Detour for the inexperienced? Migration count data suggest mostly juvenile Greater Spotted Eagles appear in coastal peninsulas in China

Soaring bird migration often relies on suitable terrain and airflow;therefore,route selection is vital for successful migration.While age and experience have been identified as key factor influencing migration route selection among soaring raptors in the African-Eurasian Flyway,how they shape the migration route of soaring raptors in East Asia is still largely unknown.In this study,we investigated potential variations in the routes and timing in autumn migration of juvenile and older soaring birds,using count data of Greater Spotted Eagles(Clanga clanga)from two coastal sites and two inland sites in China.From 2020 to 2023,we recorded a total of 340 individuals,with the highest site averaging over 90 individuals per autumn,making it one of the world’s top single-season counts and thus a globally important site for this species.We found that 82% and 61% records from coastal sites were juveniles,significantly higher than inland sites(15% and 24%).Juveniles at all four sites exhibited markedly earlier median passage time than non-juveniles,with brief overlapping in their main migration periods.Both coastal sites are located on the tip of peninsulas stretching southwest,requiring long overwater flights if crossing the Bohai Bay or Beibu Gulf,which would be energetically demanding and increase mortality risk.Experienced individuals may have learned to avoid such terrain and subsequent detour,while juveniles are more prone to enter these peninsulas due to lack of experience and opportunities for social learning,or following other raptor species that are more capable of powered flight.Our findings highlight the importance of age and experience in migration route selection of large soaring birds.

Serum Zinc and Copper Level in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) Patients and Its Correlation with Disease Duration-A Tertiary Hospital Study

Background: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is the most prevalent rheumatic disease in children. It is associated with abnormal levels of serum zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) as during inflammation serum copper concentration increases and zinc decreases. Objective: To assess the serum Zn and Cu levels in different sub-types of JIA patients and their correlation with the disease duration. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted over twelve months at the Pediatric Rheumatology Division, Department of Paediatrics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. Sixty-nine JIA cases that fulfilled the International League of Association for Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria were taken as cases and age and sex-matched healthy children were considered as controls. The serum Zn and Cu tests were done using the spectrophotometric method with INDIKO PLUS Drug Analyzer. Data were recorded in a pre-designed questionnaire. Data were checked, verified and analyzed manually where continuous variables were analyzed using unpaired t-test and categorical variables using the ANOVA test. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test was used to see the correlation of serum zinc and copper levels with disease duration. Results: Boys were predominant in both case and control groups, with the majority within the 10 to 16-year-age group. Enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) was the most common subtype followed by sJIA, Oligo JIA, Poly JIA (RF-) and unclassified subtypes. Disease duration was found less than 12 months in 30.4% of JIA patients. Serum analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in mean zinc levels and increased copper levels in JIA patients compared to controls. This study observed a negative correlation between serum zinc levels and disease duration, whereas serum copper levels exhibited a positive correlation with disease duration. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study revealed that JIA patients exhibit alterations in serum zinc and copper levels. Serum copper levels showed a positive correlation and serum zinc levels showed a negative correlation with the duration of the disease.

Juvenile Xanthogranuloma: A Case Report with Literature Review

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (XGJ) is the most common form of non-Langerhansian histiocytosis. We report a pediatric case of multiple XGJ without visceral involvement in a 6-month-old female infant who was hospitalized with disseminated congenital skin nodules, of firm consistency, of variable diameter ranging from a few millimetres to 1 cm, involving the face, scalp, trunk and limbs. There was no mucosal localization. The remainder of the somatic examination was unremarkable. The diagnosis of disseminated XGJ was confirmed by skin biopsy without visceral or systemic involvement. Therapeutic abstention was recommended. This observation underlines the fact that XGJ is a rare clinical entity that should not be overlooked when faced with congenital skin nodules.

