Prospects of 3D Printing Technology in Dental Medicine

With the continuous advancement of technology,the application of 3D printing technology in the field of dental medicine is becoming increasingly widespread.This article aims to explore the current applications and future potential of 3D printing technology in dental medicine and to analyze its benefits and challenges.It first introduces the current state of 3D printing technology in dental implants,crowns,bridges,orthodontics,and maxillofacial surgery.It then discusses the potential applications of 3D printing technology in oral tissue engineering,drug delivery systems,personalized dental prosthetics,and surgical planning.Finally,it analyzes the benefits of 3D printing technology in dental medicine,such as improving treatment accuracy and patient comfort,and shortening treatment times,while also highlighting the challenges faced,such as costs,material choices,and technical limitations.This article aims to provide a reference for professionals in the field of dental medicine and to promote the further application and development of 3D printing technology in this area.

Analysis of the application and practice of PDCA cycle in management of the naked medicine dispensing——the quality and safety of the drug

Objective:To explore the application of plan–do–check–action(PDCA)cycle in the management of the naked medicine dispensing about the automatic package and to analyze the practice improved in the quality of naked medicine dispensing medicine management.Methods:The PDCA theory was used to analyze the data,to find out the causes of the problem,and to formulate the corresponding countermeasures to intervene.The data of the naked medicine/adverse drug events satisfaction degree of the inpatients in 18 inpatient departments given for the adoption of PDCA cycle in January 2017 were set as the observation group.The number of the naked medicine/adverse drug events satisfaction degree of patients in 18 inpatient departments before adoption of PDCA cycle in December 2016 was set as the control group.The number of the naked medicine/adverse drug events satisfaction degree of patients in 18 inpatient departments before and after adoption of PDCA cycle was observed and analyzed.Results:The number of the naked medicine/adverse drug events after implementing the method of PDCA cycle management rate was significantly lower than before the implementation method of PDCA cycle management,and the difference had statistical significance(P<0.05).The satisfaction degree of the inpatients after implementing the method of PDCA cycle management rate was significantly higher than that before the implementation method of PDCA cycle management,and the difference had statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusion:Application of PDCA cycle in the management of the naked medicine dispensing about the automatic package can help to reduce the adverse drug events,to improve the safety of drug treatment,and to increase the patients’satisfaction degree.

The Controlled-releasing Drug Implant based on the Three Dimensional Printing Technology: Fabrication and Properties of Drug Releasing in vivo

Three dimensional （3D） printing technology was utilized to fabricate a new type of drug implant with complicated architectures, employing levofloxacin （LVFX） and rifampicine （RFP） as model drugs. The prepared drug implant prototype consists of a doublelayer structure, of which the upper region is a reservoir system containing RFP and the lower region is a matrix one containing LVFX. The release test in vivo revealed that LVFX was released in the early stage; no RFP was detected until 8th day; both of them continuously released more than 6 weeks. Therefore, 3D printing technology provides a precise and feasible method to fabricate a controlled-releasing drug implant with complicated architectures and this drug implant may present a new strategy for the prophylaxis and treatment of bone diseases such as combined bone infections and bone tuberculosis in the near future.

Importance of labelling and patient knowledge to ensure proper care during drug dispensing: A case study from a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia

Correct drug labelling is central for ensuring proper drug dispensing and thus for patient safety. Labelling errors may result in adverse health outcomes. The objective of this study was, therefore, to assess the effect of labelling on the quality of drug dispensing and patient knowledge about dispensed drugs in Jimma University model and specialized hospital outpatient Pharmacies. Individual packages with prescribed drugs were examined using pretested questionnaire and observational check lists during the dispensing process. Patients’ knowledge about drugs dispensed to them was assessed at the exit interview using a pretested questionnaire. Out of 743 prescribed drugs, 682 (91.8%) were dispensed to 426 patients. The average labelling score (range from 0 to 6) of dispensed drugs in Model and Outpatient pharmacy was 2.00 (95% CI 1.97 to 2.04) and 1.73 (95% CI 1.6 to 1.8) respectively, with overall average labelling score of 1.90 (95% CI 1.84 to 1.91). The average patient knowledge score (range from 0 t0 5) was 3.45 (95% CI 3.31 to 3.59) and 3.5 (95% CI 3.35 to 3.64) for model and outpatient pharmacy, respectively, while the overall average knowledge score was 3.46 (95% CI 3.37 to 3.57). Major labelling problems were absence of patient’s name and dose followed by frequency of administration, duration of treatment, and the reason for prescription. Literacy status of patients had a significant effect on their knowledge (p 0.05). We recommend that corrective measures targeting both, labelling and patients’ knowledge should be implemented to improve the patients’ safety and drug therapy adherence.

Microwave technology enabled transdermal nanocarrier and drug delivery

Transdermal drug delivery is impeded by the natural barrier of epidermis known as stratum corneum.This limits the route to transport of drugs with a log octanol–water partition coefficient of 1 to 3,molecular weight of less than 500 Da and melting point of less than 200°C.Nanotechnology has received a widespread investigation as the nanocarriers are able to fluidize the stratum corneum as a function of size,shape,surface charges,and hydrophilicity–hydrophobicity balance,while delivering drugs across the skin barrier.

Blood–brain barrier and laser technology for drug brain delivery

Here,we discuss an important problem in medicine as development of efctive strategies for brain drug delivery.This problem is related to the blood-brain barrier(BBB),which is a“customs”controlling the entrance of different molecules from blood into the brain protecting the normal function of central nervous system(CNS).We show three interfaces of anatomical side of BBB and two functional types of BBB一physical and transporter barriers.Although this protective mechanism is essential for health of CNS,it also creates a hindrance to the entry of drugs into the brain.The BBB was discovered over 100 years ago but till now,there is no efective methods for brain drug delivery.There ane more than 70 approaches for overcoming BBB incuding physical,chenical and biological techniques but all of these tools have limitation to be widely used in clinical practice due to invasi venes,challenge in performing,very costly or lim-itation of drug concentration.Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is usual clinical method of surgical navigation for the resection of brain tumor and anti-cancer therapy.Nowadays,the application of PDT is considered as a potential promising tool for brain drug delivery via opening of BBB.Here,we show the first sucoessful experimental results in this field discussing the adventures and disadv antages of PDT-related BBB disruption as well as altematives to overcome these limitations and possi ble mechanisms with new pathways for brain clearance via gly mphatic and lymphatic systems.

Identifying and Managing Technical Risks in the Process of Innovative Drugs Development in China

Objective To identify technical risks in the process of innovative drug development,and to provide reference for technical risk management so as to reduce the uncertainties and improve the efficiency of research and development.Methods The initial risk index was investigated by literature research.Then,the Likert scale was used to design a questionnaire,and the experts’opinion was used to analyze the risk factors affecting the different stages of the development of innovative drugs in China.Results and Conclusion Based on the analysis of questionnaire,31 risk indicators of five key stages in the development of innovative drugs from drug discovery to marketing authorization were established.The key risk indicators constructed in this study can provide reference for technology-related risk management in the process of innovative drug development.

Pharmaceutical particle technologies: An approach to improve drug solubility, dissolution and bioavailability

Pharmaceutical particle technology is employed to improve poor aqueous solubility of drug compounds that limits in vivo bioavailability owing to their low dissolution rate in the gastrointestinal fluids following oral administration.The particle technology involves several approaches from the conventional size reduction processes to the newer,novel particle technologies that modify the solubility properties of the drugs and produce solid,powdered form of the drugs that are readily soluble in water and can be easily formulated into various dosage forms.This review highlights the solid particle technologies available for improving solubility,dissolution and bioavailability of drugs with poor aqueous solubility.

Next-generation surgicalmeshes for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications:materials,design and emerging manufacturing technologies

Surgical meshes have been employed in the management of a variety of pathological conditions including hernia,pelvic floor dysfunctions,periodontal guided bone regeneration,wound healing and more recently for breast plastic surgery after mastectomy.These common pathologies affect a wide portion of the worldwide population;therefore,an effective and enhanced treatment is crucial to ameliorate patients’living conditions both from medical and aesthetic points of view.At present,non-absorbable synthetic polymers are the most widely used class of biomaterials for the manufacturing of mesh implants for hernia,pelvic floor dysfunctions and guided bone regeneration,with polypropylene and poly tetrafluoroethylene being the most common.Biological prostheses,such as surgical grafts,have been employed mainly for breast plastic surgery and wound healing applications.Despite the advantages of mesh implants to the treatment of these conditions,there are still many drawbacks,mainly related to the arising of a huge number of post-operative complications,among which infections are the most common.Developing a mesh that could appropriately integrate with the native tissue,promote its healing and constructive remodelling,is the key aim of ongoing research in the area of surgical mesh implants.To this end,the adoption of new biomaterials including absorbable and natural polymers,the use of drugs and advanced manufacturing technologies,such as 3D printing and electrospinning,are under investigation to address the previously mentioned challenges and improve the outcomes of future clinical practice.The aim of this work is to review the key advantages and disadvantages related to the use of surgical meshes,the main issues characterizing each clinical procedure and the future directions in terms of both novel manufacturing technologies and latest regulatory considerations.

