A Brief Overview of the Development and Significance of Modern Scientific Medicine in China:Take Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College as an Example

Since the early 20th century,China has gradually established a clinical,educational,and research system centered around modern scientific medicine,which has now become the dominant force in China's medical and health system and services,with the construction and development of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College as the most prominent symbol.The scientific medicine in the new era requires close cooperation across multiple disciplines and fields to build a high-quality and efficient medical and health service system.It also involves combining the excellent traditional Chinese culture with Western medicine to explore a unique path of modern scientific medicine with Chinese characteristics.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in China from 2014-2023:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)stands as the predominant infectious agent linked to the onset of gastritis,peptic ulcer diseases,and gastric cancer(GC).Identified as the exclusive bacterial factor associated with the onset of GC,it is classified as a group 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization.The elimination of H.pylori plays a crucial role in the primary prevention of GC.While the prevalence has declined in recent decades,H.pylori infection is still highly prevalent in China,accounting for a significant part of the disease burden of GC.Therefore,updated prevalence information for H.pylori infection,especially regional and demographic variations in China,is an important basis for the design of targeted strategies that will be effective for the prevention of GC and application of policies for H.pylori control.AIM To methodically evaluate the occurrence of H.pylori infection throughout China and establish a reference point for subsequent investigations.METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following established guidelines,as detailed in our methodology section.RESULTS Our review synthesized data from 152 studies,covering a sample of 763827 individuals,314423 of whom were infected with H.pylori.We evaluated infection rates in China's Mainland and the combined prevalence of H.pylori was 42.8%(95%CI:40.7-44.9).Subgroup analysis indicated the highest prevalence in Northwest China at 51.3%(95%CI:45.6-56.9),and in Qinghai Province,the prevalence reached 60.2%(95%CI:46.5-73.9).The urea breath test,which recorded the highest infection rate,showed a prevalence of 43.7%(95%CI:41.4-46.0).No notable differences in infection rates were observed between genders.Notably,the prevalence among the elderly was significantly higher at 44.5%(95%CI:41.9-47.1),compared to children,who showed a prevalence of 27.5%(95%CI:19.58-34.7).CONCLUSION Between 2014 and 2023,the prevalence of H.pylori infection in China decreased to 42.8%,down from the previous decade.However,the infection rates vary considerably across different geographical areas,among various populations,and by detection methods employed.

Epidemiology of biliary tract cancer in China:A narrative review

Biliary tract cancer(BTC)is a group of rare malignancies that affect the gallbladder and bile ducts.Although rare,BTC is becoming a significant public health burden in China,particularly among males and older individuals.The increasing trends in BTC incidence and mortality in China are influenced by various demographic,environmental,and lifestyle factors.In this review,we examine available epidemiological data on the incidence,mortality,prognosis,and trends of different BTC subtypes in China.We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for improving the prevention,diagnosis,and management of BTC in China,and identify areas for further research and intervention.The article aims to provide a better understanding of the epidemiological features of BTC in China and to inform public health strategies and clinical practice.

An overview of soil erosion research in China through a lens of international journals

[Background]Soil erosion,the process by which soil is eroded,transported,and deposited by external forces like wind and water,is a widespread global phenomenon with significant environmental and economic impacts.Over the past two decades,China's soil erosion research has made significant strides,reaching a world-class level in both quality and quantity.However,there has been a lack of comprehensive studies summarizing the overall situation and development trends in this field.This study aims to fill that gap by providing an overview of the current status and trends in China's soil erosion research.[Methods]This study employed bibliometric methods to analyze 6588 journal articles on soil erosion in China,collected from the Scopus database.The analysis focused on several key aspects,including the number of publications,subject areas,leading research institutes,funding organizations,key research themes,and patterns of international collaboration.Additionally,network maps were generated using VOSviewer to visualize the intellectual structure and connections within the research field,offering insights into how different research topics and institutes are interconnected.[Results]The findings reveal a significant increase in the number of publications since the 1980s,rising from just 4 articles in 1981 to 699 articles in 2023.While soil erosion research is multidisciplinary in nature,the most popular subject areas were“Environmental Science”“Agriculture and Biological Sciences”and“Earth and Planetary Sciences”.The Chinese Academy of Sciences is the most productive institute,with several universities and government research institutes also making substantial contributions.The primary funding source was government organizations,with the National Natural Science Foundation of China being the largest funder.Journals focusing on water and soil,ecology,and environmental sciences were the primary platforms for publishing soil erosion research in China.Catena,Science of the Total Environment,Transactions of CSAM,and Acta Ecologica Sinica were the most productive journals.Six international collaboration networks were identified in this field.The largest network was from European Union,followed by the network with Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,Singapore,and the United Kingdom,and the rest were cooperation relationships between the two countries(regions).The major research themes identified were“soil erosion and land degradation”“erosion dynamics and drivers”“soil erosion process and mechanism”and“erosion monitoring technology”.Earlier research was heavily focused on topics such as“GIS”“remote sensing”“Cs-137”“landscape pattern”“vegetation restoration”“simulated rainfall”“loess plateau”and“black soil.”In contrast,recent studies have shifted towards“climate change”“ecosystem services”“soil erodibility”“gully erosion”and“RUSLE”.[Conclusions]This study offers a comprehensive overview of China's soil erosion research,serving as a valuable resource for researchers and policy-makers interested in understanding the knowledge structure and development trends in this field.Additionally,the study highlights emerging research topics and potential areas for future exploration,thereby guiding the direction of subsequent studies in soil erosion.

