3D Ice Shape Description Method Based on BLSOM Neural Network

When checking the ice shape calculation software,its accuracy is judged based on the proximity between the calculated ice shape and the typical test ice shape.Therefore,determining the typical test ice shape becomes the key task of the icing wind tunnel tests.In the icing wind tunnel test of the tail wing model of a large amphibious aircraft,in order to obtain accurate typical test ice shape,the Romer Absolute Scanner is used to obtain the 3D point cloud data of the ice shape on the tail wing model.Then,the batch-learning self-organizing map(BLSOM)neural network is used to obtain the 2D average ice shape along the model direction based on the 3D point cloud data of the ice shape,while its tolerance band is calculated using the probabilistic statistical method.The results show that the combination of 2D average ice shape and its tolerance band can represent the 3D characteristics of the test ice shape effectively,which can be used as the typical test ice shape for comparative analysis with the calculated ice shape.

Risk Factors for Geo-Helminthiasis in Children Aged 6 - 36 Months in a Rural Health District in Cameroon

Introduction and Objectives: Soil-Transmitted-Helminthiasis (STH) is a public health problem in Cameroon. The control strategies currently in place, particularly chemoprevention, has shortcomings linked to the target population, which are school-age children. The objective was to determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with geo-helminthiasis in children aged 0 to 3 years in a rural health district. Method: From December 2020 to May 2021, a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of 376 children between 6 and 36 months was carried out in the Akonolinga health district. This was a cluster sampling in 4 health areas. Stool samples were collected and analysed using the mini-FLOTAC method. The results expressed as the number of eggs per gram of stool. A questionnaire on socio-demographic and lifestyle data was administered to the parents. The Chi-squared test was used to measure the association between geo-helminth infection and the data collected. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed (p 0.05). Results: The prevalence of STH was 19.4% (Ascaris lumbricoides: 16% and Trichuris trichiura: 8%). Risk factors were: consumption of contaminated water (AOR = 1.93 [1.03 - 3.6];p = 0.040), early contact of the child with the ground (before age of 4 months) (AOR = 4.9 [2.1 - 11.37];p .001), habit of walking barefoot (AOR = 2.91 [1.1 - 7.97];p = 0.038), and living in a habitat with unpaved ground (AOR = 7.4 [1.55 - 35.7];p = 0.012). Conclusion: The prevalence of STHs in infants was high. Preventive chemotherapy should be extended to this age-group, and other measures intensified.

The Application of Digital Optical 3D Image Analyzer Evaskin in The Evaluation of Wrinkles

To verify the effectiveness of digital optical 3D image analyzer EvaSKIN in the objective and quantitative evaluation of wrinkles.A total of 115 subjects were recruited,the facial images of the subjects were collected by digital optical 3D image analyzer and manual camera,the changes of crow’s feet with age were analyzed.Pictures obtained by manual photography can be directly used for observation and preliminary grading of wrinkles.However,the requirements for evaluators are high,and the results are prone to errors,which will affect the accuracy of the evaluation.Therefore,skilled raters are needed.Compared with the manual photography method,the digital optical 3D image analyzer EvaSKIN can realize three-dimensional extraction of wrinkles,and obtain the change trend of crow’s feet with age.20~30 years old,wrinkles begin to appear slowly;wrinkles will increase rapidly at the age of 30~50;The length of 50~60 year old wrinkles is basically fixed,the wrinkles develop longitudewise,gradually widen and deepen,and the area,depth and volume increase is obvious,and the skin aging condition is intensified.the digital optical 3D image analyzer EvaSKIN realizes the 3D extraction of wrinkles,quantifies the circumference,area,average depth,maximum depth and volume of wrinkles,realizes the objective and quantitative evaluation of wrinkle state,is more accurate in the measurement of wrinkles,and provides a new instrument and method for the evaluation of wrinkles.it is a perfect and supplement to the traditional evaluation methods,and to a certain extent,it helps the research and development and evaluation institutions of cosmetics to obtain more abundant and three-dimensional data support.

