Insights into the enhancement of food flavor perception:strategies,mechanism and emulsion applications

The core drivers of the modern food industry are meeting consumer demand for tasty and healthy foods.The application of food flavor perception enhancement can help to achieve the goals of salt-and sugar-reduction,without compromising the sensory quality of the original food,and this has attracted increasing research attention.The analysis of bibliometric results from 2002 to 2022 reveals that present flavor perception enhancement strategies(changing ingredient formulations,adding salt/sugar substitutes,emulsion delivery systems)are mainly carry out based on sweetness,saltiness and umami.Emulsion systems is becoming a novel research foci and development trends of international food flavor perception-enhancement research.The structured design of food emulsions,by using interface engineering technology,can effectively control,or enhance the release of flavor substances.Thus,this review systematically summarizes strategies,the application of emulsion systems and the mechanisms of action of food flavor perception-enhancement technologies,based on odor-taste cross-modal interaction(OTCMI),to provide insights into the further structural design and application of emulsion systems in this field.

The shaping of milk-flavored white tea:More than a change in appearance

Tea’s popularity and flavor are influenced by factors like cultivation and processing methods and shaping techniques also have an impact on tea flavor.This study employed targeted metabolomics and chemometrics to investigate how shaping techniques affect the flavor of milk-flavored white tea(MFWT).The results showed that the tea cake sample with the shortest pressing time(Y90)has the highest amino acid content and milky aroma intensity.There were variations in amino acids,catechins,and soluble sugars among MFWT samples with different shaping techniques.The total contents of amino acids and catechins in tea cake sample(Y90)were significantly lower than those in the loose tea sample(SC)and bundle-like tea sample(SG),while the total sugar content was significantly higher than that in SC(P<0.05).Additionally,the content of volatiles presenting milky aroma(VIP&OAV>1)in Y90 remained lower relative to SC and SG(P<0.05),but the proportion was not different from that in SC and SG,minimally affecting the overall flavor.The short-time pressing method might be suitable for mass production of MFWT.These findings provide insights into improving the tightness of the appearance of MFWT with minimal impact on tea flavor.

Correlation of gut microorganisms and non-volatile flavor substances provides new insights for breeding Scylla paramamosain

The farming of Scylla paramamosain with specific flavors has a higher commercial value,and the flavors are related to the integrated farming environment and non-volatile flavor substances,while the survival environment is one of the important ways to source gut microorganisms in the organism.In this study,the levels of dominant taxa in the gut flora of S.paramamosain from Mong Cai,Vietnam(VN),Taishan City,Guangdong Province(TS)of China,and Ninghai County,Ningbo City(NB)Zhejiang Province of China converged with those of S.paramamosain from Sanmen County,Ningbo City(CK 1,CK 2,and CK 3)at 28 d of domestication.The top 15 genera with the highest abundance of VN,TS,and NB gut flora were the same as CK 1,CK 2,and CK 3,but with different percentages,and gradually converged to CK 1,CK 2,and CK 3,respectively,at 28 d of domestication.Correlation between intestinal flora and non-volatile flavor substances in the hepatopancreas at the percentage level of relative abundance of bacterial genera found that above 28 d of domestication,Muribaculaceae,Psychrilyobacter,Clostridia_vadinBB 60_group,Halarcobacter Carboxylicivirga,Sediminispirochaeta may be the most important genera affecting flavor amino acids of VN.Sediminispirochaeta,Carboxylicivirga,Halarcobacter,Photobacterium,ZOR 0006,Psychrilyobacter,and Pseudomonas may be the most important genera affecting flavor amino acids of NB.Sediminispirochaeta,Carboxylicivirga,Halarcobacter,Photobacterium,ZOR 0006,Vibrio,and Sphingomonas may be the most important genera affecting flavor amino acids of TS.These results show that the intestinal flora structure of crabs from different areas were domesticated in the same area for at least 28 d before they converged to that of the domesticated crab,and the most important genera affecting the flavor amino acids of TS,VN,and NB were also identified.The results of this study provide a reference and basis for the technique of directional cultivation of the flavor quality of the crab.

