Kate Chopin's (1899- ) The Awakening gives an account of Edna Pontellie's awakening in soul and body and sing highly of her courage to pursue freedom and independence. But in a patriarchal society, women can o...Kate Chopin's (1899- ) The Awakening gives an account of Edna Pontellie's awakening in soul and body and sing highly of her courage to pursue freedom and independence. But in a patriarchal society, women can only exist subordinate to men and any woman's rebellion is to be defeated. Through a detailed analysis of the process of Edna's awakening, it argues that Edna is not awakened but disillusioned, and she still lives under the heavy patriarchal shackles.展开更多
Scarlett who was the heroine in the world famous book Gone with the Wind,is regarded as one of the most impressive images in the world literature.Her charm lies in her perverse personality of independence and her spir...Scarlett who was the heroine in the world famous book Gone with the Wind,is regarded as one of the most impressive images in the world literature.Her charm lies in her perverse personality of independence and her spirit of freedom.This essay analyzes the characters of the heroine through highlighting women's social status in the South during the age of Scarlett's time.It could be safely concluded that Scarlett's characters and her courage to face the difficulties during the war reveal the awakening of women's self-consciousness and the realization of feminine value.展开更多
The Awakening,written by the famous American writer Kate Chopin,is an early feminist literary work.It mainly tells us the process of a miserable woman,Edna's awakening,and in Edna's process of awakening,she ex...The Awakening,written by the famous American writer Kate Chopin,is an early feminist literary work.It mainly tells us the process of a miserable woman,Edna's awakening,and in Edna's process of awakening,she experiences misery as well as freedom;she struggles the way to the free and equal world.展开更多
In this article Kate Chopin's The Awakening is analyzed in psychoanalytic feminist terms,focusing on the themes of maternity versus paternity.These themes are explored in terms of Edna's awakening pilgrimage.T...In this article Kate Chopin's The Awakening is analyzed in psychoanalytic feminist terms,focusing on the themes of maternity versus paternity.These themes are explored in terms of Edna's awakening pilgrimage.The interactions with those people around her make her awakening undergo two stages: the first one is that she awakens to want a true self as a human being;the second one is that she finds that as a female she can never be herself,because she refuses to compromise to the false selves reflected in those people around her.Thus she can only complete her pilgrimage from bewilderment to awakening by suicide,which is regarded as a victory to protect herself in the article rather than a defeat.展开更多
Virginia Woolf in her great novel To the Lighthouse shows her deep concern for women.In this book,she discusses women's spiritual world and the process of the awakening of feminist consciousness,which is represent...Virginia Woolf in her great novel To the Lighthouse shows her deep concern for women.In this book,she discusses women's spiritual world and the process of the awakening of feminist consciousness,which is represented by Mrs.Ramsay and Lily Briscoe.展开更多
The American writer Kate Chopin's masterpiece, The Awakening published in the late 19th century is one of the classics in female literature. The heroine Edna having the courage to pursue self-reliance and express her...The American writer Kate Chopin's masterpiece, The Awakening published in the late 19th century is one of the classics in female literature. The heroine Edna having the courage to pursue self-reliance and express her self-awareness, is regarded as a "new woman", while the comments on her husband, Mr. Pontellier are quite negative--He regards Edna as a private property and a sexual tool, leading to her awakening and suicide. In this paper, the author reinterprets Mr. Pontellier with the method of close reading in new criticism, deeming that it is the binary opposition in thinking that leads to the misreading. Mr. Pontellier was just a follower of the tradition and custom. The objective evaluation and reinterpretation to him can help students to develop the habit of critical thinking and the courage to pursue truth is case they form a simple thinking mode of the binary opposition.展开更多
The Awakening was Kate Chopin's masterpiece, describing a wealthy businessman's wife--Edna's confusion, awakening, pursuit, and suffocation of self-awareness in the South of America in the late 19th century. With t...The Awakening was Kate Chopin's masterpiece, describing a wealthy businessman's wife--Edna's confusion, awakening, pursuit, and suffocation of self-awareness in the South of America in the late 19th century. With the method of close reading in new criticism, this paper reinterprets Edna's awakening process. Her awakening process is accompanied by the symbolic image of "bird", representing women's situation in the patriarchal society and carrying Edna's hope for freedom, love, and self-realization. The application of bird's symbolic image reflects Kate Chopin's compassion for women in the patriarchal society, making the novel more appealing with its profound humanitarian connotations.展开更多
The Awakening written by Kate Chopin is published for a long time,which stirs up streams of praise for its bold content.Most researchers make analysis on this novel from different perspectives including postmodernism,...The Awakening written by Kate Chopin is published for a long time,which stirs up streams of praise for its bold content.Most researchers make analysis on this novel from different perspectives including postmodernism,deconstruction,feminism,binary opposition,and so on.Based on the“Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs”,this paper lays emphasis on the transition of protagonist Edna from suffering the traditional shackle to pursuing the self-independent.This paper aims to help readers realize an awakening process of Edna and appeals for more concern on the transformation of females’roles.展开更多
As one of the greatest Afro-American writers of the 20th century during the period of the Harlem Renaissance, Zora Neale Hurston drew on her own experiences as a feminist Afro-American female to create a story of a fe...As one of the greatest Afro-American writers of the 20th century during the period of the Harlem Renaissance, Zora Neale Hurston drew on her own experiences as a feminist Afro-American female to create a story of a female character Janie Crawford in her book There Eyes were Watching God. In the history of literature, it has come to be regarded as a"seminal work in both African-American literature and Woman's literature."(Louis Gates 1993). The main character Janie Crawford is definitely a typical representative of feminism and feminist movement and as a women who successfully achieved her self-consciousness, she has been commenting and criticizing for a long period of time. This research paper will analyzes how Janie achieves her self-awakening in the man-dominated society through Janie's childhood and her three periods of completely different marriages.展开更多
I was driving late one night, alone. This was not easy, as twofeet of snow lay on the road. The heck with what lane I was in:I was just trying to keep my car pointed forward. A guy behind me in a *four-wheel-drive veh...I was driving late one night, alone. This was not easy, as twofeet of snow lay on the road. The heck with what lane I was in:I was just trying to keep my car pointed forward. A guy behind me in a *four-wheel-drive vehicle began flash-ing his headlights. I figured there must be some danger ahead orthat something was wrong with my ca. So I slowed down.展开更多
American Transcendentalism aroused New Englanders to individualism enlightenment. Kate Chopin' s The Awakening, un doubtedly voices female quest for identity. The novel was banned by the force of social convention...American Transcendentalism aroused New Englanders to individualism enlightenment. Kate Chopin' s The Awakening, un doubtedly voices female quest for identity. The novel was banned by the force of social conventions, for the sociological role it played in form of literature, negotiating female professional identity, social role identity and sexual identity. This treatise analyzes the awakening of women conscious regarding identity and contradiction it brings therefore with social conventions, and argues the inevitable fate of the sex to self-isolation and self-destruction is caused by the prudery conventions. It maintains to review the sociological function of the piece and reconstruct interdisciplinary perspective of literature and sociology, appeal harmony between two sexes.展开更多
Both D. H. Lawrence and his novel Lady Chatterley's lover are sometimes prejudicially associated in the minds of the general public with pornography. Yet after meditative reading, we find that Lawrence, through revel...Both D. H. Lawrence and his novel Lady Chatterley's lover are sometimes prejudicially associated in the minds of the general public with pornography. Yet after meditative reading, we find that Lawrence, through revelation of Connie's gradual awakening from genuine love, has made his utmost effort to explore possible solutions to harmonious androgyny between men and women so as to revitalize the distorted human nature caused by the industrial civilization.展开更多
A doll’s house tells us a story of a woman,who is treated as a doll-child by her father,then a doll-wife by her husband,eventually realizes her subordinate role at home,so she resolutely leaves the apparently perfect...A doll’s house tells us a story of a woman,who is treated as a doll-child by her father,then a doll-wife by her husband,eventually realizes her subordinate role at home,so she resolutely leaves the apparently perfect marriage and tries to seek out her own individuality.It questions the entire fabric of marital relationships,and indicts all the false values of the masculine society.展开更多
Tennessee Williams is a great American playwright. The heroines in the three plays experienced the changes of times.There are also some common threads that weave their way through these women's lives. They are dif...Tennessee Williams is a great American playwright. The heroines in the three plays experienced the changes of times.There are also some common threads that weave their way through these women's lives. They are different from the passive women characters in Williams' s early plays. The growth of women is an important part in the development of society. Through the research on the three plays, the causes, the procedure and the significance of their final awakening can be found.展开更多
Spices are defined as any aromatic condiment of plant origin used to alter the flavor and aroma of foods. Besides flavor and aroma, many spices have antioxidant activity, mainly related to the presence in cloves of ph...Spices are defined as any aromatic condiment of plant origin used to alter the flavor and aroma of foods. Besides flavor and aroma, many spices have antioxidant activity, mainly related to the presence in cloves of phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, terpenoids and eugenol. In turn, the most common uses of gum arabic are in the form of powder for addition to soft drink syrups, cuisine and baked goods, specifically to stabilize the texture of products, increase the viscosity of liquids and promote the leavening of baked products (e.g., cakes). Both eugenol, extracted from cloves, and gum arabic, extracted from the hardened sap of two species of the Acacia tree, are dietary constituents routinely consumed virtually throughout the world. Both of them are also widely used medicinally to inhibit oxidative stress and genotoxicity. The prevention arm of the study included groups: Ia, IIa, IIIa, Iva, V, VI, VII, VIII. Once a week for 20 weeks, the controls received saline s.c. while the experimental groups received DMH at 20 mg/kg s.c. During the same period and for an additional 9 weeks, the animals received either water, 10% GA, EUG, or 10% GA + EUG by gavage. The treatment arm of the study included groups Ib, IIb, IIIb e IVb, IX, X, XI, XII). Once a week for 20 weeks, the controls received saline s.c. while the experimental groups received DMH at 20 mg/kg s.c. During the subsequent 9 weeks, the animals received either water, 10% GA, EUG or 10% GA + EUG by gavage. The novelty of this study is the investigation of their use alone and together for the prevention and treatment of experimental colorectal carcinogenesis induced by dimethylhydrazine. Our results show that the combined use of 10% gum arabic and eugenol was effective, with antioxidant action in the colon, as well as reducing oxidative stress in all colon segments and preventing and treating genotoxicity in all colon segments. Furthermore, their joint administration reduced the number of aberrant crypts and the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the distal segment and entire colon, as well as the number of ACF with at least 5 crypts in the entire colon. Thus, our results also demonstrate the synergistic effects of 10% gum arabic together with eugenol (from cloves), with antioxidant, antigenotoxic and anticarcinogenic actions (prevention and treatment) at the doses and durations studied, in the colon of rats submitted to colorectal carcinogenesis induced by dimethylhydrazine.展开更多
The Awakening stressed that if women wanted to gain self-being and self-independence they should abandon family and social responsibilities.This thought is too extreme.Women's real freedom and independence could n...The Awakening stressed that if women wanted to gain self-being and self-independence they should abandon family and social responsibilities.This thought is too extreme.Women's real freedom and independence could not be gained out of family and social responsibilities.And family responsibilities should not be seen as the fetter to women's pursuit of self-being and self-independence,or it will cause a few problems in marriage and hurt themselves and other persons.Women's real awakening is that there are no conflicts between family and women's self-being.Only based on social harmony and family responsibilities,women could gain real self-being and that is women's real awakening.展开更多
Dough improvers are substances with functional characteristics used in baking industry to enhance dough properties. Currently, the baking industry is faced with increasing demand for natural ingredients owing to incre...Dough improvers are substances with functional characteristics used in baking industry to enhance dough properties. Currently, the baking industry is faced with increasing demand for natural ingredients owing to increasing consumer awareness, thus contributing to the rising demand for natural hydrocolloids. Gum Arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis is a natural gum exhibiting excellent water binding and emulsification capacity. However, very little is reported on how it affects the rheological properties of wheat dough. The aim of this study was therefore, to determine the rheological properties of wheat dough with partial additions of gum Arabic as an improver. Six treatments were analyzed comprising of: flour-gum blends prepared by adding gum Arabic to wheat flour at different levels (1%, 2% and 3%), plain wheat flour (negative control), commercial bread flour and commercial chapati flour (positive controls). The rheological properties were determined using Brabender Farinograph, Brabender Extensograph and Brabender Viscograph. Results showed that addition of gum Arabic significantly (p chapati. These findings support the need to utilize gum Arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis as a dough improver.展开更多
Gum Arabic (GA) from Acacia senegal var. kerensis has been approved as an emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener, and encapsulator in food processing industry. Chia mucilage, on the other hand, has been approved to be used...Gum Arabic (GA) from Acacia senegal var. kerensis has been approved as an emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener, and encapsulator in food processing industry. Chia mucilage, on the other hand, has been approved to be used as a fat and egg yolk mimic. However, both chia mucilage and gum Arabic are underutilized locally in Kenya;thus, marginal reports have been published despite their potential to alter functional properties in food products. In this study, the potential use of chia mucilage and gum Arabic was evaluated in the development of an eggless fat-reduced mayonnaise (FRM). The mayonnaise substitute was prepared by replacing eggs and partially substituting sunflower oil with chia mucilage at 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% levels and gum Arabic at 3% while reducing the oil levels to 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%. The effect of different concentrations of oil and chia mucilage on the physicochemical properties, for example, pH, emulsion stability, moisture content, protein, carbohydrate, fats, calories, ash, and titratable acidity using AOAC methods and sensory properties for both consumer acceptability and quantitative descriptive analysis of mayonnaise were evaluated and compared to the control with eggs and 75% sunflower oil. The results indicated that all fat-reduced mayonnaises had significantly lower energy to 493 kcal/100g and 20% fat content but higher water content of 0.74 than the control with 784 Kcal/100g calories, 77% fat and 0.39 moisture. These differences increased with increasing substitution levels of chia mucilage, as impacted on pH, carbohydrate, and protein. There was no significant difference between ash content for both fat-reduced mayonnaise and control. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that mayonnaises substituted with chia seeds mucilage and gum Arabic were accepted. All the parameters are positively correlated to overall acceptability, with flavor having the strongest correlation of r = 0.78. Loadings from principal component analysis (PCA) of 16 sensory attributes of mayonnaise showed that approximately over 66% of the variations in sensory attributes were explained by the first six principal components. This study shows good potential for chia mucilage and gum Arabic to be used as fat and egg mimetics and stabilizers, respectively, in mayonnaise with functional properties.展开更多
Kate Chopin is widely recognized as a forerunner in the American feminist literature.Based on textual analysis of The Story of An Hour and The Awakening,the conclusions are that although Kate Chopin shows her female c...Kate Chopin is widely recognized as a forerunner in the American feminist literature.Based on textual analysis of The Story of An Hour and The Awakening,the conclusions are that although Kate Chopin shows her female consciousness in both of the works,what she really emphasizes in The Story of An Hour is a woman’s longing for freedom of marriage,not the feminist awakening driven by the oppression from a patriarchal society,and Chopin’s feminist view is thoroughly shown in her later work The Awakening.展开更多
文摘Kate Chopin's (1899- ) The Awakening gives an account of Edna Pontellie's awakening in soul and body and sing highly of her courage to pursue freedom and independence. But in a patriarchal society, women can only exist subordinate to men and any woman's rebellion is to be defeated. Through a detailed analysis of the process of Edna's awakening, it argues that Edna is not awakened but disillusioned, and she still lives under the heavy patriarchal shackles.
文摘Scarlett who was the heroine in the world famous book Gone with the Wind,is regarded as one of the most impressive images in the world literature.Her charm lies in her perverse personality of independence and her spirit of freedom.This essay analyzes the characters of the heroine through highlighting women's social status in the South during the age of Scarlett's time.It could be safely concluded that Scarlett's characters and her courage to face the difficulties during the war reveal the awakening of women's self-consciousness and the realization of feminine value.
文摘The Awakening,written by the famous American writer Kate Chopin,is an early feminist literary work.It mainly tells us the process of a miserable woman,Edna's awakening,and in Edna's process of awakening,she experiences misery as well as freedom;she struggles the way to the free and equal world.
文摘In this article Kate Chopin's The Awakening is analyzed in psychoanalytic feminist terms,focusing on the themes of maternity versus paternity.These themes are explored in terms of Edna's awakening pilgrimage.The interactions with those people around her make her awakening undergo two stages: the first one is that she awakens to want a true self as a human being;the second one is that she finds that as a female she can never be herself,because she refuses to compromise to the false selves reflected in those people around her.Thus she can only complete her pilgrimage from bewilderment to awakening by suicide,which is regarded as a victory to protect herself in the article rather than a defeat.
文摘Virginia Woolf in her great novel To the Lighthouse shows her deep concern for women.In this book,she discusses women's spiritual world and the process of the awakening of feminist consciousness,which is represented by Mrs.Ramsay and Lily Briscoe.
文摘The American writer Kate Chopin's masterpiece, The Awakening published in the late 19th century is one of the classics in female literature. The heroine Edna having the courage to pursue self-reliance and express her self-awareness, is regarded as a "new woman", while the comments on her husband, Mr. Pontellier are quite negative--He regards Edna as a private property and a sexual tool, leading to her awakening and suicide. In this paper, the author reinterprets Mr. Pontellier with the method of close reading in new criticism, deeming that it is the binary opposition in thinking that leads to the misreading. Mr. Pontellier was just a follower of the tradition and custom. The objective evaluation and reinterpretation to him can help students to develop the habit of critical thinking and the courage to pursue truth is case they form a simple thinking mode of the binary opposition.
文摘The Awakening was Kate Chopin's masterpiece, describing a wealthy businessman's wife--Edna's confusion, awakening, pursuit, and suffocation of self-awareness in the South of America in the late 19th century. With the method of close reading in new criticism, this paper reinterprets Edna's awakening process. Her awakening process is accompanied by the symbolic image of "bird", representing women's situation in the patriarchal society and carrying Edna's hope for freedom, love, and self-realization. The application of bird's symbolic image reflects Kate Chopin's compassion for women in the patriarchal society, making the novel more appealing with its profound humanitarian connotations.
文摘The Awakening written by Kate Chopin is published for a long time,which stirs up streams of praise for its bold content.Most researchers make analysis on this novel from different perspectives including postmodernism,deconstruction,feminism,binary opposition,and so on.Based on the“Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs”,this paper lays emphasis on the transition of protagonist Edna from suffering the traditional shackle to pursuing the self-independent.This paper aims to help readers realize an awakening process of Edna and appeals for more concern on the transformation of females’roles.
文摘As one of the greatest Afro-American writers of the 20th century during the period of the Harlem Renaissance, Zora Neale Hurston drew on her own experiences as a feminist Afro-American female to create a story of a female character Janie Crawford in her book There Eyes were Watching God. In the history of literature, it has come to be regarded as a"seminal work in both African-American literature and Woman's literature."(Louis Gates 1993). The main character Janie Crawford is definitely a typical representative of feminism and feminist movement and as a women who successfully achieved her self-consciousness, she has been commenting and criticizing for a long period of time. This research paper will analyzes how Janie achieves her self-awakening in the man-dominated society through Janie's childhood and her three periods of completely different marriages.
