The original concept of"Feng Jing"in China is different from the"Scenery"derived from ancient Greek and Roman theater scenes,and from the"Landscape"created in the eyes of Dutch painters a...The original concept of"Feng Jing"in China is different from the"Scenery"derived from ancient Greek and Roman theater scenes,and from the"Landscape"created in the eyes of Dutch painters and extended through multiple disciplines.We found that the Chinese concept of"Feng Jing"originated in the comprehensive understanding of the objective world and from beginning to end to explore the relationship between heaven,earth and human beings.From the initial need for the survival of the living environment of human beings to the symbolic meaning of cultural structure that gradually becomes a custom,it comes from the scientific cognition of two natural elements,"Feng"(风)and"Jing"(景).The concept of"Feng","Jing"and"Feng Jing",which the Chinese people have been accustomed to since ancient times,has a comprehensive and diversified meaning from the very beginning and transcends the concepts of"Scenery"and"Landscape".Just because of the modern and contemporary Western analysis tradition and the trend of scientific analysis,the original intention is lost.展开更多
hhen ammonium sulfate-iron oxide is treated below 573 K, ammonium sulfate can spontaneously desperse on the surface of iron oxide. Simultaneously ammonium sulfate decomposes to some extent. During or after the dispers...hhen ammonium sulfate-iron oxide is treated below 573 K, ammonium sulfate can spontaneously desperse on the surface of iron oxide. Simultaneously ammonium sulfate decomposes to some extent. During or after the dispersion, sulfate ion can interact with Fe atom on the surface of iron oxide to form a sort of surface sulfato complex of Fe and thus is transformed from the isolated into the bidentately bound form. Above 573 K the sulfato complex of Fe will gradually decompose with a further increase in temperature.展开更多
Huang Di Nei Jing(《黄帝内经》The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic) has been the source text of Chinese medicine knowledge and innovation for over two thousand years. Despite this key relevance, many of its ideas and p...Huang Di Nei Jing(《黄帝内经》The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic) has been the source text of Chinese medicine knowledge and innovation for over two thousand years. Despite this key relevance, many of its ideas and practices have proven difficult to understand and implement fully into clinical practice. Cultural and language differences can be compounded with these challenges but may also present new opportunities for advancement and insight when studied by researchers outside of the originating culture. This article introduces the method of Classical-Text Archaeology and delves into the author’s two-decade journey of researching this text, with a discussion on cultural differences and issues of medical scholarship.展开更多
This paper takes Chinese“Feng Shui”as a starting point to study German missionary Ernest Eitel’s writings on Feng Shui and to explore the Chinese images constructed by him in his writings.This study begins by analy...This paper takes Chinese“Feng Shui”as a starting point to study German missionary Ernest Eitel’s writings on Feng Shui and to explore the Chinese images constructed by him in his writings.This study begins by analyzing the structure of Eitel’s work Feng Shui,or,the Rudiments of Natural Science in China,and the Chinese images that he constructed in his work.The study argues that,due to his multiple identities as a missionary,a believer in colonialism,an educator,and a researcher of culture,as well as the influence of what he saw and heard in China,Eitel,despite his exhaustive examination of Chinese Feng Shui culture,ultimately,due to his own biases brought about by his own experiences and cultural differences,produced a paradoxical discourse on Feng Shui:he understood it as a Chinese natural science system,but an unsystematic one.As a result,Eitel also built a contradictory image of the Chinese:they hold a belief in the“animism”and respect for ancestral observations of nature,which ultimately translates into a superstitious belief in nature and an ignorance of true science.展开更多
“Jing Ye Si”is a classical poem with international influence by the Chinese poet Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty,which expresses the poet’s deep nostalgia.This paper compares and analyzes its two English versions transl...“Jing Ye Si”is a classical poem with international influence by the Chinese poet Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty,which expresses the poet’s deep nostalgia.This paper compares and analyzes its two English versions translated by the Chinese translator Xu Yuanchong and the British translator W.J.B.Fletcher based on the“three beauties”principle(beauty in sense,beauty in sound,and beauty in form),and discovers that the English version of Xu basically achieves the unity of the“three beauties”,while the English version of Fletcher realizes the“beauty in sound and form”,but deviates from the“beauty in sense”mainly owing to the inaccurate comprehension of the moon as an image and other factors.This analysis may afford us with certain reference in poetry translation.展开更多