Can health technology assessments assist the global campaign against poverty?

Although a key tenant of the Sustainable Development Goals is to achieve universal health coverage,the global drug gap persists-cver a third of the global population lack access to essential medicines.Without access to affordable drugs,people have worse health outcomes,higher medical expenses,and productivity loss,pushing them into poverty.Health technology assessments(HTAs)offer an opportunity to decrease the global drug gap and increase access to essential medicines by overcoming barriers to medicine access.These barriers include drug procurement,drug affordability for payers and patients,a patienfs ability to obtain essential medicines,and health system capacity.Using HTAs can therefore close the global drug gap by increasing access to affordable essential medicines.In turn,people have better health outcomes,spend less money on medical care,and can have better productivity.Ultimately,use of HTAs can lift the population out of poverty and force fewer people into poverty by creating better health outcomes at affordable prices.

Bioinformatics screening of breast cancer-related genes and potential drug research

Objective:To search the the differentially expressed genes between breast cell carcinoma tissues and normal tissues by using bioinformatics technology,and the potential therapeutic drugs for breast cancer were identified,which can provide reference for clinical immune targeted therapy and drug therapy of breast cancer in the future.Methods:"Breast cancer"was searched by using Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO),and GSE79586 chip data was downloaded.The differentially expressed genes in the control group and the breast cancer model group were screened by using bio-communication technology and subjected to GO function analysis,KEGG pathway analysis,differential gene characteristic expression analysis and protein-protein interaction network(PPI)analysis,and the analysis results were further visualized.Prognosis analysis,related function prediction and immune infiltration analysis were performed using the GEPIA,GeneMANIA,and Timer2.0 databases,respectively.Finally,the compounds with potential therapeutic effects on breast cancer are identified through Connectivity Map(CMap).Western blotting and real-time PCR(RT-PCR)were used to verify the core genes and potential therapeutic agents with the highest correlation in vitro.Results:A total of 3916 differentially expressed genes including 1786 up-regulated genes and 2130 down-regulated genes were screened.GO analysis showed that the differential genes were mainly involved in the positive regulation of phosphorylation,secretory vesicles,racemase and epimerase activities.KEGG analysis showed that differential genes were involved in systemic lupus erythematosus,alcoholism,sticky spots,amoebic dysentery Ras signal pathways and other disease pathways.The characteristic expression analysis of differential genes showed that MEK inhibitors,HSP90 inhibitors and signal transduction pathway kinase inhibitors were drugs similar to the differential genes.PPI results showed that H2AFJ,TFF1,GATA3,FOXA1,and CDH1 were core genes related to breast cancer.Two core genes of H2AFJ and TFF1 with the highest correlation were further selected for GEPIA analysis.The results of the analysis showed that the mRNA expression levels of H2AFJ and TFF1 in breast cancer cells were significantly higher than those in normal tissues,and there was a significant correlation with the pathological staging,overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate of breast cancer patients.H2AFJ and TFF1 may be potential prognostic biomarkers for survival of breast cancer patients.The functions of differentially expressed H2AFJ and TFF1 are mainly related to hormone receptor binding,epithelial structure maintenance and epigenetic negative regulation of genes,chromatin tissue involved in negative regulation of transcription,etc.The results of immune infiltration showed that the expressions of H2AFJ and TFF1 had a significant correlation with the infiltration of macrophages,neutrophils,monocytes,CD4+T,CD8+T,B lymphocytes and other immune cells.CMap results showed that compounds such as Gefitinib,Alpelisib,Sorafenib,and Sunitinib had potential therapeutic effects on breast cancer.Western blot and RT-PCR results showed that H2AFJ and TFF1 were significantly overexpressed in breast cancer cells.Gefitinib significantly inhibited the expression of H2AFJ and TFF1 in breast cancer cells(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion:In this study,differentially expressed genes between breast cell carcinoma tissues and normal tissues were screened out by bioinformatics means to further identify key genes and compounds with potential therapeutic effects in the onset process of breast cancer and to further verify the effectiveness of the screened drugs on breast cancer through experiments.It will provide reference for clinical research and development of new drugs against breast cancer in the future in order to develop more effective treatment options.

Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs): Navigating Four Pillars of Safety, Development, Supply Chain and Manufacturing Excellence

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are pioneering biologics that merge antibodies’ specificity with small molecules’ potency. With a handful of FDA-approved ADCs in the market and many under development, ADCs are poised to revolutionize therapeutics. This paper examines the complexities of ADC production, emphasizing the importance of process characterization and the pivotal role of supply chain characteristics, safety requirements, and Contract Manufacturing Organizations (CMOs) with proficiency. The swift transition of antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) programs from early to advanced clinical stages underscores the urgency for quick and efficient commercial launch preparation. This article delves into strategies to hasten commercial readiness, supply chain strategy, the significance of partnering with adept contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs), and the challenges of ADC production.

Periodontal Diseases and Recently Applied Nano-Technology: A Review Article

Nowadays, nano-technology is a promising option for scientists to enhance dental conditions and provide new techniques to offer a more reliable and comfortable therapeutic pickups. In this regard, there are different methods to manufacture novel nano-structured dental materials, and also modern drug delivery techniques. In this review article, all our efforts are based on the recently nano-dental approaches closely linked to treat or prevent some common dental diseases including tooth erosion, tooth sensitivity, periodontal disease, oral cancer, and so on. All the data and articles putted in this survey are gathered from Google Scholar, PubMed, and some dental databases.

基于FMEA法的住院药房智能药柜用药安全研究

目的提高住院药房智能药柜(ADC)的用药安全管理。方法采用失效模型和效应分析(FMEA)法,经医院护士、药师等讨论后,从信息系统、人员操作、药品信息、硬件设备、管理方法5个方面建立20个失效模型(包括32个风险点),汇总为调查问卷,并通过专家咨询和药师讨论后建立问卷评分标准。于干预前发放问卷进行调查,根据发现的风险对其中30个可操作的风险点设定干预措施,持续干预5个月后(干预后)再次进行问卷调查,比较干预前后的风险优先级数(RPN)。结果干预后,30个风险点的RPN值均不同程度降低,其中22个显著降低(P<0.05)。管理方法方面的全部风险点RPN值均显著降低(P<0.05);硬件设备方面的全部风险点RPN值均无显著改变(P>0.05)。结论FMEA法用于住院药房ADC的用药安全研究,可减少其用药风险,促进药护共同管理安全使用ADC规则的形成,尤其适用于麻醉药品等特殊药品的用药管理。

化疗药物智能配药与运送系统的应用

目的 :应用化疗药物智能配药与运送系统并评价其应用效果,为保障患者用药安全和提高临床工作效率提供借鉴。方法 :采用现场观察法观察配药过程,比较人工与机器人冲配化疗药所需要的时间及药物残余量。比较化疗药物智能配药与运送系统使用前后人工与机器人冲配化疗药数量和配送化疗药次数。结果 :人工冲配每袋化疗药物时间长于机器人冲配时间(P<0.01),人工冲配药物残余量多于机器人(P<0.01)。机器人日均冲配化疗药数量多于人工(P<0.01)。机器人月均配送化疗药次数低于人工(P<0.01)。结论 :通过应用化疗药物智能配药与运送系统,可以提高给药精准度和工作效率,减少医务人员与化疗药接触频次,有利于降低职业损伤风险,值得推广应用。