梓醇抑制Galectin-3和CD146互作改善AGEs致肝窦内皮细胞的损伤作用

【目的】探讨梓醇通过影响半乳糖凝集素-3(Galectin-3)和CD146的相互作用改善晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)导致大鼠肝窦内皮细胞(rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells,RLSECs)的炎性损伤作用。【方法】用不同浓度(0、0.1、1、10μmol/L)梓醇分别孵育RLSECs 48 h后,采用CCK-8法观察细胞增殖情况。用10μmol/L梓醇孵育RLSECs 0、12、24、48、96 h,同上法观察细胞增殖情况。设Control(空白对照组)、AGEs(AGEs处理)、Cat1(1μmol/L梓醇)、Cat10(10μmol/L梓醇)和阳性对照GB1107组(1μmol/L GB1107),Cat1、Cat10和GB1107组加入相应含量的药物培养基孵育30 min后,除Control组外其他组均在培养基中加入终浓度为200μg/mL的AGEs刺激,观察以上各组的RLSECs形态变化,采用乳酸脱氢酶(lactate hydrogenase,LDH)法检测细胞的损伤程度,采用ELISA法观察各组单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)的分泌量。将巨噬细胞RAW264.7种板,同上法分组并给药,48 h后采用Griess法观察各组一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)向细胞上清液的释放量。将RAW264.7细胞种于Transwell小室,RLSECs种于孔板底部,设Control、AGEs、Cat10、Cat10+LV-Galectin-3-GFP、Cat10+LV-Galectin-3-shRNA组,后两组先转染慢病毒48 h,再分别给药30 min后,除Control组外在培养基中加入终浓度为200μg/mL的AGEs刺激,48 h后用结晶紫法观察巨噬细胞的透膜细胞数量。将Control、AGEs、Cat10、GB1107组的RLSECs孵育药物48 h后,采用免疫荧光法观察Galectin-3和CD146的共定位情况。将Control、AGEs和Cat10组的蛋白样品通过Western blotting和免疫共沉淀(Co-IP)法检测Galectin-3和CD146的相互作用以及各自的表达量。【结果】与Control组相比,Cat0.1组RLSECs增殖率无显著差异(P>0.05),Cat1和Cat10组RLSECs增殖率显著升高(P<0.05);与孵育0 h组相比,10μmol/L梓醇孵育48 h组RLSECs增殖率显著上升(P<0.05)。因此,后续试验选用10μmol/L梓醇孵育48 h为最适试验条件。与AGEs组相比,Cat1和Cat10组改善AGEs导致的细胞损伤,RLSECs上清液LDH活力及MCP-1、ICAM-1的释放量显著降低(P<0.05)。与AGEs组相比,梓醇组抑制巨噬细胞RAW264.7的激活作用,细胞NO的释放量显著降低(P<0.05)。通过慢病毒载体过表达和敲低RLSECs和RAW264.7的Galectin-3,证明了梓醇通过抑制该分子表达可显著改善巨噬细胞的浸润作用(P<0.05)。与AGEs组相比,Cat10组Galectin-3与CD146的结合被显著抑制(P<0.05),且不影响两种分子的各自表达量(P>0.05)。【结论】梓醇通过促进AGEs致Galectin-3和CD146分子复合物的解偶联作用,改善AGEs致肝窦血管内皮细胞的损伤以及促炎因子的释放,降低巨噬细胞的激活和NO的分泌,发挥肝窦血管内皮的保护作用,通过离体试验初步证明了其发挥改善糖尿病AGEs沉积造成的肝损伤的作用机制。

Tibolone modulates neuronal plasticity through regulating Tau, GSK3β/Akt/PI3K pathway and CDK5 p35/p25 complexes in the hippocampus of aged male mice

Aging is a key risk factor for cognitive decline and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Also, an age-related decrease in sex steroid hormones may have a negative impact on the formation of neurofibrillary tangles （NFTs）; these hormones can regulate Tau phosphorylation and the principal kinase GSK3β involved in this process. Hormone replacement therapy decreases NFTs, but it increases the risk of some types of cancer. However, other synthetic hormones such as tibolone （TIB） have been used for hormone replacement therapy. The aim of this work was to evaluate the long-term effects of TIB （0.01 mg/kg and 1mg/kg, intragastrically for 12 weeks） on the content of total and hyperphosphorylated Tau （PHF-1） proteins and the regulation of GSK3β/Akt/PI3K pathway and CDK5/p35/p25 complexes in the hippocampus of aged male mice. We observed that the content of PHF-1 decreased with TIB administration. In contrast, no changes were observed in the active form of GSK3β or PI3K. TIB decreased the expression of the total and phosphorylated form of Akt while increased that of p110 and p85. The content of CDK5 was differentially modified with TIB： it was increased at low doses and decreased at high doses. When we analyzed the content of CDK5 activators, an increase was found on p35; however, the content of p25 decreased with administration of low dose of TIB. Our results suggest a possible mechanism of action of TIB in the hippocampus of aged male mice. Through the regulation of Tau and GSK3β/Akt/PI3K pathway, and CDK5/p35/p25 complexes, TIB may modulate neuronal plasticity and regulate learning and memory processes.