提议贡山三尖杉的新名称Cephalotaxus talonensis Cheng et Feng ex S.G.Lu et X.D.Lang替代不合法的旧名称Cephalotaxus lanceolata K.M.Feng in Cheng et al.(晚出同名)。对比贡山三尖杉和三尖杉Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker的模式...提议贡山三尖杉的新名称Cephalotaxus talonensis Cheng et Feng ex S.G.Lu et X.D.Lang替代不合法的旧名称Cephalotaxus lanceolata K.M.Feng in Cheng et al.(晚出同名)。对比贡山三尖杉和三尖杉Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker的模式标本和自然生长状态下的叶片形态,支持将贡山三尖杉处理为种的等级,不赞同Silba(1990)将贡山三尖杉降为三尖杉的变种[Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker var.lanceolata(Feng)Silba]。文中提供4幅参照图片。展开更多
The main stream of the Yangtze River, Dongting Lake, and the river network in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River constitute a complex water system. This paper develops a one-dimensional （l-D） mathematical mode...The main stream of the Yangtze River, Dongting Lake, and the river network in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River constitute a complex water system. This paper develops a one-dimensional （l-D） mathematical model for flood routing in the river network Of the Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake using the explicit finite volume method. Based on observed data during the flood periods in 1996 and 1998, the model was calibrated and validated, and the results show that the model is effective and has high accuracy. In addition, the one-dimensional mathematical model for the river network and the horizontal two-dimensional （2-D） mathematical model for the Jingjiang flood diversion area were coupled to simulate the flood process in the Jingjiang River, Dongting Lake, and the Jingjiang flood diversion area. The calculated results of the coupled model are consistent with the practical processes. Meanwhile, the results show that the flood diversion has significant effects on the decrease of the peak water level at the Shashi and Chenjiawan hydrological stations near the flood diversion gates, and the effect is more obvious in the downstream than in the upstream.展开更多
One new Iriterpene saponin was isolated from Panaxjaponicus C. A. Meyer var major （Burk.） C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng, and established as oleanolic acid 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1 →2）-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-6＇-O-n-...One new Iriterpene saponin was isolated from Panaxjaponicus C. A. Meyer var major （Burk.） C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng, and established as oleanolic acid 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1 →2）-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-6＇-O-n-butyl ester] which showed mod- erate antitumor activities against the A2780 cells and OVCAR-3 cells. Its structure was established by means of spectral data, particularly NMR, including HSQC and HMBC techniques.展开更多
Rural complex is a new type of rural revitalization and development model,and fully mastering the concept and connotation of this model is of great significance to the construction of rural complex in our country.This...Rural complex is a new type of rural revitalization and development model,and fully mastering the concept and connotation of this model is of great significance to the construction of rural complex in our country.This paper makes an all-round research and discussion on the basic situation,development advantages,model characteristics and existing problems of the rural complex development model of Baixianggu in Jing’an County,and puts forward the corresponding optimization path in view of the existing problems of Baixianggu project,in order to provide scientific and objective reference basis for the construction of national rural complex.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to do a comparative study of two complete Spanish versions of Shi Jing with a detailed analysis of the poem Junzi Xielao.The culture and personal backgrounds of the two translators,their t...The purpose of this paper is to do a comparative study of two complete Spanish versions of Shi Jing with a detailed analysis of the poem Junzi Xielao.The culture and personal backgrounds of the two translators,their translation purposes and intended readers largely influenced the translating style and technique of the two versions.展开更多
