BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)incidence based on the endoscopic Kyoto classification of gastritis has not been systematically investigated using time-to-event analysis.AIM To examine GC incidence in an endoscopic surve...BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)incidence based on the endoscopic Kyoto classification of gastritis has not been systematically investigated using time-to-event analysis.AIM To examine GC incidence in an endoscopic surveillance cohort.METHODS This study was retrospectively conducted at the Toyoshima Endoscopy Clinic.Patients who underwent two or more esophagogastroduodenoscopies were enrolled.GC incidence was based on Kyoto classification scores,such as atrophy,intestinal metaplasia(IM),enlarged folds(EFs),nodularity,diffuse redness(DR),and total Kyoto scores.Hazard ratios(HRs)adjusted for age and sex were calculated using a Cox hazard model.RESULTS A total of 6718 patients were enrolled(median age 54.0 years;men 44.2%).During the follow-up period(max 5.02 years;median 2.56 years),GC developed in 34 patients.The average frequency of GCs per year was 0.19%.Kyoto atrophy scores 1[HR with score 0 as reference:3.66,95%confidence interval(CI):1.06 to 12.61],2(11.60,3.82-35.27),IM score 2(9.92,4.37-22.54),EF score 1(4.03,1.63-9.96),DR scores 1(6.22,2.65-14.56),and 2(10.01,3.73-26.86)were associated with GC incidence,whereas nodularity scores were not.The total Kyoto scores of 4(HR with total Kyoto scores 0-1 as reference:6.23,95%CI:1.93 to 20.13,P=0.002)and 5-8(16.45,6.29-43.03,P<0.001)were more likely to develop GC,whereas the total Kyoto scores 2-3 were not.The HR of the total Kyoto score for developing GC per 1 rank was 1.75(95%CI:1.46 to 2.09,P<0.001).CONCLUSION A high total Kyoto score(≥4)was associated with GC incidence.The endoscopy-based diagnosis of gastritis can stratify GC risk.展开更多
Article 3 paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 of the Kyoto Protocol （KP） allow parties to use credits from land-based activities for offsetting their emission reduction/limitation target committed in the KP. Forest manageme...Article 3 paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 of the Kyoto Protocol （KP） allow parties to use credits from land-based activities for offsetting their emission reduction/limitation target committed in the KP. Forest management （FM） is the dominant activity accounted by Annex I parties of the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change in the first commitment period of KP （2008-2012）. Data reported for 2008 and 2009 indicate that over half of the emission reduction target of 24 Annex I parties that expect to use FM removals can be offset by FM credits in the first commitment period. EspeciMly the majority of the emission reduction target of Slovenia, Sweden, Latvia, Finland, Japan, and Croatia may be achieved through FM credits. The total FM CAP as contained in decision 16/CMP.1 in the first commitment period was over-estimated significantly by 50% for all KP parties and 36% for parties that elected FM. Some parties such as Russia, Japan, Italy, Germany, and Switzerland that elected FM activity may benefit largely from the over-estimated CAP. Presuming a significant increase of the harvest rate, the FM reference level （FMRL） for 2013-2020 is only 1/5 of the historical mean value of FM removals even though most parties show an increasing or a steady trend of net removals from 1990 to 2009. As a result Annex I parties would be able to use FM credits in the future that are over 4 times of FM CAP in the first commitment period. This potentiM FM credit would account for 7.7% of total emissions by sources without land use, land-use change and forestry activities （LULUCF） in the base year or 1990, and more Annex I parties would share the ＂benefit＂ from the FMRL accounting approach.展开更多
As the country with the highest per capita carbon emissions in the world,Australia’s government,represented by Howard,refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol due to various factors,however,this attitude has undergone a gr...As the country with the highest per capita carbon emissions in the world,Australia’s government,represented by Howard,refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol due to various factors,however,this attitude has undergone a great transformation after the government represented by Kevin Rudd took office,not only to comply with the trend of the times,but also by other factors.This paper will analyze the reasons for the Australian government’s attitude toward the Kyoto Protocol during the Howard and Rudd periods,in order to make some contributions to the environmental protection of other countries.展开更多