Retrieval of snow depth on Antarctic sea ice from the FY-3D MWRI data

The snow depth on sea ice is an extremely critical part of the cryosphere.Monitoring and understanding changes of snow depth on Antarctic sea ice is beneficial for research on sea ice and global climate change.The Microwave Radiation Imager(MWRI)sensor aboard the Chinese FengYun-3D(FY-3D)satellite has great potential for obtaining information of the spatial and temporal distribution of snow depth on the sea ice.By comparing in-situ snow depth measurements during the 35th Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE-35),we took advantage of the combination of multiple gradient ratio(GR(36V,10V)and GR(36V,18V))derived from the measured brightness temperature of FY-3D MWRI to estimate the snow depth.This method could simultaneously introduce the advantages of high and low GR in the snow depth retrieval model and perform well in both deep and shallow snow layers.Based on this,we constructed a novel model to retrieve the FY-3D MWRI snow depth on Antarctic sea ice.The new model validated by the ship-based observational snow depth data from CHINARE-35 and the snow depth measured by snow buoys from the Alfred Wegener Institute(AWI)suggest that the model proposed in this study performs better than traditional models,with root mean square deviations(RMSDs)of 8.59 cm and 7.71 cm,respectively.A comparison with the snow depth measured from Operation IceBridge(OIB)project indicates that FY-3D MWRI snow depth was more accurate than the released snow depth product from the U.S.National Snow and Ice Data Center(NSIDC)and the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center(NTPDC).The spatial distribution of the snow depth from FY-3D MWRI agrees basically with that from ICESat-2;this demonstrates its reliability for estimating Antarctic snow depth,and thus has great potential for understanding snow depth variations on Antarctic sea ice in the context of global climate change.

Interannual Climate Variability Change during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age in PMIP3 Last Millennium Simulations

In this study, we analyzed numerical experiments undertaken by 10 climate models participating in PMIP3（Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 3） to examine the changes in interannual temperature variability and coefficient of variation（CV） of interannual precipitation in the warm period of the Medieval Climate Anomaly（MCA） and the cold period of the Little Ice Age（LIA）. With respect to the past millennium period, the MCA temperature variability decreases by 2.0% on average over the globe, and most of the decreases occur in low latitudes. In the LIA, temperature variability increases by a global average of 0.6%, which occurs primarily in the high latitudes of Eurasia and the western Pacific. For the CV of interannual precipitation, regional-scale changes are more significant than changes at the global scale, with a pattern of increased（decreased） CV in the midlatitudes of Eurasia and the northwestern Pacific in the MCA（LIA）. The CV change ranges from-7.0% to 4.3%（from -6.3% to 5.4%）, with a global average of -0.5%（-0.07%） in the MCA（LIA）.Also, the variability changes are considerably larger in December–January–February with respect to both temperature and precipitation.

Ice rafting history and paleoceanographic reconstructions of Core 08P23 from southern Chukchi Plateau, western Arctic Ocean since Marine Isotope Stage 3

Multiproxy investigations have been performed on Core 08P23 collected from the Chukchi Plateau, the western Arctic Ocean, during the Third Chinese National Arctic Expedition. The core was dated back to Ma-rine Isotope Stage （MIS） 3 by a combination of Accelerator Mass Spectrometric （AMS） carbon-14 dating and regional core correlation. A total of five prominent ice-rafted detritus （IRD） events were recognized in MIS 2 and MIS 3. The IRD sources in MIS 3 are originated from vast carbonate rock outcrops of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and clastic quartz in MIS 2 may have a Eurasian origin. Mostδ18O andδ13C values of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma （sinistral） （Nps） in Core 08P23 are lighter than the average values of surface sediments. The lighterδ18O andδ13C values of Nps in the two brown layers in MIS 1 and MIS 3 were resulted from meltwater events; and those in the gray layers in MIS 3 were caused by the enhanced sea ice formation. Theδ18O values varied inversely withδ13C in MIS 2 indicate that the study area was covered by thick sea ice or ice sheet with low temperature and little meltwater, which prevented the biological productivity and sea-atmosphere exchange, as well as water mass ventilation. The covaried light values ofδ18O andδ13C in MIS 1 and MIS 3 were resulted from meltwater and/or brine injection.