"Feng Qiao Ye Bo" has been translated into many different English versions,a systematic translation analysis using Nida's two types of equivalence-formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence-has not been ..."Feng Qiao Ye Bo" has been translated into many different English versions,a systematic translation analysis using Nida's two types of equivalence-formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence-has not been undertaken.This thesis thus aims at translating " Feng Qiao Ye Bo" by using two important translation theories of Nida and trys to search for their differences.展开更多
The rich genetic variation preserved in collections of Aegilops tauschii can be readily exploited to improve common wheat using synthetic hexaploid wheat lines. However,hybrid necrosis, which is characterized by progr...The rich genetic variation preserved in collections of Aegilops tauschii can be readily exploited to improve common wheat using synthetic hexaploid wheat lines. However,hybrid necrosis, which is characterized by progressive death of leaves or plants, has been observed in certain interspecific crosses between tetraploid wheat and Ae. tauschii. The aim of this study was to construct a fine genetic map of a gene(temporarily named Net Jing Y176)conferring hybrid necrosis in Ae. tauschii accession Jing Y176. A triploid F1 population derived from distant hybridization between Ae. tauschii and tetraploid wheat was used to map the gene with microsatellite markers. The newly developed markers Xsdau K539 and Xsdau K561 co-segregated with Net Jing Y176 on chromosome arm 2DS. The tightly linked markers developed in this study were used to genotype 91 Ae. tauschii accessions. The marker genotype analysis suggested that 49.45% of the Ae. tauschii accessions carry Net Jing Y176. Interestingly, hybrid necrosis genotypes tended to appear more commonly in Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii than in Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata.展开更多
Hot medicated cornpress treatment belongs to an external treatment and is a kindof moxibustion. ″Feng Qi Ai″ prescription was recorded in Yi Fang Lei Ju. Zhu Xu Men, Rui ZhuTang Fang. In the treatment, pain in the l...Hot medicated cornpress treatment belongs to an external treatment and is a kindof moxibustion. ″Feng Qi Ai″ prescription was recorded in Yi Fang Lei Ju. Zhu Xu Men, Rui ZhuTang Fang. In the treatment, pain in the loin and the knees, cold-pain around the navel and in theabdornen,diarrhea due to deficiency and cold and other diseases are treated by combination of drugswith hot compress- We have irnproved the treatment and extended the range of its indication. It wasused for treatment 0f menorrhalgia due to cold uterine, gastralgia due to coId of rniddle-jiao, sciatica’periarthritis of shoulder, systremma,piriformis syndrome with good results.展开更多
Jing Medicine, as an important part of China’s ethnic medicine and culture, is characterized by its unique theories, rich content, and abundant resources, showcasing distinctive features of minority regions. The Jing...Jing Medicine, as an important part of China’s ethnic medicine and culture, is characterized by its unique theories, rich content, and abundant resources, showcasing distinctive features of minority regions. The Jing ethnic group is distributed in coastal and border areas of China, and after thousands of years of development, it has formed a rich marine-oriented medical system in the struggle against the environment and diseases, displaying unique medication characteristics and clinical efficacy. According to Jing Medicine, the human body is an organic whole that is unified with the natural and social environment. It believes that the heavens and earth are the spirits of all things, and all things possess spiritual energy, which is closely connected to the human body’s spiritual energy. The utilization of marine organisms in medicine is the greatest feature of Jing Medicine, and it is a common approach used by the local population for disease prevention and treatment. To further explore Jing Medicine, improve the repository of ethnic medicine culture, and address the insufficient understanding of Jing Medicine in traditional Chinese medicine culture, this article provides a comprehensive review of the distinctive diagnostic and therapeutic theories, techniques, and applications of internal and external treatments in Jing Medicine.展开更多
In memory of Dr.Henry C.Lu,a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)practitioner,educator and translator,this article provides an overview of his masterpiece A Complete Translation of the Yellow Emperor’s Classics of Inter...In memory of Dr.Henry C.Lu,a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)practitioner,educator and translator,this article provides an overview of his masterpiece A Complete Translation of the Yellow Emperor’s Classics of Internal Medicine and the Difficult Classic(Nei-Jing and Nan-Jing)from the perspectives of book section,translation ideology and translation strategies.We then identify the features of TCM classics translated by overseas TCM practitioners and educators through analyzing exemplary characteristics of this translation.Their translations are often teaching oriented with plain and easy-to-read language,thus making TCM classics practical and applicable in clinic practice.Although these works are found in very few library collections of academic institutions,they received positive comments from readers including foreign TCM practitioners and students.展开更多