Fruit Powder of Tetrapleura tetraptera in Local Feed on Some Zootechnical Performances of Juveniles of Clarias gariepinus in Concrete Tank

This study focused on the supplementation of four-sided spice fruit powder (Tetrapleura tetraptera) on some zootechnical performances of juveniles of Clarias gariepinus and was carried out from February 14 to July 20 at the Massoma Fish Farm of Bojongo Mbeidi located in the Littoral Region, Department of Wouri, Douala IV district. The farm benefits from a climate favorable to aquaculture activity. For this purpose, five (5) treatments were tested including T0+ (imported feed), T0-, T0.3, T0.4, and T0.5 respectively for the treatments with 0% supplemented food;0.3%;0.4% and 0.5% of Tetrapleura tetraptera powder. A total of 450 Clarias gariepinus fry with an initial average weight of 7 ± 1.5 g, were distributed in happas of 0.49 m2 each placed in Triplicate in a completely randomized device. Four isoprotein foods with 38% crude protein were formulated to feed these fry at 7% of their biomass per day for 15 days then to their fullness until the end of the experiment. Intermediate fishing was carried out every fortnight. 75 days later, the results recorded show that the highest average survival rate (96.44% ± 3.5%) was recorded with the subjects fed feed supplemented with 0.4% T. tetraptera powder. The average weight (120.93 ± 67.20), weight gain (113.93 ± 67.20), specific growth rate (3.64 ± 0.79% g/d) and total lengths and standard (26.43 ± 1.9 and 23.66 ± 1.76) the highest were recorded with the T0+ treatment (imported feed). The highest conditioning factor K (2.14 ± 0.15) was recorded with the treatment supplemented with 0.4% T. tetraptera. The lowest conversion ratio (1.28) was recorded with the treatment fed with imported blue crown food (T0+). Furthermore, the lowest production cost was recorded with the treatment supplemented with 0.4% T. tetraptera. It appears from this study that the juveniles of C. gariepinus better value the feed substituted with 0.4% of the powder of four sides (Tetrapleura tetraptera).

Systematic review and network meta-analysis of different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for juvenile idiopathic arthritis

BACKGROUND Various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)have been used for juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA).However,the optimal method for JIA has not yet been developed.AIM To perform a systematic review and network meta-analysis to determine the optimal instructions.METHODS We searched for randomized controlled trials(RCTs)from PubMed,EMBASE,Google Scholar,CNKI,and Wanfang without restriction for publication date or language at August,2023.Any RCTs that comparing the effectiveness of NSAIDs with each other or placebo for JIA were included in this network meta-analysis.The surface under the cumulative ranking curve(SUCRA)analysis was used to rank the treatments.P value less than 0.05 was identified as statistically significant.RESULTS We included 8 RCTs(1127 patients)comparing 8 different instructions including meloxicam(0.125 qd and 0.250 qd),Celecoxib(3 mg/kg bid and 6 mg/kg bid),piroxicam,Naproxen(5.0 mg/kg/d,7.5 mg/kg/d and 12.5 mg/kg/d),inuprofen(30-40 mg/kg/d),Aspirin(60-80 mg/kg/d,75 mg/kg/d,and 55 mg/kg/d),Tolmetin(15 mg/kg/d),Rofecoxib,and placebo.There were no significant differences between any two NSAIDs regarding ACR Pedi 30 response.The SUCRA shows that celecoxib(6 mg/kg bid)ranked first(SUCRA,88.9%),rofecoxib ranked second(SUCRA,68.1%),Celecoxib(3 mg/kg bid)ranked third(SUCRA,51.0%).There were no significant differences between any two NSAIDs regarding adverse events.The SUCRA shows that placebo ranked first(SUCRA,88.2%),piroxicam ranked second(SUCRA,60.5%),rofecoxib(0.6 mg/kg qd)ranked third(SUCRA,56.1%),meloxicam(0.125 mg/kg qd)ranked fourth(SUCRA,56.1%),and rofecoxib(0.3 mg/kg qd)ranked fifth(SUCRA,56.1%).CONCLUSION In summary,celecoxib(6 mg/kg bid)was found to be the most effective NSAID for treating JIA.Rofecoxib,piroxicam,and meloxicam may be safer options,but further research is needed to confirm these findings in larger trials with higher quality studies.