288家医院质子泵抑制剂注射剂脱包调剂现状及对药品质量的影响分析

目的探讨质子泵抑制剂(PPIs)注射剂的医院脱包(脱去硬纸盒外包装)调剂现状及其对药品质量的影响。方法比较2010年版、2015年版、2020年版《中国药典》及国家药品监督管理局(NMPA)、美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)、欧洲药品管理局(EMA)官网药品说明书中PPIs注射剂贮藏条件的差异。通过问卷星设计并向全国30个省(96个市)的288家三级、二级、二级以下医院发放调查问卷,调查PPIs注射剂在医院的脱包贮藏现状。观察注射用奥美拉唑钠光照后的颜色变化,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法测定脱包后在光照下奥美拉唑的含量。结果《中国药典》要求PPIs应在遮光或凉暗处贮藏,国内上市的PPIs注射剂要求遮光贮藏的药品说明书占90.59%,要求避光贮藏的占9.41%,其中注射用奥美拉唑钠原研药规定脱包后在一般室内光照条件下有效期不超过24 h;FDA和EMA的奥美拉唑钠和艾司奥美拉唑钠注射剂药品说明书均要求现用现脱包。共回收问卷408份,有效问卷356份,有效回收率为87.25%。其中,三级医院最多(占68.54%),被调查人员主要为药师(占64.89%),76.69%的工作年限超过10年,仅48.03%接受过遮光药品贮藏管理培训。PPIs注射剂在药房、运输、病区环节脱包的分别占43.75%,52.78%,79.86%,脱包后未遮光贮藏的分别占35.71%,82.24%,77.83%;脱包后使用时长主要为3~5 d(占45.14%)。注射用奥美拉唑钠脱包后在一般室内光照条件下24 h内表面变黄,随光照时间的延长逐渐加深;连续光照30 d,奥美拉唑浓度的RSD为6.67%(>5%),光照16 d的含量较光照1 d减少了12.30%。结论在医院药品流通各环节中,PPIs注射剂提前脱包且脱包后未遮光贮藏的情况普遍存在,导致药品含量降低。建议相关部门应制订PPIs注射剂的脱包管理制度,要求现用现脱包,脱包后遮光贮藏。

药物晶型研究及其在临床和结晶工艺中的应用进展

药物晶型的差异导致药物溶解度和稳定性不同,进而影响药物的临床疗效及生物利用度。因此,近年来药物晶型越来越受到研究者们的重视。该文通过查阅并整理相关文献,从药物晶型的影响因素、药物晶型的识别与控制、药物晶型评价方法及应用等方面对近年来药物结晶理论研究进展进行概括总结,旨在为药物晶型的控制、工艺筛选等提供参考。

探讨病区药房药品调剂差错原因及其防范对策

目的分析病区药房药品调剂差错原因,并制定相应的防范对策。方法选择病区药房药品出现调剂差错的59张处方,通过回顾性分析法调查药品调剂差错原因,记录不同差错原因的发生率。结果59张处方中,药师因素的差错率为49.15%,药品因素的差错率为18.64%,医师因素的差错率为32.20%。药师因素中,责任心差错率为79.31%,药品位置差错率为20.69%。药品因素中,药品外包装相似差错率为27.27%,药物商品名称相似差错率为18.18%,同名不同规格差错率为54.55%。医师因素中,医嘱单有误差错率为5.26%,剂量、规格、用法错误差错率为21.05%,用法不正确或不清楚差错率为15.79%,配伍禁忌差错率为57.89%。结论医院病区药房合理分析药品调剂差错原因,可以采取有效措施来防止差错的发生。

本科分流培养模式下药物发现中关键技术新课程的构建

培养一流人才、服务国家战略是“双一流”建设的重要指导思想。面向国家对药学高层次人才的需求,中山大学药学院对高年级本科生实施药物化学、药理学、药剂学三大方向的分流培养。目的是强化学生对学科发展前沿的把握,提升学生对药学基础知识的综合运用以及解决问题的能力,激发学生的创新能力。以药物发现中的关键技术课程为例,文章介绍在药物化学方向下建立配套课程的设计思路及教学内容、教学方法与教学成效,为药学精英人才培养提供新思路。

利用计算模拟技术建立头孢呋辛酯片体内、外相关性溶出度评价方法

目的利用计算模拟技术,探索建立前体药物头孢呋辛酯片的体内外相关性预测模型,用于仿制药生物等效性评估。方法参考文献中头孢呋辛酯片口服给药后的PK数据,结合参比制剂的血药浓度数据,利用GastroPlus TM软件搭建头孢呋辛酯片药代动力学模型;结合原研制剂在不同溶出条件、4种溶出介质(pH1.2盐酸溶液、pH4.0醋酸盐缓冲溶液、pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲溶液和水)中的体外溶出行为,筛选适宜的溶出条件;将在不同溶出介质中得到的溶出曲线作为体内释放曲线,预测头孢呋辛酯片在体内PK参数并与参比制剂的临床实测数据进行比较,探讨头孢呋辛酯片体内外相关的溶出度方法。结果成功建立了头孢呋辛酯片体内外相关的溶出度方法:桨法,转速为55 r/min,以pH4.0醋酸盐缓冲液900 mL为溶出介质。结论所建立的头孢呋辛酯片药代动力学预测模型,可用于仿制药的生物等效性虚拟评估,为该药物的质量与疗效一致性评价提供了新思路。