Chronic gastritis(CG)is a widespread and frequent disease,mainly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection,which is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer.Virtual chromoendoscopy improves the endoscopic dia...Chronic gastritis(CG)is a widespread and frequent disease,mainly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection,which is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer.Virtual chromoendoscopy improves the endoscopic diagnostic efficacy,which is essential to establish the most appropriate therapy and to enable cancer prevention.Artificial intelligence provides algorithms for the diagnosis of gastritis and,in particular,early gastric cancer,but it is not yet used in practice.Thus,technological innovation,through image resolution and processing,optimizes the diagnosis and management of CG and gastric cancer.The endoscopic Kyoto classification of gastritis improves the diagnosis and management of this disease,but through the analysis of the most recent literature,new algorithms can be proposed.展开更多
Recent studies have found that erythropoietin promotes the recovery of neurological function after traumatic brain injury.However,the precise mechanism of action remains unclea r.In this study,we induced moderate trau...Recent studies have found that erythropoietin promotes the recovery of neurological function after traumatic brain injury.However,the precise mechanism of action remains unclea r.In this study,we induced moderate traumatic brain injury in mice by intrape ritoneal injection of erythro poietin for 3 consecutive days.RNA sequencing detected a total of 4065 differentially expressed RNAs,including 1059 mRNAs,92 microRNAs,799 long non-coding RNAs,and 2115circular RNAs.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analyses revealed that the coding and non-coding RNAs that were differentially expressed after traumatic brain injury and treatment with erythropoietin play roles in the axon guidance pathway,Wnt pathway,and MAPK pathway.Constructing competing endogenous RNA networks showed that regulatory relationship between the differentially expressed non-coding RNAs and mRNAs.Because the axon guidance pathway was repeatedly enriched,the expression of Wnt5a and Ephb6,key factors in the axonal guidance pathway,was assessed.Ephb6 expression decreased and Wnt5a expression increased after traumatic brain injury,and these effects were reversed by treatment with erythro poietin.These findings suggest that erythro poietin can promote recove ry of nerve function after traumatic brain injury through the axon guidance pathway.展开更多
Exosomes exhibit complex biological functions and mediate a variety of biological processes,such as promoting axonal regeneration and functional recove ry after injury.Long non-coding RNAs(IncRNAs)have been reported t...Exosomes exhibit complex biological functions and mediate a variety of biological processes,such as promoting axonal regeneration and functional recove ry after injury.Long non-coding RNAs(IncRNAs)have been reported to play a crucial role in axonal regeneration.Howeve r,the role of the IncRNA-microRNAmessenger RNA(mRNA)-competitive endogenous RNA(ceRNA)network in exosome-mediated axonal regeneration remains unclear.In this study,we performed RNA transcriptome sequencing analysis to assess mRNA expression patterns in exosomes produced by cultured fibroblasts(FC-EXOs)and Schwann cells(SCEXOs).Diffe rential gene expression analysis,Gene Ontology analysis,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis,and protein-protein intera ction network analysis were used to explo re the functions and related pathways of RNAs isolated from FC-EXOs and SC-EXOs.We found that the ribosome-related central gene Rps5 was enriched in FC-EXOs and SC-EXOs,which suggests that it may promote axonal regeneration.In addition,using the miRWalk and Starbase prediction databases,we constructed a regulatory network of ceRNAs targeting Rps5,including 27 microRNAs and five IncRNAs.The ceRNA regulatory network,which included Ftx and Miat,revealed that exsosome-derived Rps5 inhibits scar formation and promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery after nerve injury.Our findings suggest that exosomes derived from fibro blast and Schwann cells could be used to treat injuries of peripheral nervous system.展开更多
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection is closely related to the development of gastric cancer(GC).However,GC can develop even after H.pylori eradication.Therefore,it would be extremely useful if GC could b...BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection is closely related to the development of gastric cancer(GC).However,GC can develop even after H.pylori eradication.Therefore,it would be extremely useful if GC could be predicted after eradication.The Kyoto classification score for gastritis(GA)is closely related to cancer risk.However,how the score for GC changes after eradication before onset is not well understood.AIM To investigate the characteristics of the progression of Kyoto classification scores for GC after H.pylori eradication.METHODS Eradication of H.pylori was confirmed in all patients using either the urea breath test or the stool antigen test.The Kyoto classification score of GC patients was evaluated by endoscopy at the time of event onset and three years earlier.In