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated lung disease: A retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND Lung damage in systemic juvenile arthritis(sJIA)is one of the contemporary topics in pediatric rheumatology.Several previous studies showed the severe course and fatal outcomes in some patients.The information about interstitial lung disease(ILD)in the sJIA is scarce and limited to a total of 100 cases.AIM To describe the features of sJIA patients with ILD in detail.METHODS In the present retrospective cohort study,information about 5 patients less than 18-years-old with sJIA and ILD were included.The diagnosis of sJIA was made according to the current 2004 and new provisional International League of Associations for Rheumatology criteria 2019.ILD was diagnosed with chest computed tomography with the exclusion of other possible reasons for concurrent lung involvement.Macrophage activation syndrome(MAS)was diagnosed with HLH-2004 and 2016 EULAR/ACR/PRINTO Classification Criteria and hScores were calculated during the lung involvement.RESULTS The onset age of sJIA ranged from 1 year to 10 years.The time interval before ILD ranged from 1 mo to 3 years.The disease course was characterized by the prevalence of the systemic features above articular involvement,intensive rash(100%),persistent and very active MAS(hScore range:194-220)with transaminitis(100%),and respiratory symptoms(100%).Only 3 patients(60%)developed a clubbing phenomenon.All patients(100%)had pleural effusion and 4 patients(80%)had pericardial effusion at the disease onset.Two patients(40%)developed pulmonary arterial hypertension.Infusion-related reactions to tocilizumab were observed in 3(60%)of the patients.One patient with trisomy 21 had a fatal disease course.Half of the remaining patients had sJIA remission and 2 patients had improvement.Lung disease improved in 3 patients(75%),but 1 of them had initial deterioration of lung involvement.One patient who has not achieved the sJIA remission had the progressed course of ILD.No cases of hyper-eosinophilia were noted.Four patients(80%)received canakinumab and one(20%)tocilizumab at the last follow-up visit.CONCLUSION ILD is a severe life-threatening complication of sJIA that may affect children of different ages with different time intervals since the disease onset.Extensive rash,serositis(especially pleuritis),full-blown MAS with transaminitis,lymphopenia,trisomy 21,eosinophilia,and biologic infusion reaction are the main predictors of ILD.The following studies are needed to find the predictors,pathogenesis,and treatment options,for preventing and treating the ILD in sJIA patients.

Simulation of the distribution,growth,and survival rate of chub mackerel larvae and juveniles in the East China Sea

In the East China Sea(ECS),chub mackerel Scomber japonicus constitutes an important coastal-pelagic fishery resource that is mainly exploited by Chinese,Japanese,and Korean light-purse seine fisheries.Because the early life history of chub mackerel plays a significant role in its recruitment,we developed an individual-based model to study the distribution,growth,and survival rate of chub mackerel larvae and juveniles in the ECS to improve our understanding of the chub mackerel population structure and recruitment.Our results show that as body length rapidly increases,the swimming capacity of chub mackerel larvae and juveniles improves quickly,and their spatial distribution depends more on their habitat conditions than the ocean currents.Correspondingly,the juveniles from the central and southern ECS spawning ground are scarcely recruited into the Japan/East Sea(JES)or the western Pacific Ocean,but a significant proportion of juveniles from the northern ECS spawning ground still enter the JES and there are exchanges between the stocks in the ECS and JES.Thus,it seems more reasonable to assess and manage the chub mackerels in the ECS and JES as a stock.The water temperature and ocean primary production in the ECS are two important factors influencing the chub mackerel habitat conditions and their spatial and temporal distribution are significantly different as the spawning time changes.Therefore,the spawning time and location play an important role in the growth and survival rate of the larvae and juveniles.Generally,when chub mackerel spawns at the southern ECS spawning ground in March,the larva and juvenile growth and survival rate is relatively high;as spawning time moves forward,higher growth and survival rates would be expected for the chub mackerel spawned coastward or northward.For specific spawning sites,early or delayed spawning will reduce the survival rate.

A New Juvenile Specimen of Lufengosaurus Huenei Young, 1941 (Dinosauria: Prosauropoda) from the Lower Jurassic Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, Southwest China

A skull and a series of associated cervical vertebrae （ZLJ0112） discovered from the Lower Lufeng Formation （Lower Jurassic） are determined as a juvenile specimen of Lufengosaurus huenei Young 1941 based on amended autapomorphies. Differences between ZLJ0112 and the holotype （subadult specimen） are considered as ontogenetic characteristic changes of L. huenei. Since some of these differences are present in other prosauropod dinosaurs （i.e., forms of the maxillary vascular foramen are irregular; the frontal contribution to the dorsal margin of the orbit is substantial; the frontal contribution to the supratemporal fossa is absent; the supratemporal fenestra is visible in lateral view; the supraoccipital inclined at 75 degrees; the parasphenoid rostrum lies level with the occipital condyle; the retroarticular process is short; the axial postzygapophysis project caudally beyond the end of the centrum） they may be common ontogenetic changes in prosauropod dinosaurs.