On June 28, 2006, during the 5th China International Diecasting Congress, a meeting was held by the Paper Evaluation and Competition Commission under Foundry Institution of Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society to ev...On June 28, 2006, during the 5th China International Diecasting Congress, a meeting was held by the Paper Evaluation and Competition Commission under Foundry Institution of Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society to evaluate excellent papers in die casting for these papers published in Foundry, Special Foundry & Nonferrous Alloys, Foundry Technology journals between Jan. and Dec. 2005 and Proceedings of the 5th China International Diecasting Congress, and recommended by their editorial commissions. After collecting recommendations and opinions from specialist nation-wide, a total of 13 papers were qualified for the final round. After evaluation and voting by the 21 participating member of the commission, one Gold Award and three Silver Awards were finalized and entitled the “Wan Feng” Cup Excellent Paper in Diecasting . The awarded papers are listed as follows:展开更多
文摘The original concept of"Feng Jing"in China is different from the"Scenery"derived from ancient Greek and Roman theater scenes,and from the"Landscape"created in the eyes of Dutch painters and extended through multiple disciplines.We found that the Chinese concept of"Feng Jing"originated in the comprehensive understanding of the objective world and from beginning to end to explore the relationship between heaven,earth and human beings.From the initial need for the survival of the living environment of human beings to the symbolic meaning of cultural structure that gradually becomes a custom,it comes from the scientific cognition of two natural elements,"Feng"(风)and"Jing"(景).The concept of"Feng","Jing"and"Feng Jing",which the Chinese people have been accustomed to since ancient times,has a comprehensive and diversified meaning from the very beginning and transcends the concepts of"Scenery"and"Landscape".Just because of the modern and contemporary Western analysis tradition and the trend of scientific analysis,the original intention is lost.
文摘hhen ammonium sulfate-iron oxide is treated below 573 K, ammonium sulfate can spontaneously desperse on the surface of iron oxide. Simultaneously ammonium sulfate decomposes to some extent. During or after the dispersion, sulfate ion can interact with Fe atom on the surface of iron oxide to form a sort of surface sulfato complex of Fe and thus is transformed from the isolated into the bidentately bound form. Above 573 K the sulfato complex of Fe will gradually decompose with a further increase in temperature.
文摘Huang Di Nei Jing(《黄帝内经》The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic) has been the source text of Chinese medicine knowledge and innovation for over two thousand years. Despite this key relevance, many of its ideas and practices have proven difficult to understand and implement fully into clinical practice. Cultural and language differences can be compounded with these challenges but may also present new opportunities for advancement and insight when studied by researchers outside of the originating culture. This article introduces the method of Classical-Text Archaeology and delves into the author’s two-decade journey of researching this text, with a discussion on cultural differences and issues of medical scholarship.
文摘This paper takes Chinese“Feng Shui”as a starting point to study German missionary Ernest Eitel’s writings on Feng Shui and to explore the Chinese images constructed by him in his writings.This study begins by analyzing the structure of Eitel’s work Feng Shui,or,the Rudiments of Natural Science in China,and the Chinese images that he constructed in his work.The study argues that,due to his multiple identities as a missionary,a believer in colonialism,an educator,and a researcher of culture,as well as the influence of what he saw and heard in China,Eitel,despite his exhaustive examination of Chinese Feng Shui culture,ultimately,due to his own biases brought about by his own experiences and cultural differences,produced a paradoxical discourse on Feng Shui:he understood it as a Chinese natural science system,but an unsystematic one.As a result,Eitel also built a contradictory image of the Chinese:they hold a belief in the“animism”and respect for ancestral observations of nature,which ultimately translates into a superstitious belief in nature and an ignorance of true science.