文摘I was driving late one night, alone. This was not easy, as twofeet of snow lay on the road. The heck with what lane I was in:I was just trying to keep my car pointed forward. A guy behind me in a *four-wheel-drive vehicle began flash-ing his headlights. I figured there must be some danger ahead orthat something was wrong with my ca. So I slowed down.
文摘American Transcendentalism aroused New Englanders to individualism enlightenment. Kate Chopin' s The Awakening, un doubtedly voices female quest for identity. The novel was banned by the force of social conventions, for the sociological role it played in form of literature, negotiating female professional identity, social role identity and sexual identity. This treatise analyzes the awakening of women conscious regarding identity and contradiction it brings therefore with social conventions, and argues the inevitable fate of the sex to self-isolation and self-destruction is caused by the prudery conventions. It maintains to review the sociological function of the piece and reconstruct interdisciplinary perspective of literature and sociology, appeal harmony between two sexes.
文摘Both D. H. Lawrence and his novel Lady Chatterley's lover are sometimes prejudicially associated in the minds of the general public with pornography. Yet after meditative reading, we find that Lawrence, through revelation of Connie's gradual awakening from genuine love, has made his utmost effort to explore possible solutions to harmonious androgyny between men and women so as to revitalize the distorted human nature caused by the industrial civilization.
文摘A doll’s house tells us a story of a woman,who is treated as a doll-child by her father,then a doll-wife by her husband,eventually realizes her subordinate role at home,so she resolutely leaves the apparently perfect marriage and tries to seek out her own individuality.It questions the entire fabric of marital relationships,and indicts all the false values of the masculine society.
文摘Tennessee Williams is a great American playwright. The heroines in the three plays experienced the changes of times.There are also some common threads that weave their way through these women's lives. They are different from the passive women characters in Williams' s early plays. The growth of women is an important part in the development of society. Through the research on the three plays, the causes, the procedure and the significance of their final awakening can be found.
文摘Spices are defined as any aromatic condiment of plant origin used to alter the flavor and aroma of foods. Besides flavor and aroma, many spices have antioxidant activity, mainly related to the presence in cloves of phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, terpenoids and eugenol. In turn, the most common uses of gum arabic are in the form of powder for addition to soft drink syrups, cuisine and baked goods, specifically to stabilize the texture of products, increase the viscosity of liquids and promote the leavening of baked products (e.g., cakes). Both eugenol, extracted from cloves, and gum arabic, extracted from the hardened sap of two species of the Acacia tree, are dietary constituents routinely consumed virtually throughout the world. Both of them are also widely used medicinally to inhibit oxidative stress and genotoxicity. The prevention arm of the study included groups: Ia, IIa, IIIa, Iva, V, VI, VII, VIII. Once a week for 20 weeks, the controls received saline s.c. while the experimental groups received DMH at 20 mg/kg s.c. During the same period and for an additional 9 weeks, the animals received either water, 10% GA, EUG, or 10% GA + EUG by gavage. The treatment arm of the study included groups Ib, IIb, IIIb e IVb, IX, X, XI, XII). Once a week for 20 weeks, the controls received saline s.c. while the experimental groups received DMH at 20 mg/kg s.c. During the subsequent 9 weeks, the animals received either water, 10% GA, EUG or 10% GA + EUG by gavage. The novelty of this study is the investigation of their use alone and together for the prevention and treatment of experimental colorectal carcinogenesis induced by dimethylhydrazine. Our results show that the combined use of 10% gum arabic and eugenol was effective, with antioxidant action in the colon, as well as reducing oxidative stress in all colon segments and preventing and treating genotoxicity in all colon segments. Furthermore, their joint administration reduced the number of aberrant crypts and the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the distal segment and entire colon, as well as the number of ACF with at least 5 crypts in the entire colon. Thus, our results also demonstrate the synergistic effects of 10% gum arabic together with eugenol (from cloves), with antioxidant, antigenotoxic and anticarcinogenic actions (prevention and treatment) at the doses and durations studied, in the colon of rats submitted to colorectal carcinogenesis induced by dimethylhydrazine.
文摘The Awakening stressed that if women wanted to gain self-being and self-independence they should abandon family and social responsibilities.This thought is too extreme.Women's real freedom and independence could not be gained out of family and social responsibilities.And family responsibilities should not be seen as the fetter to women's pursuit of self-being and self-independence,or it will cause a few problems in marriage and hurt themselves and other persons.Women's real awakening is that there are no conflicts between family and women's self-being.Only based on social harmony and family responsibilities,women could gain real self-being and that is women's real awakening.
文摘Dough improvers are substances with functional characteristics used in baking industry to enhance dough properties. Currently, the baking industry is faced with increasing demand for natural ingredients owing to increasing consumer awareness, thus contributing to the rising demand for natural hydrocolloids. Gum Arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis is a natural gum exhibiting excellent water binding and emulsification capacity. However, very little is reported on how it affects the rheological properties of wheat dough. The aim of this study was therefore, to determine the rheological properties of wheat dough with partial additions of gum Arabic as an improver. Six treatments were analyzed comprising of: flour-gum blends prepared by adding gum Arabic to wheat flour at different levels (1%, 2% and 3%), plain wheat flour (negative control), commercial bread flour and commercial chapati flour (positive controls). The rheological properties were determined using Brabender Farinograph, Brabender Extensograph and Brabender Viscograph. Results showed that addition of gum Arabic significantly (p chapati. These findings support the need to utilize gum Arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis as a dough improver.
文摘Gum Arabic (GA) from Acacia senegal var. kerensis has been approved as an emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener, and encapsulator in food processing industry. Chia mucilage, on the other hand, has been approved to be used as a fat and egg yolk mimic. However, both chia mucilage and gum Arabic are underutilized locally in Kenya;thus, marginal reports have been published despite their potential to alter functional properties in food products. In this study, the potential use of chia mucilage and gum Arabic was evaluated in the development of an eggless fat-reduced mayonnaise (FRM). The mayonnaise substitute was prepared by replacing eggs and partially substituting sunflower oil with chia mucilage at 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% levels and gum Arabic at 3% while reducing the oil levels to 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%. The effect of different concentrations of oil and chia mucilage on the physicochemical properties, for example, pH, emulsion stability, moisture content, protein, carbohydrate, fats, calories, ash, and titratable acidity using AOAC methods and sensory properties for both consumer acceptability and quantitative descriptive analysis of mayonnaise were evaluated and compared to the control with eggs and 75% sunflower oil. The results indicated that all fat-reduced mayonnaises had significantly lower energy to 493 kcal/100g and 20% fat content but higher water content of 0.74 than the control with 784 Kcal/100g calories, 77% fat and 0.39 moisture. These differences increased with increasing substitution levels of chia mucilage, as impacted on pH, carbohydrate, and protein. There was no significant difference between ash content for both fat-reduced mayonnaise and control. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that mayonnaises substituted with chia seeds mucilage and gum Arabic were accepted. All the parameters are positively correlated to overall acceptability, with flavor having the strongest correlation of r = 0.78. Loadings from principal component analysis (PCA) of 16 sensory attributes of mayonnaise showed that approximately over 66% of the variations in sensory attributes were explained by the first six principal components. This study shows good potential for chia mucilage and gum Arabic to be used as fat and egg mimetics and stabilizers, respectively, in mayonnaise with functional properties.
文摘Kate Chopin is widely recognized as a forerunner in the American feminist literature.Based on textual analysis of The Story of An Hour and The Awakening,the conclusions are that although Kate Chopin shows her female consciousness in both of the works,what she really emphasizes in The Story of An Hour is a woman’s longing for freedom of marriage,not the feminist awakening driven by the oppression from a patriarchal society,and Chopin’s feminist view is thoroughly shown in her later work The Awakening.