Familial Lateral Sclerosis with Juvenile Onset: About 3 Cases and Review of the Literature

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease deadly. In Africa, little data exists on this condition and the form familial is the most common with a younger age of onset. Our observations relate to three brothers, born from a consanguineous marriage. The diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was certain placed in all patients according to the criteria of Awaji. The average age of patients was 16.66 years, and the average age of onset of symptoms was 10.33 years old. The female gender was the most represented with a sex ratio of 0.5. Our patients benefited from rilusole, vitamin D and physiotherapy. A only patient presented with dysphagia. However, no cases have been observed at this day.

Thalidomide Is an Adjunct Therapy for the Refractory Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patients in a Tertiary Hospital Study

Background: Systemic JIA (sJIA) is one of the subtypes of JIA, which is most difficult to treat among all JIA cases. About 50% of sJIA cases did not respond to traditional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)—metho-trexate (MTX). Thalidomide is an immunomodulating and anti-inflammatory drug that induces sustained improvement of refractory sJIA cases. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of thalidomide in refractory sJIA patients. Methods: This was a prospective interventional study carried out in the Paediatric Rheumatology and Immunology follow-up clinic run by the Department of Pediatrics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from January 2019 to July 2020. Twenty-five sJIA patients who were refractory to conventional DMARDs were included in this study. These patients were prescribed thalidomide at a dose of 3 - 5 mg/kg/day for six months and efficacy was assessed by using juvenile arthritis disease activity score (JADAS 27) at 12th and 24th weeks of treatment. Result: Active joint counts and ESR improvement were observed in 90.69%, 97.67% and 69.84%, 100% of sJIA patients respectively at 12th and 24th weeks of treatment. Improvement of physicians and parent global assessment of VAS were 77.56%, 97.43% and 70.62% and 96.04% respectively at 12th and 24th weeks of treatment. Improvement of the total score of JADAS-27 was 77.51% at 12th week and 97.52% at 24th of week follow-up which was statistically significant. Somnolence, constipation and paresthesia were found as common adverse effect in this study. Conclusion: Efficacy of thalidomide was assessed by JADAS 27 criteria showed significant improvement in refractory sJIA patients in this study. It may be concluded that Thalidomide is safe and effective as an adjunct therapy of refractory sJIA patients.

Prolapsed Juvenile Polyp of the Anus in 2 Cases

Introduction :Rectal polyps are well-circumscribed, sessile or pedunculated formations that develop on the digestive mucosa. Juvenile polyps are seen in 4% - 12% of cases during pediatric colonoscopies. In children, rectal bleeding is a frequent warning sign, often a recurrent bleed with no impact on general condition. Diagnosis is based on clinical, imaging and digestive investigations, but anatomopathological examination remains the only means of confirmation. There are a number of treatment options, ranging from abstention to surgical excision. We report two (2) cases of isolated hemorrhagic juvenile polyp prolapsed to the anus in order to analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic features of this pathology. Patients and observations: A 7-year-old female patient presented to the pediatric emergency department of the Donka National Hospital with a hemorrhagic anal mass. On clinical examination, the patient was found to be in satisfactory general condition, with a hemorrhagic pedicle mass prolapsed to the anus. The mass was removed under general anesthesia. Postoperative management was straightforward. Conclusion: Juvenile polyps are the most common proctological condition in this age group. Clinical examination must be meticulous, as certain signs may point to a particular pathology. Colonoscopy is the diagnostic test of choice, and can also be used as a therapeutic tool.

Giant juvenile fibroadenoma in a 14-year old Chinese female:A case report

BACKGROUND A giant juvenile fibroadenoma(GJF)is a rare,benign breast tumor that affects females<18 years of age.GJFs are generally suspected based on a palpable mass.GJFs influence breast shape and mammary gland development via the pressure effect from their enormous size.CASE SUMMARY Herein we report a case involving a 14-year-old Chinese female with a GJF in the left breast.GJF is a rare,benign breast tumor that usually occurs between 9 and 18 years of age and accounts for 0.5%-4.0%of all fibroadenomas.In severe cases,breast deformation may occur.This disease is rarely reported in Chinese people and has a high clinical misdiagnosis rate due to the absence of specific imaging features.On July 25,2022,a patient with a GJF was admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University.The preoperative clinical examination and conventional ultrasound diagnosis needed further clarification.The mass was shown to be an atypical lobulated mass during the operation and confirmed to be a GJF based on pathologic examination.CONCLUSION GJF is also a rare,benign breast tumor in Chinese women.Evaluation of such masses consists of a physical examination,radiography,ultrasonography,computer tomography,and magnetic resonance imaging.GJFs are confirmed by histopathologic examination.Mastectomy is not selected when the patient benefits from a complete resection of the mass with breast reconstruction and an uneventful recovery.

Resilience effects for household food expenditure and dietary diversity in rural western China

A more resilient livelihood is increasingly recognized as an efficient way to improve vulnerable households’food security and optimize their dietary decisions.This study quantifies rural household resilience in western China,identifies the three pillars(absorptive capacity,adaptive capacity,and transformative capacity)contribution to resilience,and then establishes the estimated Resilience Capacity Index(RCI)linked with food security and dietary diversity supported by the multiple indicator multiple cause(MIMIC)model.Results show that,despite geographical heterogeneity,the RCI consistently increased from 2015 to 2021.Households with a higher RCI inheriting better capacity to deal with risk and shocks are significantly and positively correlated with increasing food expenditure and diversifying food choices.It can be because resilient households will allocate more money to food expenditure instead of saving for livelihood uncertainty.Thus,policymakers can provide more incentives for rural households to adopt more dynamic and effective risk management strategies.This,in turn,could yield positive spillover effects by preventing human capital loss associated with dietary-related chronic diseases and mortality.

How do the landslide and non-landslide sampling strategies impact landslide susceptibility assessment? d A catchment-scale case study from China

The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of the sampling strategy of landslide and non-landslide on the performance of landslide susceptibility assessment(LSA).The study area is the Feiyun catchment in Wenzhou City,Southeast China.Two types of landslides samples,combined with seven non-landslide sampling strategies,resulted in a total of 14 scenarios.The corresponding landslide susceptibility map(LSM)for each scenario was generated using the random forest model.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and statistical indicators were calculated and used to assess the impact of the dataset sampling strategy.The results showed that higher accuracies were achieved when using the landslide core as positive samples,combined with non-landslide sampling from the very low zone or buffer zone.The results reveal the influence of landslide and non-landslide sampling strategies on the accuracy of LSA,which provides a reference for subsequent researchers aiming to obtain a more reasonable LSM.

Polyposis found on index colonoscopy in a 56-year-old female-BMPR1A variant in juvenile polyposis syndrome:A case report

BACKGROUND Juvenile polyposis syndrome(JPS)is a rare hereditary polyposis disease frequently associated with an autosomal-dominant variant of the SMAD4 or BMPR1A gene.It often manifests with symptoms in children and adolescents and is infrequently diagnosed in asymptomatic adults.Establishing the diagnosis is important as patients with JPS have a high risk of developing gastrointestinal cancer and require genetic counselling and close routine follow-up.CASE SUMMARY We report on the case of a 56-year-old female diagnosed with JPS after genetic testing revealed a rare variant of the BMPR1A gene BMPR1A c.1409T>C(p.Met470Thr).She was initially referred for colonoscopy by her general practitioner after testing positive on a screening faecal immunochemical test and subsequently found to have polyposis throughout the entire colorectum on her index screening colonoscopy.The patient was asymptomatic with a normal physical examination and no related medical or family history.Blood tests revealed only mild iron deficiency without anemia.To date,there has only been one other reported case of JPS with the same genetic variant.Subsequent colonoscopies were organised for complete polyp clearance and the patient was returned for surveillance follow-up.CONCLUSION JPS patients can present with no prior symptoms or family history.Genetic testing plays an important diagnostic role guiding management.

The impact of Internet access on household dietary quality:Evidence from rural China

Over the past few decades,the Internet has rapidly diffused across China.The spread of the Internet has had a profound economic and social impact on Chinese rural areas.Existing research shows that Internet access significantly impacts agricultural production and improves smallholder farmers’income.Beyond these,the Internet can affect other dimensions of social welfare.However,research about the impact of Internet access on dietary quality in rural China remains scarce.This study utilizes multi-period panel data from Fixed Observation Point in rural China from 2009 to 2015 to estimate the impact of Internet access on dietary quality and food consumption of rural households and conducts a causal analysis.Regression models with time and household fixed effects allow robust estimation while reducing potential issues of unobserved heterogeneity.The estimates show that Internet access has significantly increased rural household dietary quality(measured by the Chinese Diet Balance Index).Further research finds that Internet access has increased the consumption of animal products,such as aquatic and dairy products.We also examine the underlying mechanisms.Internet access improves dietary quality and food consumption mainly through increasing household income and food expenditure.These results encourage the promotion of Internet access as a valuable tool for nutritional improvements,especially in rural areas.

基于AHP和熵值法China Daily头版封面插画视觉感知评价研究

为了探索报纸插图视觉中哪些因素对读者产生影响,提升阅读者的视觉感知水平,以China Daily头版封面插画为例,从内容层、形式、功能感知三个维度,建构出审美艺术性、创意趣味性、风格独特性、符号内涵性、标题内容区分度、色调内容协调度、色调舒适度、明度舒适度、纯度舒适度、图形大小舒适度、图形造型舒适度、构图留白舒适度等24个指标。结合问卷调查,利用层次分析法和熵值法进行统计分析。研究得出:读者对于China Daily封面插画的感知评价由高到低依次为形式层感知、功能层感知、内容层感知;构图留白舒适度、阅读动态性、叙事直观性等因素对读者视觉感知影响较大;从优化读者文化继承性、字体设计协调度、主题明确性等方面入手,有助于提升读者的视觉阅读体验。

对外传播中的福州城市形象话语建构——以“十三五”期间China Daily报道为例

以“十三五”期间China Daily有关福州的报道为语料,以文化话语研究为理论框架,从话语主体、话语主题和话语形式三个方面探讨福州城市形象的话语建构。研究发现,总体上China Daily对外塑造了一个积极的福州城市形象,其中以文化形象最受关注。此外,与以往同类研究相比,样本媒体进一步传递了普通民众的声音,更多使用人物通讯的报道形式,从而更有效地对外讲述了福州故事、中国故事。本研究对城市形象的话语建构与国际传播具有现实意义。

Vaccination coverage in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis,inflammatory bowel diseases,and healthy peers:Cross-sectional electronic survey data

BACKGROUND Patients with immune-mediated diseases,such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA)and inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)are at increased risk of developing infections,due to disease-related immune dysfunction and applying of immunosuppressive drugs.AIM To evaluate vaccine coverage in patients with IBD and JIA,and compare it with healthy children.METHODS In the cross-sectional study we included the data from a questionnaire survey of 190 Legal representatives of children with JIA(n=81),IBD(n=51),and healthy children(HC,n=58).An electronic online questionnaire was created for the survey.RESULTS There were female predominance in JIA patients and younger onset age.Parents of JIA had higher education levels.Employment level and family status were similar in the three studied groups.Patients with JIA and IBD had lower vaccine coverage,without parental rejection of vaccinations in IBD,compare to JIA and healthy controls.The main reason for incomplete vaccination was medical conditions in IBD and JIA.IBD patients had a lower rate of normal vaccine-associated reactions compared to JIA and HC.The encouraging role of physicians for vaccinations was the lowest in JIA patients.IBD patients had more possibilities to check antibodies before immune-suppressive therapy and had more supplementary vaccinations compared to JIA and HC.CONCLUSION JIA and IBD patients had lower vaccine coverage compared to HC.Physicians'encouragement of vaccination and the impossibility of discus about future vaccinations and their outcomes seemed the main factors for patients with immune-mediated diseases,influencing vaccine coverage.Further investigations are required to understand the reasons for incomplete vaccinations and improve vaccine coverage in both groups,especially in rheumatic disease patients.The approaches that stimulate vaccination in healthy children are not always optimal in children with immunemediated diseases.It is necessary to provide personalized vaccine-encouraging strategies for parents of chronically ill children with the following validation of these technics.

Differences in spring precipitation over southern China associated with multiyear La Ni?a events

Composite analyses were performed in this study to reveal the difference in spring precipitation over southern China during multiyear La Ni?a events during 1901 to 2015. It was found that there is significantly below-normal precipitation during the first boreal spring, but above-normal precipitation during the second year. The difference in spring precipitation over southern China is correlative to the variation in western North Pacific anomalous cyclone(WNPC), which can in turn be attributed to the different sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) over the Tropical Pacific. The remote forcing of negative SSTA in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific and the local air-sea interaction in the western North Pacific are the usual causes of WNPC formation and maintenance.SSTA in the first spring is stronger than those in the second spring. As a result, the intensity of WNPC in the first year is stronger, which is more likely to reduce the moisture in southern China by changing the moisture transport, leading to prolonged precipitation deficits over southern China. However, the tropical SSTA signals in the second year are too weak to induce the formation and maintenance of WNPC and the below-normal precipitation over southern China. Thus, the variation in tropical SSTA signals between two consecutive springs during multiyear La Ni?a events leads to obvious differences in the spatial pattern of precipitation anomaly in southern China by causing the different WNPC response.