Microbiomics and metabolomics insights into the microbial regulation on the formation of flavor components in the traditional fermentation process of Chinese Hongqu aged vinegar

This study aimed to investigate microbial succession and metabolic dynamics during the traditional fermentation of Hongqu aged vinegar,and explore the core functional microbes closely related to the formation of flavor components.Microbiome analysis demonstrated that Lactobacillus,Acetobacter,Bacillus,Enterobacter,Lactococcus,Leuconostoc and Weissella were the predominant bacterial genera,while Aspergillus piperis,Aspergillus oryzae,Monascus purpureus,Candida athensensis,C.xylopsoci,Penicillium ochrosalmoneum and Simplicillium aogashimaense were the predominant fungal species.Correlation analysis revealed that Acetobacter was positively correlated with the production of tetramethylpyrazine,acetoin and acetic acid,Lactococcus showed positive correlation with the production of 2-nonanone,2-heptanone,ethyl caprylate,ethyl caprate,1-hexanol,1-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol,C.xylopsoci and C.rugosa were positively associated with the production of diethyl malonate,2,3-butanediyl diacetate,acetoin,benzaldehyde and tetramethylpyrazine.Correspondingly,non-volatile metabolites were also detected through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.A variety of amino acids and functional dipeptides were identified during the traditional brewing of Hongqu aged vinegar.Correlation analysis revealed that Lactobacillus was significantly associated with DL-lactate,indolelactic acid,D-(+)-3-phenyllactic acid,pimelic acid,pregabalin and 3-aminobutanoic acid.This study is useful for understanding flavor formation mechanism and developing effective strategies for the suitable strains selection to improve the flavor quality of Hongqu aged vinegar.

Impact of Low-temperature Storage on Volatile Flavor Compounds in Prepared Pork Products

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the dynamic changes of volatile flavor compounds in prepared pork during storage at different low-temperature conditions.[Methods]Prepared pork was stored at 4,-4 and-18℃.The volatile flavor compounds of prepared pork were determined by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-MS)at days 0,7,14,21 and 28,and relative odor activity value(OAV),principal component analysis(PCA)and cluster analysis(CA)were combined to analyze changes in volatile flavor compounds of prepared pork during storage.[Results]The total number of volatile flavor compounds gradually decreased with the prolongation of the storage period,and OAV analysis identified 22 key flavor compounds(OAV≥1).The results of PCA and CA showed that 2-methyl-1-butanol,1-octen-3-ol,linalool,cineole,hexanal and nonanal were the main key flavor components,and the degree of flavor degradation was low under both superchilling and freezing conditions.After 28 days of storage,the alcohol content in the chilling group was significantly higher than other two groups,and the overall content of volatile flavor compounds was also significantly higher than other two groups,indicating that the-4℃chilling storage was more favorable for maintaining the overall flavor of prepared pork.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for finding a better storage method for prepared meat products.

鸡肉和黄豆混合发酵过程中蛋白质、氨基酸与风味变化规律

以纯黄豆发酵为对照,分析了鸡肉与黄豆混合发酵过程中蛋白质、氨基酸态氮、蛋白酶活力、游离氨基酸和挥发性风味物质的变化规律。结果表明,发酵过程中,样品的蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,氨基酸态氮、蛋白酶活力和游离氨基酸含量则呈上升趋势。不同发酵时期,鸡肉和黄豆混合发酵组中鲜味氨基酸和总游离氨基酸含量均显著高于纯黄豆发酵(P<0.05),挥发性风味物质的积累也较纯黄豆发酵多。通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)结合气味活性值(odor activity value,OAV)进一步分析得出,3-甲硫基丙醛、苯甲醛、苯乙醛和1-辛烯-3-醇是鸡肉与黄豆混合发酵过程中的关键差异挥发性风味物质。该研究结果为高品质豆基发酵调味品的开发和品质调控提供了理论参考。

不同初加工方法对咖啡豆风味化合物和感官特性的影响

本研究旨在探究不同初加工处理方法对阿拉比卡咖啡理化特性、风味和感官特性的影响。通过电子鼻和感官分析评价不同初加工咖啡样品的感官风味,主成分分析(PCA)对不同初加工方法进行区分,并利用皮尔逊相关系数分析初加工方法与产生的风味化合物之间的关系。结果表明,在理化指标方面,不同初加工方法对咖啡样品的总可滴定酸度(TA)、总可溶性固形物(TSS)和pH具有显著影响(P<0.05),其中,湿法加工(CS)的pH最高。初加工方法对咖啡样品中的生物碱、绿原酸和有机酸等风味化合物含量影响较大,干法处理Ⅰ(GA)的咖啡因含量最高(12.32 mg/g DW),蜜处理Ⅰ(MA)拥有最高的葫芦巴碱含量(3.71 mg/g DW),湿法加工(CS)导致咖啡样品具有最低的绿原酸含量和最高的有机酸含量。此外,电子鼻结果显示,不同初加工方法制备的咖啡香气化合物含量差异显著,相较于人工评测,电子感官分析可以更有效地对不同初加工方法进行区分。该研究结果明晰了不同初加工方法对咖啡的化学组成及感官风味的影响,对咖啡风味品质提升及对优质产品的筛选和鉴别具有重要意义。

