Precipitation projections over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)show diversity among existing studies,partly due to model uncertainty.How to develop a reliable projection remains inconclusive.Here,based on the IPCC AR6–assesse...Precipitation projections over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)show diversity among existing studies,partly due to model uncertainty.How to develop a reliable projection remains inconclusive.Here,based on the IPCC AR6–assessed likely range of equilibrium climate sensitivity(ECS)and the climatological precipitation performance,the authors constrain the CMIP6(phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project)model projection of summer precipitation and water availability over the TP.The best estimates of precipitation changes are 0.24,0.25,and 0.45 mm d^(−1)(5.9%,6.1%,and 11.2%)under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP)scenarios of SSP1–2.6,SSP2–4.5,and SSP5–8.5 from 2050–2099 relative to 1965–2014,respectively.The corresponding constrained projections of water availability measured by precipitation minus evaporation(P–E)are 0.10,0.09,and 0.22 mm d^(−1)(5.7%,4.9%,and 13.2%),respectively.The increase of precipitation and P–E projected by the high-ECS models,whose ECS values are higher than the upper limit of the likely range,are about 1.7 times larger than those estimated by constrained projections.Spatially,there is a larger increase in precipitation and P–E over the eastern TP,while the western part shows a relatively weak difference in precipitation and a drier trend in P–E.The wetter TP projected by the high-ECS models resulted from both an approximately 1.2–1.4 times stronger hydrological sensitivity and additional warming of 0.6℃–1.2℃ under all three scenarios during 2050–2099.This study emphasizes that selecting climate models with climate sensitivity within the likely range is crucial to reducing the uncertainty in the projection of TP precipitation and water availability changes.展开更多
Structure characteristics about activated carbon fibers (ACF) and polyimide (P84) doped ACF modified by HNO3 solution were studied to apply in mercury removal in coal-fired flue gases. The P84, which was always used i...Structure characteristics about activated carbon fibers (ACF) and polyimide (P84) doped ACF modified by HNO3 solution were studied to apply in mercury removal in coal-fired flue gases. The P84, which was always used in the non-woven fabric for bag filter, was intermingled with polyacrylonitrile-based ACF (PAN-ACF) in the weight ratio of 1∶1 in order to make the doped ACF with P84 (doped-ACF-P84). Then the doped-ACF-P84 fibers were modified by HNO3 solution. The structure and morphology of doped-ACF-P84 were characterized and compared with those of ACF and doped-ACF-P84 modified by HNO3solution. The results show that the modified doped-ACF-P84 fibers have almost the same pore structure and specific surface area comparing with the original one. However, contrasted with the original PAN-ACF, the doped-ACF-P84 fibers modified by HNO3 solution have more oxygen-containing groups used for mercury removal. In particular, they have more lactone and carboxyl groups.展开更多
Energy expenditure of the meridian system in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for living human bodies is one of the fundamental questions regarding the physical properties of the meridian system.As a first attempt to ...Energy expenditure of the meridian system in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for living human bodies is one of the fundamental questions regarding the physical properties of the meridian system.As a first attempt to address this,24 hand/foot meridians were modeled as a continuous channel with the sustainable movement of Qi and blood inside.Then,the fluid mechanics energy equation for steady and incompressible flow was applied to estimate the pumping power of meridian circulation,based on the meridian length,blood viscosity and circulation velocity.Additional findings based on the pumping power estimation results include:(1)new information to corroborate the determination of the production era of Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classics(Huang Di Nei Jing,《黄帝内经》);(2)a new definition for work of breathing(WOB)from a TCM perspective.This paper could lead to future research aimed at modernizing the understanding of the meridian system,Qi and TCM using quantitative methods.展开更多