德国ICE3系列转向架设计缺陷及其解决方案

快铁经济运用要更加经济地解决轮对自稳定问题,其极限速度难以突破。高铁稳定安全则要对高速转向架不稳定蛇行振荡现象进行超前滞后校正,名义等效锥度降低至0.10,更好地实现长交路跨线运营。为了克服ICE3转向架原型设计缺陷,尽量消除其对轮配条件制约性、钢轨磨耗敏感性和横向振动耦合机制的负面影响,提出了基于抗蛇行并联组合应用的解决方案。借用抗蛇行冗余设计形式实现T60与T70并联组合应用;通过抗蛇行参数优配形成低频结构阻尼与高频阻抗作用的互补性,使其具有超前滞后校正的相似性。利用这一相似性制订长编转向架优配方案,改善并增强对轨道线路及其服役技术条件的适应性、友好性和稳定鲁棒性。

基于TGF-β1/Smad3通路和AGEs/RAGE分子研究丹蛭降糖胶囊干预糖尿病大鼠心肌纤维化的作用

目的从转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)/Smad3信号通路和晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)/AGEs受体(RAGE)分子水平研究丹蛭降糖胶囊干预糖尿病大鼠心肌纤维化的作用及其机制。方法采用高糖高脂饮食联合腹腔注射小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)方法建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,饲养6周后将造模成功30只大鼠随机分为二甲双胍组、丹蛭降糖组、模型组各10只,另取10只健康大鼠作为空白组。二甲双胍组给予二甲双胍150 mg/kg灌胃,丹蛭降糖组给予丹蛭降糖胶囊540 mg/kg灌胃,模型组和空白组给予等容量蒸馏水灌胃。连续灌胃8周后,麻醉状态下取材。采用HE染色法观察心肌组织病理学变化;用ELISA法检测左心室AGEs、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)和RAGE的表达水平;Western blot法和实时荧光定量PCR法检测心肌组织中TGF-β1及其信号蛋白Smad3蛋白和基因表达水平。结果与空白组比较,模型组大鼠光镜下心肌纤维走行较为紊乱,部分溶解、断裂,胞核位置不一,细胞间界限不清,间质出现纤维细胞增生。与模型组比较,二甲双胍组和丹蛭降糖组光镜下心肌细胞的病变明显减轻,左心室AGEs、RAGE、CTGF表达水平及TGF-β1、Smad3、p-Smad3蛋白和基因表达水平均明显降低(P均<0.05),且丹蛭降糖组各指标水平均明显低于二甲双胍组(P均<0.05)。结论丹蛭降糖胶囊可能通过抑制心肌TGF-β1/Smad3信号通路和AGEs/RAGE分子表达,延缓糖尿病大鼠心肌纤维化,发挥心肌保护作用。

2型糖尿病合并牙周病患者AGEs及牙龈组织caspase-3 mRNA的检测

目的检测2型糖尿病合并牙周病患者晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)及caspase-3 mRNA的水平。方法选择2型糖尿病合并重度慢性牙周病(A组)、2型糖尿病不伴有重度慢性牙周病(B组)、牙周健康者(C组)各20例,检测各组血清AGEs(ELISA法)水平,采用原位杂交检测牙龈组织caspase-3 mRNA的表达。结果血清AGEs及牙龈组织caspase-3 mRNA的水平在3组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),A组高于B组(P<0.05),B组较C组升高(P<0.05)。血清AGEs水平与牙龈组织caspase-3 mRNA的表达呈正相关(r=0.524,P<0.05)。结论凋亡机制在糖尿病合并牙周病变的局部破坏中发挥重要的作用。

Reversal of Apoptotic Resistance by Lycium barbarum Glycopeptide 3 in Aged T Cells