文摘“Jing Ye Si”is a classical poem with international influence by the Chinese poet Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty,which expresses the poet’s deep nostalgia.This paper compares and analyzes its two English versions translated by the Chinese translator Xu Yuanchong and the British translator W.J.B.Fletcher based on the“three beauties”principle(beauty in sense,beauty in sound,and beauty in form),and discovers that the English version of Xu basically achieves the unity of the“three beauties”,while the English version of Fletcher realizes the“beauty in sound and form”,but deviates from the“beauty in sense”mainly owing to the inaccurate comprehension of the moon as an image and other factors.This analysis may afford us with certain reference in poetry translation.
基金supported by the National Forestry Public Welfare Foundation of China(Grant no.200804024)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.30770164&30970186)
文摘提议贡山三尖杉的新名称Cephalotaxus talonensis Cheng et Feng ex S.G.Lu et X.D.Lang替代不合法的旧名称Cephalotaxus lanceolata K.M.Feng in Cheng et al.(晚出同名)。对比贡山三尖杉和三尖杉Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker的模式标本和自然生长状态下的叶片形态,支持将贡山三尖杉处理为种的等级,不赞同Silba(1990)将贡山三尖杉降为三尖杉的变种[Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker var.lanceolata(Feng)Silba]。文中提供4幅参照图片。
基金supported by the National Key Technologies Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2006BAB05B02)
文摘The main stream of the Yangtze River, Dongting Lake, and the river network in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River constitute a complex water system. This paper develops a one-dimensional （l-D） mathematical model for flood routing in the river network Of the Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake using the explicit finite volume method. Based on observed data during the flood periods in 1996 and 1998, the model was calibrated and validated, and the results show that the model is effective and has high accuracy. In addition, the one-dimensional mathematical model for the river network and the horizontal two-dimensional （2-D） mathematical model for the Jingjiang flood diversion area were coupled to simulate the flood process in the Jingjiang River, Dongting Lake, and the Jingjiang flood diversion area. The calculated results of the coupled model are consistent with the practical processes. Meanwhile, the results show that the flood diversion has significant effects on the decrease of the peak water level at the Shashi and Chenjiawan hydrological stations near the flood diversion gates, and the effect is more obvious in the downstream than in the upstream.
基金financially supported by Chinese Academy of Nutritional Sciences,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
文摘One new Iriterpene saponin was isolated from Panaxjaponicus C. A. Meyer var major （Burk.） C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng, and established as oleanolic acid 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1 →2）-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-6＇-O-n-butyl ester] which showed mod- erate antitumor activities against the A2780 cells and OVCAR-3 cells. Its structure was established by means of spectral data, particularly NMR, including HSQC and HMBC techniques.
文摘Rural complex is a new type of rural revitalization and development model,and fully mastering the concept and connotation of this model is of great significance to the construction of rural complex in our country.This paper makes an all-round research and discussion on the basic situation,development advantages,model characteristics and existing problems of the rural complex development model of Baixianggu in Jing’an County,and puts forward the corresponding optimization path in view of the existing problems of Baixianggu project,in order to provide scientific and objective reference basis for the construction of national rural complex.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to do a comparative study of two complete Spanish versions of Shi Jing with a detailed analysis of the poem Junzi Xielao.The culture and personal backgrounds of the two translators,their translation purposes and intended readers largely influenced the translating style and technique of the two versions.