Magmatic-tectonic response of the South China Craton to the Paleo-Pacific subduction during the Triassic:a new viewpoint based on Well NK-1

The Nansha Block(NB)is one of the blocks separated from the southern margin of the South China Craton(SCC)by the western Pacific subduction,which contains rich information of geodynamic and tectonic transformation.To reveal the essence of western Paleo-Pacific subduction during the Triassic period,Well NK-1 in this block was selected for petrographic study,and published research data from other cooperative teams were compared.A double-cycle pattern of basic to neutral magmatic volcanism was established,and 36 lithological rhythmic layers and representative cryptoexplosive breccia facies and welded tuff bands were identified.Combined with a reanalysis of published geochronological data,geochemical elements,and isotope geochemistry,we found that the rock assemblages could be divided into an intermediate-acid dacite(DA)series(SiO_(2)>65%)and basaltic(BA)series(Co<40μg/g),which was formed during the early Late Triassic((218.6±3.2)–(217.9±3.5)Ma).BA exhibits obvious calc-alkaline island-arc magmatic properties:(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_i ratio ranging 0.70377–0.71118(average:0.70645),^(147)Sm/^(144)Nd ratio ranging 0.119–0.193(average:0.168),and chondrite-normalized rare earth element(REE)curves being flat,while DA exhibits remarkable characteristics of subducted island-arc andesitic magma:(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_i ratio(0.70939–0.71129;average:0.71035),εNd(t)value(-6.2–-4.8;average:-5.6)andε_(Hf)(t)value(-2.9–-1.7,average:-2.2)show obvious crust-mantle mixing characteristics.BA and DA reveal typical characteristics of island-arc magma systems and typeⅡenriched mantle(EM-Ⅱ)magma.BA magma was likely resulted from the process whereby the continental crust frontal accretionary wedge was driven by the Paleo-Pacific slab subduction into the deep and began to melt,resulting in a large amount of melt(fluid)joined the asthenosphere on the side of the continental margin.In contrast,DA magma was likely resulted from the process whereby the plate front was forced to bend with increasing subduction distance,which triggered the upwelling of the asthenosphere near the continent and subsequently led to the partial melting of the lithospheric mantle and lower crust due to continuous underplating.The lithospheric thinning environment in the study area at the end of Triassic created suitable conditions for the separation between the NB and SCC,which provided an opportunity for the formation of the early intracontinental rift during the later expansion of the South China Sea(SCS).

Pragmatist View of Human Rights:Theoretical Explanations of China’s Human Rights Practice

The pragmatist view of human rights represents a the-oretical condensation of the Chinese practice in human rights devel-opment.In view of the problem of circular idling between rights and claims caused by the traditional view of human rights of focusing on contents and not valuing implementation,social segmentation caused by empty talks on interests and claims while ignoring social develop-ment,and the phenomenon of the issue of human rights completely becoming empty and useless political rhetoric,the pragmatic view of human rights,based on the fact that there is a gap between the claims and realization of human rights,emphasizes that instead of blindly ex-panding the types of rights in term of text,it is better to base on prac-tice and promote the maximum realization of existing rights through development.The pragmatist view of human rights attaches impor-tance to relevant economic,social and cultural basis to promote the realization of human rights,rather than only focusing on the claims themselves;it pays greater attention to enhancing the realization of rights,rather than the distribution of rights under the total limit;it ad-vocates more for cooperativism in the realization of rights,rather than confrontation.The pragmatic concept of human rights takes Marxism as its theoretical basis and the gene of practice and the dimension of development as its theoretical characteristics,and promotes the devel-opment of human rights through the realization of rights.

The Societal Cost of Schizophrenia in China from 2010 to 2024—A Literature Review

Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic disease related to long-lasting and tremendous effects on patient’s health in China, which is generally considered as a huge economic burden not only for patients but also for their caregivers and the whole society. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an analysis of cost. Previous cost-of-illness (COI) studies have already provided some useful information on the economic burden that schizophrenia brought to global society, including China. Objectives: This systematic review aims to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the economic burden of schizophrenia in China. Method: A literature review was performed through CNKI, Wanfang, CQVIP, EMBASE and Medline databases to identify COI studies published between 2010-2024. The primary outcome of this review was societal cost per schizophrenia patient by cost component, including direct medical costs, non-medical costs and indirect medical costs. Results: 14 COI studies in schizophrenia were identified, covering 7 municipalities and 8 provinces of China. The annual societal cost per patient ranged from 10,765 CNY in Zhejiang province to 406,382 CNY in Xuancheng city (Anhui province). The ratio of indirect cost ranged from 66.6% to 96.8%. The main cost drivers were the productivity losses. There was an enormous heterogeneity between societal cost estimations that could be interpreted by the difference in economic state and regional healthcare resource allocation. Conclusions: This review highlights the large economic burden of schizophrenia in varied areas in China. Substantial cost variation was observed both nationwide and globally, which may be caused by the varied economic situation and healthcare policy. Limitation of this review was summarized, which may provide a useful guidance for the future COI studies in China.

Role of the Greenland Sea ice anomaly in the late-spring drought over Northwest China

Drought across Northwest China in late spring has exerted a vital effect on the local climate and agricultural production,and has been alleviated during the past decades.This study explored the influence of the preceding Arctic sea ice on the May drought in Northwest China caused by the precipitation deficit.Further analysis indicated that when the Greenland Sea ice concentration is abnormally high during February to April,the dry conditions in Northwest China tend to be alleviated.The increase of sea ice in the Greenland Sea can excite a meridional circulation,which causes sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in the North Atlantic via the sea-air interaction,manifested as significant warm SST anomalies over the south of Greenland and the subtropical North Atlantic,but negative SST anomalies over the west of the Azores.This abnormal SST pattern maintains to May and triggers a zonal wave train from the North Atlantic through Scandinavia and Central Asia to Northwest China,leading to abnormal cyclones in Northwest China.Consequently,Northwest China experiences a more humid climate than usual.

Geology and mineralization of the Dongping supergiant alkalic-hosted Au-Te deposit(>100 t Au)in Northern Hebei Province,China:A review

The Dongping deposit is the largest alkalic-hosted gold deposit in China containing>100 t of Au.This paper presents a new understanding for Dongping ore system,based on the previous studies.The mineralization originally occurred at 400-380 Ma,simultaneous with emplacement of the Shuiquangou alkaline complex,and was overprinted by the hydrothermal activity in the Yanshanian.Isotope compositions of ores indicate metals of the deposit are mainly provided by the Shuiquangou complex.Ore-forming fluids are characterized by increasing oxygen fugacity and decreasing sulfur fugacity,while tellurium fugacity increased in the Stage II-2 and decreased in Stage II-3.These systematic changes are closely related to the processes of mineral precipitation and fluid evolution.Sulfide precipitation from Stage Ⅰ to Stage Ⅱ was triggered by fluid boiling,which leads to the precipitation of Pb-Bi-Te,due to decrement of sulfur fugacity.Condensation of gas phase containing high concentration of H_2Te leads to precipitation of Te-Au-Ag minerals and native tellurium.Based on these hypotheses,this paper present a polyphase metallogenic model as follow.During the Devonian,fluids were released from alkaline magmas,which carried ore-forming materials form the surrounding rocks and precipitate the early ores.During the Jurassic-Cretaceous,fluorine-rich fluids exsolved from highly factionated Shangshuiquan granite,which extracted and concentrated Au from the Shuiquangou complex and the Sanggan Group metamorphic rocks,and finally formed the Dongping gold deposit.

Historical review and reflections on the participation of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of epidemics in the People’s Republic of China (from 1950 until now)

Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, both the Communist Party and the government have placed great emphasis on the advancement of traditional Chinese medicine. Acupuncture and moxibustion have been actively involved in combating major epidemics such as malaria, schistosomiasis, and COVID-19. This article conducts a historical review of these three significant cases to elucidate how the acupuncture community has effectively utilized its unique advantages and characteristics through theoretical discussions, clinical practices, experimental research, as well as receiving administrative leadership and political support from the Communist Party of China and government. We provide an objective evaluation of their effectiveness while summarizing historical experiences to serve as a reference for future utilization of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy in epidemic relief efforts. Additionally, propose four suggestions: strengthening Party leadership and enhancing political support;timely summarization of experiences to establish programs and systems;deepening scientific research by integrating experimental findings with clinical practice;focusing on public awareness campaigns and education to solidify grassroots foundations.

Discovery of the Hailin impact crater in northeast China

A uniquely shaped impact structure,the Hailin impact crater,has been discovered in northeast China.The crater was formed on a granodiorite hillside and is an oval depression with asymmetric rim height and a maximum diameter of 1360 m.The bottom of the crater is filled by Quaternary sediments with large amounts of rock fragments underneath.The discovery of quartz planar deformation features in rock clasts on the crater floor provides diagnostic evidence for the impact origin of the structure.The shape of the crater is largely due to the impact having occurred on a ridge terrain.The impact event probably occurred in the late Cenozoic Era.The Hailin impact crater is the fourth confirmed Chinese impact crater.

China Travel: The New Fad

LAST year saw a robust increase in international visits to China due to the expansion of its visa-free policy,improvement in payment services,resumption of multiple direct flights,and construction of new infrastructure.As China is opening up wider to the world,more foreign tourists are flocking to the country.As a means of cultural exchange,tourism allows people to experience first-hand the openness,inclusiveness,safety,stability,and prosperity of China.This in the end helps the country to build up its international image and soft power.

Impact of Land Use Change on Ecosystem Services Values in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area,China in the Context of National Water Network Project Construction

Investigating the ecological impact of land use change in the context of the construction of national water network project is crucial,as it is imperative for achieving the sustainable development goals of the national water network and guaranteeing regional ecological stability.Using the Danjiangkou Reservoir Area(DRA),China as the study area,this paper first examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of natural landscape patterns and ecosystem service values(ESV)in the DRA from 2000 to 2018 and then investigated the spatial clustering characteristics of the ESV using spatial statistical analysis tools.Finally,the patch-generating land use simulation(PLUS)model was used to simulate the natural landscape and future changes in the ESV of the DRA from 2018 to 2028 under four different development scenarios:business as usual(BAU),economic development(ED),ecological protection(EP),and shoreline protection(SP).The results show that:during 2000-2018,the construction of water facilities had a significant impact on regional land use/land cover(LULC)change,with a 24830 ha increase in watershed area.ESV exhibited an increasing trend,with a significant and growing spatial clustering effect.The transformation of farmland to water bodies led to accelerated ESV growth,while the transformation of forest land to farmland led to a decrease in the ESV.Normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)had the strongest effect on the ESV.ESV exhibited a continuous increase from 2018 to 2028 under all the simulation scenarios.The EP scenario had the greatest increase in ESV,while the ED scenario had the smallest increase.The findings suggest that projected land use patterns under different scenarios have varied impacts on ecosystem services(ESs)and that the management and planning of the DRA should balance social,economic,ecological,and security benefits.nomic,ecological,and security benefits.

基于LabVIEW软件的锂电池故障模拟检测系统设计

电动汽车、可再生能源等领域迅速发展,锂离子电池作为核心能源储存和释放的组件,性能评估尤为重要。通过设计一种基于LabVIEW软件的锂电池故障模拟检测系统,实现对锂电池故障的模拟、检测和分析,为锂电池的研发、生产和维护提供技术支持。设计的系统采用LabVIEW软件,结合数据采集卡、充放电设备等硬件,对锂电池充放电全流程中可能出现的各类工况进行模拟,监测各项电气参数,实时分析处理各类异常数据,完成故障诊断。

Economic effect of China's carbon neutrality target under shared socioeconomic pathways