ad-dition,the modified atrophy score was evaluated and compared between the GC group and the control GA group.RESULTS In total,30 cases of early GC and 30 cases of chronic GA were evaluated.The pathology of the cancer cases was differentiated adenocarcinoma,except for one case of undifferentiated adenocarcinoma.The total score of the Kyoto classifi-cation was significantly higher in the GC group both at the time of cancer onset and three years earlier(4.97 vs 3.73,P=0.0034;4.2 vs 3.1,P=0.0035,respectively).The modified atrophy score was significantly higher in the GC group both at the time of cancer onset and three years earlier and was significantly improved only in the GA group(5.3 vs 5.3,P=0.5;3.73 vs 3.1,P=0.0475,respectively).CONCLUSION The course of the modified atrophy score is useful for predicting the onset of GC after eradication.Patients with severe atrophy after H.pylori eradication require careful monitoring.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)incidence based on the endoscopic Kyoto classification of gastritis has not been systematically investigated using time-to-event analysis.AIM To examine GC incidence in an endoscopic surveillance cohort.METHODS This study was retrospectively conducted at the Toyoshima Endoscopy Clinic.Patients who underwent two or more esophagogastroduodenoscopies were enrolled.GC incidence was based on Kyoto classification scores,such as atrophy,intestinal metaplasia(IM),enlarged folds(EFs),nodularity,diffuse redness(DR),and total Kyoto scores.Hazard ratios(HRs)adjusted for age and sex were calculated using a Cox hazard model.RESULTS A total of 6718 patients were enrolled(median age 54.0 years;men 44.2%).During the follow-up period(max 5.02 years;median 2.56 years),GC developed in 34 patients.The average frequency of GCs per year was 0.19%.Kyoto atrophy scores 1[HR with score 0 as reference:3.66,95%confidence interval(CI):1.06 to 12.61],2(11.60,3.82-35.27),IM score 2(9.92,4.37-22.54),EF score 1(4.03,1.63-9.96),DR scores 1(6.22,2.65-14.56),and 2(10.01,3.73-26.86)were associated with GC incidence,whereas nodularity scores were not.The total Kyoto scores of 4(HR with total Kyoto scores 0-1 as reference:6.23,95%CI:1.93 to 20.13,P=0.002)and 5-8(16.45,6.29-43.03,P<0.001)were more likely to develop GC,whereas the total Kyoto scores 2-3 were not.The HR of the total Kyoto score for developing GC per 1 rank was 1.75(95%CI:1.46 to 2.09,P<0.001).CONCLUSION A high total Kyoto score(≥4)was associated with GC incidence.The endoscopy-based diagnosis of gastritis can stratify GC risk.
基金supported by Integrated Monitoring and Assessment on Carbon Sequestration Potential of Terrestrial Ecosystem in China(NoXDA05050602)
文摘Article 3 paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 of the Kyoto Protocol （KP） allow parties to use credits from land-based activities for offsetting their emission reduction/limitation target committed in the KP. Forest management （FM） is the dominant activity accounted by Annex I parties of the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change in the first commitment period of KP （2008-2012）. Data reported for 2008 and 2009 indicate that over half of the emission reduction target of 24 Annex I parties that expect to use FM removals can be offset by FM credits in the first commitment period. EspeciMly the majority of the emission reduction target of Slovenia, Sweden, Latvia, Finland, Japan, and Croatia may be achieved through FM credits. The total FM CAP as contained in decision 16/CMP.1 in the first commitment period was over-estimated significantly by 50% for all KP parties and 36% for parties that elected FM. Some parties such as Russia, Japan, Italy, Germany, and Switzerland that elected FM activity may benefit largely from the over-estimated CAP. Presuming a significant increase of the harvest rate, the FM reference level （FMRL） for 2013-2020 is only 1/5 of the historical mean value of FM removals even though most parties show an increasing or a steady trend of net removals from 1990 to 2009. As a result Annex I parties would be able to use FM credits in the future that are over 4 times of FM CAP in the first commitment period. This potentiM FM credit would account for 7.7% of total emissions by sources without land use, land-use change and forestry activities （LULUCF） in the base year or 1990, and more Annex I parties would share the ＂benefit＂ from the FMRL accounting approach.
文摘As the country with the highest per capita carbon emissions in the world,Australia’s government,represented by Howard,refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol due to various factors,however,this attitude has undergone a great transformation after the government represented by Kevin Rudd took office,not only to comply with the trend of the times,but also by other factors.This paper will analyze the reasons for the Australian government’s attitude toward the Kyoto Protocol during the Howard and Rudd periods,in order to make some contributions to the environmental protection of other countries.
文摘Chronic gastritis(CG)is a widespread and frequent disease,mainly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection,which is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer.Virtual chromoendoscopy improves the endoscopic diagnostic efficacy,which is essential to establish the most appropriate therapy and to enable cancer prevention.Artificial intelligence provides algorithms for the diagnosis of gastritis and,in particular,early gastric cancer,but it is not yet used in practice.Thus,technological innovation,through image resolution and processing,optimizes the diagnosis and management of CG and gastric cancer.The endoscopic Kyoto classification of gastritis improves the diagnosis and management of this disease,but through the analysis of the most recent literature,new algorithms can be proposed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81771355the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau,Nos.CSTC2015jcyjA10096,cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0262(all to ZL)。
文摘Recent studies have found that erythropoietin promotes the recovery of neurological function after traumatic brain injury.However,the precise mechanism of action remains unclea r.In this study,we induced moderate traumatic brain injury in mice by intrape ritoneal injection of erythro poietin for 3 consecutive days.RNA sequencing detected a total of 4065 differentially expressed RNAs,including 1059 mRNAs,92 microRNAs,799 long non-coding RNAs,and 2115circular RNAs.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analyses revealed that the coding and non-coding RNAs that were differentially expressed after traumatic brain injury and treatment with erythropoietin play roles in the axon guidance pathway,Wnt pathway,and MAPK pathway.Constructing competing endogenous RNA networks showed that regulatory relationship between the differentially expressed non-coding RNAs and mRNAs.Because the axon guidance pathway was repeatedly enriched,the expression of Wnt5a and Ephb6,key factors in the axonal guidance pathway,was assessed.Ephb6 expression decreased and Wnt5a expression increased after traumatic brain injury,and these effects were reversed by treatment with erythro poietin.These findings suggest that erythro poietin can promote recove ry of nerve function after traumatic brain injury through the axon guidance pathway.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81870975(to SZ)。
文摘Exosomes exhibit complex biological functions and mediate a variety of biological processes,such as promoting axonal regeneration and functional recove ry after injury.Long non-coding RNAs(IncRNAs)have been reported to play a crucial role in axonal regeneration.Howeve r,the role of the IncRNA-microRNAmessenger RNA(mRNA)-competitive endogenous RNA(ceRNA)network in exosome-mediated axonal regeneration remains unclear.In this study,we performed RNA transcriptome sequencing analysis to assess mRNA expression patterns in exosomes produced by cultured fibroblasts(FC-EXOs)and Schwann cells(SCEXOs).Diffe rential gene expression analysis,Gene Ontology analysis,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis,and protein-protein intera ction network analysis were used to explo re the functions and related pathways of RNAs isolated from FC-EXOs and SC-EXOs.We found that the ribosome-related central gene Rps5 was enriched in FC-EXOs and SC-EXOs,which suggests that it may promote axonal regeneration.In addition,using the miRWalk and Starbase prediction databases,we constructed a regulatory network of ceRNAs targeting Rps5,including 27 microRNAs and five IncRNAs.The ceRNA regulatory network,which included Ftx and Miat,revealed that exsosome-derived Rps5 inhibits scar formation and promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery after nerve injury.Our findings suggest that exosomes derived from fibro blast and Schwann cells could be used to treat injuries of peripheral nervous system.
文摘BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection is closely related to the development of gastric cancer(GC).However,GC can develop even after H.pylori eradication.Therefore,it would be extremely useful if GC could be predicted after eradication.The Kyoto classification score for gastritis(GA)is closely related to cancer risk.However,how the score for GC changes after eradication before onset is not well understood.AIM To investigate the characteristics of the progression of Kyoto classification scores for GC after H.pylori eradication.METHODS Eradication of H.pylori was confirmed in all patients using either the urea breath test or the stool antigen test.The Kyoto classification score of GC patients was evaluated by endoscopy at the time of event onset and three years earlier.In ad-dition,the modified atrophy score was evaluated and compared between the GC group and the control GA group.RESULTS In total,30 cases of early GC and 30 cases of chronic GA were evaluated.The pathology of the cancer cases was differentiated adenocarcinoma,except for one case of undifferentiated adenocarcinoma.The total score of the Kyoto classifi-cation was significantly higher in the GC group both at the time of cancer onset and three years earlier(4.97 vs 3.73,P=0.0034;4.2 vs 3.1,P=0.0035,respectively).The modified atrophy score was significantly higher in the GC group both at the time of cancer onset and three years earlier and was significantly improved only in the GA group(5.3 vs 5.3,P=0.5;3.73 vs 3.1,P=0.0475,respectively).CONCLUSION The course of the modified atrophy score is useful for predicting the onset of GC after eradication.Patients with severe atrophy after H.pylori eradication require careful monitoring.