文摘"Feng Qiao Ye Bo" has been translated into many different English versions,a systematic translation analysis using Nida's two types of equivalence-formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence-has not been undertaken.This thesis thus aims at translating " Feng Qiao Ye Bo" by using two important translation theories of Nida and trys to search for their differences.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31171553 and 31471488)the National Basic Research Program of China (2014CB138100)+2 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2011AA100102 and 2012AA101105)Shandong Seed Engineering Project (2015–2019)the Program of Introducing International Super Agricultural Science and Technology (948 program, 2013-S19)
文摘The rich genetic variation preserved in collections of Aegilops tauschii can be readily exploited to improve common wheat using synthetic hexaploid wheat lines. However,hybrid necrosis, which is characterized by progressive death of leaves or plants, has been observed in certain interspecific crosses between tetraploid wheat and Ae. tauschii. The aim of this study was to construct a fine genetic map of a gene(temporarily named Net Jing Y176)conferring hybrid necrosis in Ae. tauschii accession Jing Y176. A triploid F1 population derived from distant hybridization between Ae. tauschii and tetraploid wheat was used to map the gene with microsatellite markers. The newly developed markers Xsdau K539 and Xsdau K561 co-segregated with Net Jing Y176 on chromosome arm 2DS. The tightly linked markers developed in this study were used to genotype 91 Ae. tauschii accessions. The marker genotype analysis suggested that 49.45% of the Ae. tauschii accessions carry Net Jing Y176. Interestingly, hybrid necrosis genotypes tended to appear more commonly in Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii than in Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata.
文摘Hot medicated cornpress treatment belongs to an external treatment and is a kindof moxibustion. ″Feng Qi Ai″ prescription was recorded in Yi Fang Lei Ju. Zhu Xu Men, Rui ZhuTang Fang. In the treatment, pain in the loin and the knees, cold-pain around the navel and in theabdornen,diarrhea due to deficiency and cold and other diseases are treated by combination of drugswith hot compress- We have irnproved the treatment and extended the range of its indication. It wasused for treatment 0f menorrhalgia due to cold uterine, gastralgia due to coId of rniddle-jiao, sciatica’periarthritis of shoulder, systremma,piriformis syndrome with good results.
文摘Jing Medicine, as an important part of China’s ethnic medicine and culture, is characterized by its unique theories, rich content, and abundant resources, showcasing distinctive features of minority regions. The Jing ethnic group is distributed in coastal and border areas of China, and after thousands of years of development, it has formed a rich marine-oriented medical system in the struggle against the environment and diseases, displaying unique medication characteristics and clinical efficacy. According to Jing Medicine, the human body is an organic whole that is unified with the natural and social environment. It believes that the heavens and earth are the spirits of all things, and all things possess spiritual energy, which is closely connected to the human body’s spiritual energy. The utilization of marine organisms in medicine is the greatest feature of Jing Medicine, and it is a common approach used by the local population for disease prevention and treatment. To further explore Jing Medicine, improve the repository of ethnic medicine culture, and address the insufficient understanding of Jing Medicine in traditional Chinese medicine culture, this article provides a comprehensive review of the distinctive diagnostic and therapeutic theories, techniques, and applications of internal and external treatments in Jing Medicine.
基金financed by the grants from National Social Science Fund of China(No.20 CYY004 and No.18ZDA322)the Jiangsu Social Science Application Project(No.20SWA-02)the Qing Lan Project (2022)。
文摘In memory of Dr.Henry C.Lu,a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)practitioner,educator and translator,this article provides an overview of his masterpiece A Complete Translation of the Yellow Emperor’s Classics of Internal Medicine and the Difficult Classic(Nei-Jing and Nan-Jing)from the perspectives of book section,translation ideology and translation strategies.We then identify the features of TCM classics translated by overseas TCM practitioners and educators through analyzing exemplary characteristics of this translation.Their translations are often teaching oriented with plain and easy-to-read language,thus making TCM classics practical and applicable in clinic practice.Although these works are found in very few library collections of academic institutions,they received positive comments from readers including foreign TCM practitioners and students.
文摘On June 28, 2006, during the 5th China International Diecasting Congress, a meeting was held by the Paper Evaluation and Competition Commission under Foundry Institution of Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society to evaluate excellent papers in die casting for these papers published in Foundry, Special Foundry & Nonferrous Alloys, Foundry Technology journals between Jan. and Dec. 2005 and Proceedings of the 5th China International Diecasting Congress, and recommended by their editorial commissions. After collecting recommendations and opinions from specialist nation-wide, a total of 13 papers were qualified for the final round. After evaluation and voting by the 21 participating member of the commission, one Gold Award and three Silver Awards were finalized and entitled the “Wan Feng” Cup Excellent Paper in Diecasting . The awarded papers are listed as follows:
