperiod sensitive(PPS)cultivars based on the life history stages of the rice plant,and several models and indices based on phenology and day length have not been precise,and in some cases yield counterfactual inferences.Following the empirical method of traditional Asian rice farmers,the author has developed a robust index,based on the sowing and flowering dates of a large number of landraces grown in different seasons from 2020 to 2023,to contradistinguish PPS from photoperiod insensitive cultivars.Unlike other indices and models of photoperiod sensitivity,the index does not require the presumed duration of different life history stages of the rice plant but relies only on the flowering dates and the number of days till flowering of a rice cultivar sown on different dates to consistently identify photoperiod sensitive cultivars.

A review of inherent beneficial effects of black seeds(Nigella sativa)in Marburg virus disease management

Background:In the management of patients with MARV infection,this review article focuses on the potential protective effects of black seeds(Nigella sativa).Methods:To find studies that evaluated various effects of black seeds(N.sativa)related to signs and symptoms of MARV infection,reference lists and databases such as Medline/Pubmed/PMC,Google Scholar,Science Direct,Ebsco,Scopus,Web of Science,and Embase were searched.Results:In numerous clinical,animal,in-vitro,in-vivo,and in-ovo studies,black seeds(N.sativa)have demonstrated potential antiviral,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,immunomodulatory,and hepatoprotective properties that may aid in the treatment of MARV-infected patients.Conclusion:In the initial generalization phase of MARV infection,patients may use black seeds(N.sativa)as an adjunctive therapy in addition to symptomatic treatment and supportive care.Future randomized controlled clinical trials would confirm N.sativa’s efficacy and safety in MARV-infected patients.

花生与绿肥轮作对土壤含水量和土壤肥力的影响

探讨在冬春裸地上种植绿肥对后茬作物春花生养分含量、土壤含水量和土壤肥力的影响,为山东地区春花生等冬闲田建立一种合理的轮作方式提供理论依据。在田间试验条件下,设置了春花生—冬闲田、夏花生—冬小麦、春花生—二月兰和春花生—毛叶苕子4种轮作处理。结果表明:种植二月兰和毛叶苕子绿肥作物,可促进后茬作物花生氮磷钾养分增加,二月兰增加程度高于毛叶苕子。种植二月兰和毛叶苕子绿肥作物,可提高后茬作物花生土壤含水量和土壤肥力,在0~20 cm土层中,2021年,与春花生—冬闲田相比,春花生—二月兰、春花生—毛叶苕子土壤相对含水量分别升高了4.70%、6.14%,在20~40、40~60 cm土层中也表现出相似趋势,2022年与2021年相比,表现出相似规律;与春花生—冬闲田相比,春花生—二月兰处理有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量平均增加了5.71%、8.98%、7.22%和7.72%,春花生—毛叶苕子处理有机质、碱解氮含量平均增加了4.54%、14.91%。可以利用春花生种植期间的冬春裸地种植一季冬绿肥,促进后茬作物养分积累量增加,改善土壤肥力。

水稻Ⅲ类过氧化物酶基因IPH1调控水稻株高

过氧化物酶(peroxidase, PRX)是过氧化物酶体的标志酶,能够保护细胞免受氧化损伤和解除H2O_(2)的毒害作用,还可以增强自然杀伤细胞的活性,调节细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡等.其中Ⅲ类过氧化物酶(CⅢPRXs)是植物中特有的过氧化物酶家族,通过清除活性氧(ROS)在植物免疫中发挥重要作用,然而CⅢPRXs在水稻株型建立中的功能尚不清楚.通过基因编辑技术CRISPR/Cas9获得CⅢPRXs基因(LOC_Os12g09460)两种不同形式的敲除突变体iph1-1,iph1-2.iph1突变体的株高显著高于野生型,除倒1节节长(即第5节)外,其他节节长均显著或极显著长于野生型.农艺性状考察表明,穗长及结实率等主要性状差异无统计学意义;通过RT-qPCR技术进行的表达模式分析表明,IPH1在根、茎、叶、鞘、穗中均表达,并在茎和鞘中表达相对较高;亚细胞定位分析表明,IPH1蛋白主要定位于过氧化物酶体中.进一步通过生理分析,发现突变体中过氧化物酶活性显著降低,同时H2O_(2)质量分数显著增加.这些结果初步证实了IPH1能够通过过氧化氢途径调控水稻株高的形成,可为丰富株高调控网络提供有利的基因资源,进一步为株型相关生物育种奠定基础.