Objective To study whether Lycium barbarurn glycopeplide 3 （LBGP3） affects T cell apoptosis in aged mice. Methods LBGP3 was purified with DEAE cellulose and Sephadex columns. Apoptotic ＂sub-G1 peak＂ was detected by flow cytometry and DNA ladder was resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis. Levels of IFN-7 and IL-10 were measured with specific kits and mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR. Apoptosis-related proteins of FLIP, FasL, and Bcl-2 were determined by Western blotting. Results LBGP3 was purified from Fructus Lycii water extracts and identified as a 41 kD glycopeptide. Treatment with 200 p.g/mL LBGP3 increased the apoptotic rate of T cells from aged mice and showed a similar DNA ladder pattern to that in young T cells. The reversal of apoptotic resistance was involved in down-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and FLIP, and up-regulating the expression of FasL. Conclusion Lycium barbarum glycopeptide 3 reverses apoptotic resistance of aged T cells by modulating the expression of apoptosis-related molecules.

Arctic sea ice thickness changes in terms of sea ice age

In this study, changes in Arctic sea ice thickness for each ice age category were examined based on satellite observations and modelled results. Interannual changes obtained from Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite（ICESat）-based results show a thickness reduction over perennial sea ice（ice that survives at least one melt season with an age of no less than 2 year） up to approximately 0.5–1.0 m and 0.6–0.8 m（depending on ice age） during the investigated winter and autumn ICESat periods, respectively. Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System（PIOMAS）-based results provide a view of a continued thickness reduction over the past four decades. Compared to 1980 s, there is a clear thickness drop of roughly 0.50 m in 2010 s for perennial ice. This overall decrease in sea ice thickness can be in part attributed to the amplified warming climate in north latitudes. Besides, we figure out that strongly anomalous southerly summer surface winds may play an important role in prompting the thickness decline in perennial ice zone through transporting heat deposited in open water（primarily via albedo feedback） in Eurasian sector deep into a broader sea ice regime in central Arctic Ocean. This heat source is responsible for enhanced ice bottom melting, leading to further reduction in ice thickness.

The Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in the Daihai Area, North China

Rb/Sr ratio, CaCO\-3 content, organic carbon (C\-\{org\}) concentration, magnetic susceptibility and clay mineralogy of 4.0 m sediments samples recovered from Daihai Lake, northern China, are presented in the paper. Weathering and paleoclimatic change history during the last 2300 years is reconstructed in terms of the variations of Rb/Sr ratios in the sediment sequence, including the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period. Our results suggest that the evolution processes of weathering and paleoclimate can be rebuilt in terms of the variations of Rb/Sr ratios in the lake sediment sequence, in combination with magnetic susceptibility, C\-\{org\}, \{CaCO\-3\} contents and clay mineralogy.

Simulation and Improvements of Oceanic Circulation and Sea Ice by the Coupled Climate System Model FGOALS-f3-L

This study documents simulated oceanic circulations and sea ice by the coupled climate system model FGOALS-f3-L developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics,Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,under historical forcing from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).FGOALS-f3-L reproduces the fundamental features of global oceanic circulations,such as sea surface temperature(SST),sea surface salinity(SSS),mixed layer depth(MLD),vertical temperature and salinity,and meridional overturning circulations.There are notable improvements compared with the previous version,FGOALS-s2,such as a reduction in warm SST biases near the western and eastern boundaries of oceans and salty SSS biases in the tropical western Atlantic and eastern boundaries,and a mitigation of deep MLD biases at high latitudes.However,several obvious biases remain.The most significant biases include cold SST biases in the northwestern Pacific(over 4°C),freshwater SSS biases and deep MLD biases in the subtropics,and temperature and salinity biases in deep ocean at high latitudes.The simulated sea ice shows a reasonable distribution but stronger seasonal cycle than observed.The spatial patterns of sea ice are more realistic in FGOALS-f3-L than its previous version because the latitude–longitude grid is replaced with a tripolar grid in the ocean and sea ice model.The most significant biases are the overestimated sea ice and underestimated SSS in the Labrador Sea and Barents Sea,which are related to the shallower MLD and weaker vertical mixing.

The Glacial(MIS 3-2)Outlet Glacier of the Marsyandi Nadi-icestream-network with its Ngadi Khola Tributary Glacier(Manaslu-and Lamjung Himalaya):The Reconstructed Lowering of the Marsyandi Nadi Ice Stream Tongue down in to the Southern Himalaya Foreland

For the reconstruction of past climate variations,investigations on the history of glaciers are necessary.In the Himalaya,investigations like these have a rather short tradition in comparison with other mountains on earth.At the same time,this area on the southern margin of Tibet is of special interest because of the question as to the monsoon-influence that is connected with the climate-development.Anyhow,the climate of High Asia is of global importance.Here for the further and regionally intensifying answer to this question,a glacial glacier reconstruction is submitted from the CentralHimalaya,more exactly from the Manaslu-massif.Going on down-valley from the glacial-historical investigations of 1977 in the upper Marsyandi Khola(Nadi) and the partly already published results of field campaigns in the middle Marsyandi Khola and the Damodar- and Manaslu Himal in the years 1995,2000,2004 and 2007,new geomorphological and geological field- and laboratory data are introduced here from the Ngadi(Nadi) Khola and the lower Marsyandi Nadi from the inflow of the Ngadi(Nadi) Khola down to the southern mountain foreland.There has existed a connected ice-stream-network drained down to the south by a 2,100-2,200 m thick and 120 km long Marsyandi Nadi main valley glacier.At a height of the valley bottom of c.1,000 m a.s.l.the Ngadi Khola glacier joined the still c.1,300 m thick Marsyandi parent glacier from the Himalchuli-massif(Nadi(Ngadi) Chuli) – the south spur of the Manaslu Himal.From here the united glacier tongue flowed down about a further 44 km to the south up to c.400 m a.s.l.(27°57'38 "N/84°24'56" E) into the Himalaya fore-chains and thus reached one of or the lowest past ice margin position of the Himalayas.The glacial(LGP(Last glacial period),LGM(Last glacial maximum) Würm,Stage 0,MIS 3-2) climatic snowline(ELA = equilibrium line altitude) has run at 3,900 to 4,000 m a.s.l.and thus c.1,500 altitude meters below the current ELA(Stage XII) at 5,400-5,500 m a.s.l.The reconstructed,maximum lowering of the climatic snowline(ΔELA = depression of the equilibrium line altitude) about 1,500 m corresponds at a gradient of 0.6°C per 100 altitude meters to a High Glacial decrease in temperature of 9°C(0.6 × 15 = 9).At that time the Tibetan inland ice has caused a stable cold high,so that no summer monsoon can have existed there.Accordingly,during the LGP the precipitation was reduced,so that the cooling must have come to more than only 9°C.

The Maximum Ice Age Glaciation between the Karakorum Main Ridge (K_2) and the Tarim Basin and its Influence on Global Energy Balance

A modern research approach and working techniques in hitherto unexamined areas, produced the following results: 1). The tongues of deca- kilometre long Karakorum glaciers belong to temperate ice-streams with an annual meltwater output. The short Aghil glaciers on the contrary are continental, arid and cold. 2). The present-day oscillations of the Karakorum glaciers are related to their own mass, and are contrary to and independent of the actual climate. Only the short glaciers, with steep tongue fronts, show a present-day positive balance. 3). C- dated Late Glacial moraines indicate14 a 400~800 m thick valley glacier at the former confluence point of the K2-, Sarpo Laggo- and Skamri glaciers. 4). From the evidence of transfluence passes with roches moutonnées, striae and the limits of glacial polishing, as well as moraines and erratics, a High Glacial at least 1200 m thick ice-stream network between the Karakorums and the Kuen Lun north slopes was reconstructed. The Shaksgam and Yarkand valleys were occupied by glaciers coming from west Tibet. The lowest-lying moraines are to be found in the foreland down to 2000 m, indicating a depression of the High Glacial (LGM) snowline (ELA) by 1300 m. 5). The approximately 10,000 measurements of the radiation balance at up to heights of 5500 m on K2 indicate that with incoming energy near the solar constant the reflection from snow- covered ice is up to 70% greater than from rock and rock waste surfaces. 6).These results confirm for the very dry western margins of Tibet an almost complete ice sheet cover in an area with subtropical energy balance, conforming with the Ice Age hypothesis of the author which is based upon the presence of a 2.4 million km2 Tibetan inland ice sheet. This inland ice developed for the first time when Tibet was uplifted over the snowline during the early Pleistocene. As the measured subtropical radiation balance shows, it was able to trigger the Quaternary Ice Ages.

Arctic sea ice concentration retrieval using the DT-ASI algorithm based on FY-3B/MWRI data

Sea ice concentration(SIC)is one of the most important indicators when monitoring climate changes in the polar region.With the development of the Chinese satellite technology,the Feng Yun(FY)series has been applied to retrieve the sea ice parameters in the polar region.In this paper,to improve the SIC retrieval accuracy from the passive microwave(PM)data of the Microwave Radiation Imager(MWRI)aboard on the Feng Yun-3 B(FY-3 B)Satellite,the dynamic tie-point(DT)Arctic Radiation and Turbulence Interaction Study(ARTIST)Sea Ice(ASI)(DT-ASI)SIC retrieval algorithm is applied and obtained Arctic SIC data for nearly 10 a(from November 18,2010 to August 19,2019).Also,by applying a land spillover correction scheme,the erroneous sea ice along coastlines in melt season is removed.The results of FY-3 B/DT-ASI are obviously improved compared to that of FY-3 B/NT2(NASA-Team2)in both SIC and sea ice extent(SIE),and are highly consistent with the results of similar products of AMSR2(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2)/ASI and AMSR2/DT-ASI.Compared with the annual average SIC of FY-3 B/NT2,our result is reduced by 2.31%.The annual average SIE difference between the two FY-3 Bs is 1.65×10^(6) km^(2),of which the DT-ASI algorithm contributes 87.9%and the land spillover method contributes12.1%.We further select 58 MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)cloud-free samples in the Arctic region and use the tie-point method to retrieve SIC to verify the accuracy of these SIC products.The root mean square difference(RMSD)and mean absolute difference(MAD)of the FY-3 B/DT-ASI and MODIS results are 17.2%and 12.7%,which is close to those of two AMSR2 products with 6.25 km resolution and decreased 8%and 7.2%compared with FY-3 B/NT2.Further,FY-3 B/DT-ASI has the most significant improvement where the SIC is lower than 60%.A high-quality SIC product can be obtained by using the DT-ASI algorithm and our work will be beneficial to promote the application of Feng Yun Satellite.

Accumulation and geochemical evidence for the Little Ice Age episode in eastern Antarctica

Data on accumulation and concentration of chemical compounds recorded in an essentially unexplored area(Dome Argus)of the Indian Ocean sector of eastern Antarctica during the past 2,680 years(680 B.C. to 1999 A.D.) are presented. During the first 1, 700 years(680 B. C. to 1000 A. D.), the accumulation data shows a slightly decreasing trend, while chemical ions appear to be stable, representing a stable climatic condition. An intensive increasing trend of the accumulation occurred during the 12^(th) to 14^(th) century. The period from 15^(th) to 19^(th) century was characterized by a rapid reducing accumulation and concentrations of volatile compounds suffering post-depositional loss linked to sparse precipitation amount,which was temporally consistent with the Little Ice Age(LIA) episode. Comparison between observed accumulation rates with other eastern Antarctic ice cores show a consistent decreasing trend during LIA, while sea salt and dust-originated ions increased due to sea ice extent and intensified atmospheric transportation. Distribution of volcanic originated sulfate over the Antarctic continent show a significant change during the 15^(th) century, coincident with the onset of the LIA. These results are important for the assessment of Antarctic continent mass balance and associated interpretation of the Dome A deep ice core records.

On the recovery from the Little Ice Age

A number of published papers and openly available data on sea level changes, glacier retreat, freezing/break-up dates of rivers, sea ice retreat, tree-ring observations, ice cores and changes of the cosmic-ray intensity, from the year 1000 to the present, are studied to examine how the Earth has recovered from the Little Ice Age (LIA). We learn that the recovery from the LIA has proceeded continuously, roughly in a linear manner, from 1800-1850 to the present. The rate of the recovery in terms of temperature is about 0.5°C/100 years and thus it has important implications for understanding the present global warming. It is suggested on the basis of a much longer period covering that the Earth is still in the process of recovery from the LIA;there is no sign to indicate the end of the recovery before 1900. Cosmic-ray intensity data show that solar activity was related to both the LIA and its recovery. The multi-decadal oscillation of a period of 50 to 60 years was superposed on the linear change;it peaked in 1940 and 2000, causing the halting of warming temporarily after 2000. These changes are natural changes, and in order to determine the contribution of the manmade greenhouse effect, there is an urgent need to identify them correctly and accurately and remove