The configuration principles and functions of the non-contact three-dimensional （3D） body measurement system （BMS） developed by the Textile/Clothing Technology Corporation （[TC]^2） are described in this paper. T...The configuration principles and functions of the non-contact three-dimensional （3D） body measurement system （BMS） developed by the Textile/Clothing Technology Corporation （[TC]^2） are described in this paper. The advantages of this new system, compared with traditional contact body measurement instruments （ Martin instruments ） are discussed by selecting 40 female undergraduates of Donghna University as the scan objects. In the experiments both the Martin instruments and [TC]^2 BMS were used respectively. According to the data of different position （Bust Circumference, Full Waist, Full Hips, Bust Height, Front Waist Height and Back Waist Height） obtained from both of the methods we can get the correlation coefficient which is close to 1, indicating that the results of both methods have comparability. Finally some suggestions for the further applications of the non-contact BMS in the apparel development of China are given.展开更多
Fiber Bragg grating(FBG) is used as a wavelength reference device to calibrate the position of gas absorption peak in the intracavity absorption gas sensor(ICAGS) based on erbium-doped fiberring laser.This system can ...Fiber Bragg grating(FBG) is used as a wavelength reference device to calibrate the position of gas absorption peak in the intracavity absorption gas sensor(ICAGS) based on erbium-doped fiberring laser.This system can detect both the reflectance spectrum of FBGs and absorption spectrum of measured gas during a single wavelength sweeping process by linearly varying the driving voltage of optic filter.The voltages corresponding to center wavelength positions of four FBGs in the spectrum are determined through ...展开更多
In order to study the effect mechanism of N-doping on the visible-light photoactivity of TiO2,N-doped and un-doped TiO2 nano-powders were prepared by an acid-catalyzed sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray diffrac...In order to study the effect mechanism of N-doping on the visible-light photoactivity of TiO2,N-doped and un-doped TiO2 nano-powders were prepared by an acid-catalyzed sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),electron spin resonance(ESR),UV-Vis diffuse reflection spectra(DRS),and photoluminescence spectra(PL)techniques.Their photoactivities are evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue(MB)in aqueous solution under UV light and visible-light irradiation,respectively.The results reveal that the as-prepared N-doped sample with single anatase exhibits a good visible-light photoactivity,whereas its UV photoactivity decreases slightly,compared with the un-doped sample.The N-doping increases surface hydroxyl groups and forms abundant oxygen vacancies bounding single electrons.The visible-light response of the N-doped sample can be ascribed to a synergetic effect of impurity energy levels due to the substitutional N-doping and defect energy levels owing to the formation of oxygen vacancies.The separation of the photo-generated electron and hole can be promoted by the increase in both oxygen vacancies and surface hydroxyl groups,which are conducive for enhancement of photoactivity.The increase in visible-light photoactivity of the N-doped sample is related with the decrease in its PL spectral intensity in visible-light region.展开更多
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program[grant number 2019QZKK0102]the Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant number 060GJHZ2023079GC].
文摘Precipitation projections over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)show diversity among existing studies,partly due to model uncertainty.How to develop a reliable projection remains inconclusive.Here,based on the IPCC AR6–assessed likely range of equilibrium climate sensitivity(ECS)and the climatological precipitation performance,the authors constrain the CMIP6(phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project)model projection of summer precipitation and water availability over the TP.The best estimates of precipitation changes are 0.24,0.25,and 0.45 mm d^(−1)(5.9%,6.1%,and 11.2%)under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP)scenarios of SSP1–2.6,SSP2–4.5,and SSP5–8.5 from 2050–2099 relative to 1965–2014,respectively.The corresponding constrained projections of water availability measured by precipitation minus evaporation(P–E)are 0.10,0.09,and 0.22 mm d^(−1)(5.7%,4.9%,and 13.2%),respectively.The increase of precipitation and P–E projected by the high-ECS models,whose ECS values are higher than the upper limit of the likely range,are about 1.7 times larger than those estimated by constrained projections.Spatially,there is a larger increase in precipitation and P–E over the eastern TP,while the western part shows a relatively weak difference in precipitation and a drier trend in P–E.The wetter TP projected by the high-ECS models resulted from both an approximately 1.2–1.4 times stronger hydrological sensitivity and additional warming of 0.6℃–1.2℃ under all three scenarios during 2050–2099.This study emphasizes that selecting climate models with climate sensitivity within the likely range is crucial to reducing the uncertainty in the projection of TP precipitation and water availability changes.