Economic feasibility is crucial for achieving the carbon neutrality target.However,current integrated assessments often underestimate the economic impacts of mitigation policies due to the lack of consideration of their economic benefits.This study integrates a warming-labour productivity model with a typical integrated assessment model using shared socioeconomic pathways.It simulates China's economic development and carbon emission levels under both baseline and carbon-neutral policy scenarios,evaluating the economic costs and benefits of emission reduction policies aimed at achieving carbon neutrality.These findings reveal the following:(1)The economic costs of emission reduction policies are projected to peak between 2050 and 2060,ranging from 0.41%to 9.37%of total GDP in the baseline scenario,primarily due to increased energy prices and R&D investments.These costs are expected to decline rapidly after 2070.(2)China's carbon-neutral policies will mitigate global warming,with the economic benefits of mitigation projected to reach 5.65%to 17.24%of China's total GDP by 2100.(3)Lowcarbon scenarios SSP1 and SSP4 could significantly reduce initial economic costs and advance the onset of net economic gains to 2060.This integrated assessment confirms that China's carbon neutrality target offers substantial net economic benefits in the long term.To minimize initial economic costs,efforts should focus on enhancing consumption-side transitions,upgrading lowcarbon technologies,and adopting new energy sources.

Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of China’s Digital Trade Resilience under the Impact of Trade Frictions

In the era of the digital economy,digital trade has demonstrated strong vitality,becoming a crucial driving force for the highquality development of national and regional economies.However,understanding the resilience of digital trade in the face of external crises is an important topic.Taking the backdrop of Sino-US trade friction,this paper constructs a resilience index system for digital trade.It utilizes entropy method,kernel density estimation,and ArcGIS mapping to calculate and visually analyze the resilience of China’s digital trade from 2017 to 2021.Additionally,a Tobit model is constructed to explore the main influencing factors of digital trade resilience patterns.The research findings indicate:1)temporally,during the period of Sino-US trade friction,China’s digital trade resilience shows an overall upward trend,but there are regional differences in resilience levels across the country,with a severe polarization phenomenon.2)Spatially,high resilience is observed in the eastern and central regions of China,while the western and northeastern regions exhibit low resilience.3)From a dimensional perspective,the resistance of digital trade resilience displays a spatial distribution of high values in the east and low values in the west.The recovery force is aggregated along coastal areas,and the renewal force tends to aggregate along the eastern coastline.4)Factors such as economic scale,industrial structure,urbanization rate,government fiscal expenditure,and technological talents significantly promote the enhancement of digital trade resilience.This study reveals the dynamic characteristics and influencing factors of digital trade resilience in responding to external shocks,providing theoretical basis and policy suggestions for enhancing digital trade resilience,and promoting high-quality economic development in China.

Fresh insights into the onset of big mantle wedge beneath the North China Craton

The onset of the big mantle wedge(BMW)structure beneath the North China Craton remains debated.Research on the genesis of Late Mesozoic granites associated with gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula above the BMW could provide fresh insights into this question.The monzogranite from the Zhaoxian-Shaling gold district was intruded during 154-148 Ma.This I-type granite has high-K calc-alkaline and metaluminous characteristics.The monzogranite formed at medium temperatures(718-770℃)and was generated in a thickened lower crust at depths within the stability field of garnet.The monzogranite’s high zircon Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+)and Eu_(N)/Eu_(N)^(*)values and low FeOT/MgO ratios,suggest that it formed in a high oxygen environment.Its variableε_(Hf)(t)values with T_(DM2)of 1.93-2.87 Ga imply that it originated from the melting of ancient crust basement,with contributions from mantle-derived materials.The granite’s enrichment in LREEs and LILEs,and depletion in HREEs and HFSEs,along with its trace element tectonic discrimination diagrams and medium Sr/Y,indicate an adakite affinity in an active continental margin setting.The transition from S-type granites to I-type granites and finally to A-type granites observed in the eastern part of North China Craton suggests a shift in the tectonic environment from compression to extension.This change is also reflected in the transition from flat subduction to steep subduction.Therefore,the monzogranite was formed in a tectonic transition setting triggered by a change in the subduction angle of the PaleoPacific Ocean slab during the Late Jurassic.This event may have marked the initiation of the BMW above the North China Craton.

Environmental Inequality in China’s Urban Expansion:A Case Study of Guangzhou,China

Environmental inequality is a prevalent issue in developing countries undergoing urban expansion.Urban expansion induces the formation and evolution of environmental inequality by creating environmental and structural conditions that lead to the spatial relocation of environmental hazards and the socio-spatial segregation of different groups in developing countries.This study investigated the spatial patterns and temporal trends of environmental inequality under urban expansion in Guangzhou,a megacity in China.It considered how environmental disparities and socio-demographic attributes interact in terms of industrial pollution exposure using additive semiparametric quantile regression,combined with spatial visualisation,on the basis of the economic and population census data from 1990 to 2020.This study revealed that urban expansion sparked the spatial displacement of environmental risks and the social-spatial differentiation,exposing the peripheral regions and disadvantaged groups to higher environmental risks.A reciprocal transformation occurred between central and peripheral regions,as well as a process of redistributing environmental risks across social space.In the context of urban expansion in developing countries,the causes of environmental inequality shifted from individual socio-economic differences to structural factors,such as industrial layout and social division of labour in cities,leading to the spatial displacement and concealment of environmental inequality.This study provides insights and guidance for policymakers to address the issue of environmental inequality in the context of urban expansion.

New insight into the origin and evolution of the flora and fauna of Hainan Island,China

The origin of the biota of Hainan Island,China,remains a fundamental scientific problem.Comparative studies on the biota,geological tectonics,and paleomagnetism proposed that during the Eocene,Hainan Island connected Vietnam and Guangxi,and then moved to the southeast to reach its present location.This review mainly discusses its biota origin from molecular phylogeny and palaeobotanical research.The formation and evolution of the biological groups of Hainan Island were identified via research on their genomes,phylogeny,and molecular biogeography.This research showed that the genera and species that appeared and diverged early in their evolution(i.e.,before the Miocene)can be explained by the land connection between Hainan Island,Vietnam,and Guangxi during the Eocene-Oligocene.According to Southeast Asian tectonic theory,in the Middle Miocene(at about 15 million years ago),Hainan Island had moved to its present position.The population and genetic divergence of species with late divergence times(after 15 Ma)can be reasonably explained by the close proximity(or land connection)between Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula,enabling genetic communication between Hainan Island and the Chinese mainland,but have exceptional cases.Conclusions have been obtained through palaeobotanical studies,showing that in the Eocene-Oligocene period,southwest China and Hainan Island had subtropical vegetation and flora.However,the fossil group in southeast China(in Maoming,near present-day Hainan Island)in the Late Eocene indicated a tropical rainforest vegetation and flora.This suggests that in the Paleogene,Hainan Island may have been located near or on the southwest border of Guangxi and northern Vietnam,rather than in its present location.The floristic division of the flora of Hainan Island basically presents a northeast-southwest inclined distribution pattern.This pattern can be explained by the counterclockwise rotation of Hainan Island during its movement to the southeast as proposed by paleomagnetism research.The origin of Hainan Island as proposed by its geological tectonics and comparative research on its biota is further supported by evidence from molecular phylogeny,paleobotanical studies,and the distribution pattern of plant diversity in Hainan.In this paper,the time node(in the Miocene)of the evolution of its biota is also proposed,thereby providing a basis for the in-depth exploration of the origin and evolution of the biota of Hainan Island.

Water Quality,Influential Factors,and Management Strategies from 2016 to 2020 in the Yangtze River Economic Belt,China

The Yangtze River economic belt(YREB),China is important to the Chinese economy and for supporting sustainable development.Clarifying the relationship between water quality indices and socioeconomic indicators could help improve aquatic environment management in the YREB and our understanding of the causes and effects of water quality variations in other large river basins.In this study,river water quality,factors affecting water quality,and management strategies,and correlations between water quality indices and socioeconomic indicators in the YREB during the 13th Five-Year Plan period(2016-2020)were assessed.The single-factor evaluation method,constant price for GDP,and correlation analyses were adopted.The results showed that:1)water quality in the YREB improved during the 13th Five-Year Plan period.The number of aquatic environment sections meeting GradeⅠ-Ⅲwater quality standards increased by 13.1%and the number below Grade V decreased by 2.9%.2)The values of 12 indicators in the YREB exceeded relevant standards.The indicators with highest concentreation were the total phosphorus,chemical oxygen demand,ammonia nitrogen,and permanganate index,which were relatively high in downstream regions in Anhui Province,Jiangsu Province,and Shanghai Municipality.3)Ammonia nitrogen,chemical oxygen demand,and total phosphorus emissions per unit area and water extraction per unit area are relatively high in the three downstream regions mentioned above.4)Increased domestic sewage discharges have increased total wastewater discharges in the YREB.5)River water quality in the YREB strongly correlated with population,economic,and water resource indices and less strongly correlated with government investment,agriculture,meteorology,energy,and forestry indices.This confirmed the need to decrease wastewater discharges and non-point-source pollutant emissions.The aquatic environment could be improved by taking reasonable measures to control population growth,adjusting the industrial structure to accelerate industrial transformation and increase the proportion of tertiary industries,and investing in technological innovations to protect the environment.