稻瘟病抗性基因Pi2、Pita的特异KASP标记开发与应用

【目的】水稻稻瘟病抗性基因Pi2和Pita是对华南稻区稻瘟病生理小种具有广谱抗性的基因,对水稻的稻瘟病抗性育种具有重要应用价值,开发一套高效的鉴定方法有利于提高水稻抗病品种培育效率。【方法】根据高抗稻瘟病品种‘黄广油占’与高感稻瘟病品种‘广陆矮4号’在Pi2基因的第787位、第788位密码子上的变异GCA GGA/GTG TTA,以及高抗稻瘟病国际稻种质资源Tetep与高感稻瘟病地方种质资源丽江新团黑谷在Pita基因第6 640位碱基上的变异G/T,基于竞争性等位基因PCR(Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR,KASP)标记技术原理,开发抗稻瘟病基因的分子标记。【结果】开发了两个抗稻瘟病基因Pi2和Pita的功能位点KASP标记(W-Pi2、W-Pita),利用标记对广东省农业科学院水稻研究所培育的常规稻、香稻、杂交稻新品种进行检测,筛选出抗性品种19个,其中单个基因检测为抗病等位基因型的水稻品种有13个,两个基因均为抗病等位基因型的品种有6个,比较两个标记结果,Pi2抗性等位基因在育成品种中的频率高于Pita抗性等位基因频率。综合所有结果,表明2个标记可在早期(种子或苗期)检测育种材料抗稻瘟病基因Pi2和Pita的等位基因型,无需将育种材料种植到病圃鉴定即可筛选出抗病单株。【结论】利用开发的KASP功能分子标记W-Pi2、W-Pita能够较好区分不同抗性的水稻亲本品种,可清楚区分水稻育种材料间不同的等位基因型,对育种材料进行准确筛选。

同时测定亚麻荠植株中酚酸和黄酮含量的方法研究

建立一种采用液相色谱法同时测定亚麻荠植株中8种酚酸和黄酮化合物含量的方法,并探讨亚麻荠植株醇提物的体外抗氧化活性。试验确定采用体积分数75%乙醇回流提取样品,选用Angilent Eclipse XDB plus C_(18)柱为色谱柱。结果表明:8种化合物的标准曲线回归方程线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999;8种化合物的加标回收率为95.26%~102.61%,建立的方法可以对不同产地的亚麻荠植株样品进行区分。抗氧化试验表明,亚麻荠植株醇提取物对羟基自由基与DPPH自由基具有较好的清除能力。

紫花苜蓿与披碱草混合青贮对体外瘤胃发酵特征的影响

为探究不同比例的紫花苜蓿和披碱草的混合青贮效应对人工体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响,以紫花苜蓿单独青贮为对照,采用体外瘤胃发酵法对紫花苜蓿和披碱草按照不同比例进行混合青贮,分析6~24 h内青贮的体外产气量(GP)、甲烷产量(CH_(4))、氨态氮(NH_(3)-N)、体外干物质降解率(IVDMD)、pH、挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)等体外消化参数,并通过计算多项指标综合指数(MFAEI)对各试验组进行综合评定。结果表明:各处理组的GP、CH_(4)、NH_(3)-N、IVDMD均随发酵时间而升高,pH在6.24~6.77之间且差异不显著(P>0.05)。混贮组的GP、CH_(4)、IVDMD、乙酸(AA)、TVFA和乙酸/丙酸(AA/PA)值在各时间段内均呈现A_(2)组>A_(3)组>A_(4)组的趋势,且显著高于A_(1)组(P<0.05);NH_(3)-N浓度随发酵时间呈A_(4)组>A_(3)组>A_(2)组的趋势且显著高于A_(1)组(P<0.05)。紫花苜蓿单贮(A_(1)组)时AA/PA<3,瘤胃内发酵类型属于丙酸发酵,随着混贮中披碱草含量的增加,AA/PA值在各时间段内显著增加(P<0.05),其中A_(2)组在6 h~24 h内AA/PA>3,瘤胃中发酵类型由丙酸发酵转变为乙酸发酵。根据瘤胃发酵的各项指标和多项指标综合指数后A_(2)组最高,30%紫花苜蓿+70%披碱草混合青贮的体外消化效果最佳。

外源甜菜碱对高温胁迫下生菜种子萌发的影响

本研究以生菜高温敏感品种“黑木耳”为试验材料,研究外源甜菜碱对高温胁迫下生菜种子萌发的影响。结果表明,高温胁迫下,经过甜菜碱预处理后的生菜种子发芽率、发芽指数和种子活力与对照相比均显著提高。对种子相关生理指标进行测定,发现丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))和超氧阴离子(O_(2)^(·-))与对照相比含量显著下调,而脯氨酸(Pro)含量增加,同时过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)三种酶活性显著上调。说明高温胁迫导致生菜种子中活性氧(ROS)水平升高并引起过氧化反应从而抑制种子萌发,外源甜菜碱可以通过增强抗氧化系统、清除活性氧,以及累积Pro,进而提高生菜种子的耐高温能力,起到很好的种子引发作用。

降雨量对苕子花蜂蜜产量影响的调查研究

为研究降雨量对茗子花蜂蜜产量的影响,采用微信小程序设计问卷调查向2022年和2023年在泸西县转地放蜂的养蜂员进行调研,发放问卷14份收回14份。结果表明,养蜂员年龄最小为35岁,最大年龄58岁;蜂龄大于21年的7人,小于4年的1人,5~20年有6人。放蜂点集中在白水镇,占放蜂总数的64.28%。2023年降雨量显著低于2022年,71.43%养蜂员认为2023年茗子种植面积狭窄,57.14%认为2023年茗子花泌蜜差;2023年群产量同比2022年降低62.8%,但2023年收割的茗子花蜂蜜浓度较2022年高。从本次调查来看,前往泸西县转地的养蜂员是资深的职业养蜂者,并且交通便利是决定放蜂点的主要因素,降雨量对养蜂业产生了显著影响。