基金National High Technology Research and Development Program,China(No.2008AA05Z305)
文摘Structure characteristics about activated carbon fibers (ACF) and polyimide (P84) doped ACF modified by HNO3 solution were studied to apply in mercury removal in coal-fired flue gases. The P84, which was always used in the non-woven fabric for bag filter, was intermingled with polyacrylonitrile-based ACF (PAN-ACF) in the weight ratio of 1∶1 in order to make the doped ACF with P84 (doped-ACF-P84). Then the doped-ACF-P84 fibers were modified by HNO3 solution. The structure and morphology of doped-ACF-P84 were characterized and compared with those of ACF and doped-ACF-P84 modified by HNO3solution. The results show that the modified doped-ACF-P84 fibers have almost the same pore structure and specific surface area comparing with the original one. However, contrasted with the original PAN-ACF, the doped-ACF-P84 fibers modified by HNO3 solution have more oxygen-containing groups used for mercury removal. In particular, they have more lactone and carboxyl groups.
文摘Energy expenditure of the meridian system in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for living human bodies is one of the fundamental questions regarding the physical properties of the meridian system.As a first attempt to address this,24 hand/foot meridians were modeled as a continuous channel with the sustainable movement of Qi and blood inside.Then,the fluid mechanics energy equation for steady and incompressible flow was applied to estimate the pumping power of meridian circulation,based on the meridian length,blood viscosity and circulation velocity.Additional findings based on the pumping power estimation results include:(1)new information to corroborate the determination of the production era of Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classics(Huang Di Nei Jing,《黄帝内经》);(2)a new definition for work of breathing(WOB)from a TCM perspective.This paper could lead to future research aimed at modernizing the understanding of the meridian system,Qi and TCM using quantitative methods.
文摘The configuration principles and functions of the non-contact three-dimensional （3D） body measurement system （BMS） developed by the Textile/Clothing Technology Corporation （[TC]^2） are described in this paper. The advantages of this new system, compared with traditional contact body measurement instruments （ Martin instruments ） are discussed by selecting 40 female undergraduates of Donghna University as the scan objects. In the experiments both the Martin instruments and [TC]^2 BMS were used respectively. According to the data of different position （Bust Circumference, Full Waist, Full Hips, Bust Height, Front Waist Height and Back Waist Height） obtained from both of the methods we can get the correlation coefficient which is close to 1, indicating that the results of both methods have comparability. Finally some suggestions for the further applications of the non-contact BMS in the apparel development of China are given.
基金Supported by Major State Basic Research Program of China("973"Program,No.2010CB327800)Research Fund for Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(No.20090032110053)New Teacher Research Fund for Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No.200800561022)
文摘Fiber Bragg grating(FBG) is used as a wavelength reference device to calibrate the position of gas absorption peak in the intracavity absorption gas sensor(ICAGS) based on erbium-doped fiberring laser.This system can detect both the reflectance spectrum of FBGs and absorption spectrum of measured gas during a single wavelength sweeping process by linearly varying the driving voltage of optic filter.The voltages corresponding to center wavelength positions of four FBGs in the spectrum are determined through ...
基金Research Foundation for Young Academic Core of Harbin Normal University,China(No.08XBSK89)Science and Technology Research Program of Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province of China(No.11551115)
文摘In order to study the effect mechanism of N-doping on the visible-light photoactivity of TiO2,N-doped and un-doped TiO2 nano-powders were prepared by an acid-catalyzed sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),electron spin resonance(ESR),UV-Vis diffuse reflection spectra(DRS),and photoluminescence spectra(PL)techniques.Their photoactivities are evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue(MB)in aqueous solution under UV light and visible-light irradiation,respectively.The results reveal that the as-prepared N-doped sample with single anatase exhibits a good visible-light photoactivity,whereas its UV photoactivity decreases slightly,compared with the un-doped sample.The N-doping increases surface hydroxyl groups and forms abundant oxygen vacancies bounding single electrons.The visible-light response of the N-doped sample can be ascribed to a synergetic effect of impurity energy levels due to the substitutional N-doping and defect energy levels owing to the formation of oxygen vacancies.The separation of the photo-generated electron and hole can be promoted by the increase in both oxygen vacancies and surface hydroxyl groups,which are conducive for enhancement of photoactivity.The increase in visible-light photoactivity of the N-doped sample is related with the decrease in its PL spectral intensity in visible-light region.