德尔布有孢圆酵母对苹果酒发酵过程风味物质合成的影响

本研究利用德尔布有孢圆酵母(Torulasporadelbrueckii)与酿酒酵母(Saccharomycescerevisiae)进行苹果酒发酵实验,通过比较混合发酵与酿酒酵母单独发酵过程中有机酸以及挥发性风味物质差异,探究德尔布有孢圆酵母对苹果酒风味物质合成的影响。结果表明,德尔布有孢圆酵母显著提高了苹果酒中草酸(+0.077 g/L)、乙酸(+1.68 g/L)、L-乳酸(+0.83 g/L)以及琥珀酸(+0.45 g/L)的含量(P<0.01),并减少了苹果酒中高级醇的数量。共现网络分析显示德尔布有孢圆酵母的加入增强了挥发性风味物质合成的稳定性。此外,混合发酵显著提升了苯乙醇、苯甲醛、乙酸苯乙酯、辛酸、己酸等11种挥发性风味物质含量,有助于凸显苹果酒中苹果特征香、花果香,增强蜜甜感。基于差异风味物质通路富集结果,德尔布有孢圆酵母可赋予发酵体系更强的原料利用能力,糖类物质的转化能力以及风味物质合成能力。研究结果表明该菌株有着优异的混合发酵性能,为其在苹果酒酿造中进一步利用提供了依据。

14种市售麻椒鸡的品质及风味分析

为明确麻椒鸡产品的品质特性及风味特征,本研究以14种不同品牌的市售麻椒鸡(以A~N字母表示)作为研究对象,测定了其色泽、质构、剪切力、电子鼻、挥发性风味物质和电子舌,并结合感官评价进一步探究感官评价指标与仪器分析指标之间的相关性。结果表明:14种麻椒鸡鸡胸的硬度范围为1742.81~4587.54 g,剪切力范围为14.41~35.07 N;鸡腿的硬度范围为797.09~3389.61 g,剪切力范围为7.70~26.34 N。电子鼻评价结果显示,14种麻椒鸡的主要挥发性气味成分为氮氧化合物、无机硫化物、有机硫化物和短链烷烃。气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GCIMS)显示,麻椒鸡风味的形成是鸡肉本身带有的香气和香辛料赋予香气整体协调的结果,14种麻椒鸡中共鉴定出77种挥发性化合物,结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)发现,丁醛、芳樟醇、α-蒎烯、丙烯酸乙酯、α-松油醇、2-庚酮、1-辛烯-3-醇等26种物质为麻椒鸡产品的特征风味物质。电子舌评价结果显示,鲜味和咸味对麻椒鸡的滋味贡献较突出。相关性分析结果表明,感官评价中的总体喜爱度与丁醛、芳樟醇、α-蒎烯、丙烯酸乙酯、α-松油醇、2-庚酮、1-辛烯-3-醇、W5S、W1W、W2W、W1S、咸味、L^(*)和b^(*)值等指标呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01)。本研究可以为麻椒鸡产品风味品质的研究与调控、原辅料的选择、麻椒鸡产品工业化水平的提升提供参考。

Processing Technique of Instant Flavored Daylily(Hemerocallis citrina Baroni)

This study was conducted to investigate the recipe and process of instant pickle by multiple steps with dry daylily as a raw material, and an orthogonal test was adopted to obtain the optimal recipe and process. The pickling process of the instant flavored daylily was conducted at an optimal crisp-keeping Ca Cl2 concentration at 0.050%, cooking time of 5 min, pickling time of 6 h and a salt concentration of 4%. The effects of various factors on product taste were in order of salt concentrationcooking timepickling timeCa Cl2 concentration.The obtained product has the characteristics of strong fragrance, crisp delicious taste and unique flavor with stomachic effect.

鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵枸杞汁营养与风味特性及其抗氧化活性和体外抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的研究

本文以药食同源的宁夏枸杞干果(Lyciumbarbarum L.)为原料,利用鼠李糖乳杆菌对其进行发酵,以黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制率为评价指标,通过单因素实验和响应面实验优化发酵工艺,并对发酵枸杞汁的发酵特性、营养和风味特性以及抗氧化活性进行研究。结果表明,鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵枸杞汁的最佳发酵工艺为发酵时间28 h、发酵温度34℃、接种量4%,在此条件下,发酵枸杞汁对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制率为79.40%,pH为4.44±0.04,活菌数可达9.5±0.005 lg CFU/mL。与未发酵枸杞汁相比,发酵枸杞汁的可溶性蛋白、总酚和总黄酮含量显著降低(P<0.05),总糖含量增加。此外,GC-IMS分析结果表明发酵后枸杞汁有较多醇类物质产生,增加其独有的发酵香气。体外抗氧化活性分析结果表明发酵后枸杞汁的DPPH自由基清除能力显著提高了186.5%(P<0.05)。

葡萄糖添加量和卤制时间对鸭肉熟制品中WOF(warmed-over flavor)异味调控效果的影响

鸭肉熟制品在冷藏后再次加热会产生WOF(warmed-over flavor)异味,为对异味进行抑制,在鸭肉加工的过程中添加还原性的葡萄糖和鸭肉中的蛋白质产生具有抗氧化性的美拉德反应产物,研究添加不同量的葡萄糖和不同的加工保持时间对WOF异味抑制效果的影响,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定鸭肉熟制品中己醛的相对含量,以己醛的相对含量作为衡量WOF异味程度的指标,并结合感官评价进行综合分析。结果表明:在鸭肉制品加工的过程中添加葡萄糖有抑制WOF异味的作用,且随着葡萄糖添加量的增加抑制作用效果增加,加工保持时间对WOF异味的抑制效果也会产生影响,随着保持时间的延长抑制效果增加。随着葡萄糖添加量的增加及保持时间的延长会对鸭肉熟制品的口感和色泽产生不良影响,因此在加工中需进行综合分析。

咸味猪骨肽部分替代NaCl对低盐香肠品质和风味的影响

本文旨在探讨咸味猪骨肽部分替代NaCl生产低盐香肠的可能性。分析了不同比例咸味猪骨肽替代NaCl对香肠的感官、质构特性、色差、pH、出品率、水分含量、滋味和挥发性成分的影响。结果显示,添加1%NaCl+1%咸味猪骨肽的香肠在色泽、外观、口感和风味方面优于对照组(添加2%NaCl),组织状态和对照组相当,同时,显著改善了香肠的质构特性(P<0.05)。电子舌结果显示,1%NaCl+1%咸味猪骨肽的低盐香肠咸味、鲜味、甜味和丰富度均优于对照组和其他试验组,同时,酸味、苦味和苦的回味显著降低。但是,不同咸味猪骨肽替代NaCl的香肠出品率和水分含量均显著下降(P<0.05)。顶空气相色谱-离子迁移谱(Headspace-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry,HS-GC-IMS)分析发现,咸味猪骨肽的添加改变了香肠的挥发性成分,结合感观评分结果,一定量的咸味猪骨肽替代NaCl赋予了低盐香肠更好的风味。综上结果表明,1%NaCl+1%咸味猪骨肽能够有效替代2%NaCl,实现了低盐香肠减盐不减咸的效果。

微波花椒鸡丁预制菜的工艺优化及其挥发性风味物质分析

为优化微波花椒鸡丁预制菜的加工工艺,本研究在单因素试验基础上,以感官评分为指标,对微波花椒鸡丁的加工工艺进行响应面试验设计以确定其最佳加工工艺,并采用气相色谱—离子迁移谱法(GC-IMS)分析微波花椒鸡丁的挥发性风味物质。结果表明:当花椒添加量5.0g,水淀粉添加量18.0g,微波加热时间7.50min,辣椒粉添加量5.0g,微波功率1000W时,微波花椒鸡丁色香味最佳。GC-IMS共鉴定出71种挥发性风味物质,其中萜烯类和酯类的种类繁多、含量丰富,是微波花椒鸡丁风味的主要贡献者。

解冻方式对新疆干辣椒炒牛肉预制菜品质的影响

为探究解冻方式对新疆干辣椒炒牛肉预制菜品质的影响,本研究选取自然解冻、流水解冻、超声波解冻、微波解冻和低温解冻作为解冻方式,分析5种解冻方式对新疆干辣椒炒牛肉预制菜pH值、色泽、质构特性、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N值)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS值)和挥发性风味物质品质指标的影响。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,低温解冻在维持新疆干辣椒炒牛肉预制菜pH值(5.19)和色泽方面表现最佳,超声波解冻的质构特性最好且TVB-N值最低(7.35 mg·100 g^(-1)),微波解冻的TBARS值最低(0.36 mg·kg^(-1)),微波解冻和低温解冻后新疆干辣椒炒牛肉预制菜的感官评分较好,流水解冻各项指标处于中间位置。D-柠檬烯、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、壬醛、芳樟醇、苯乙醇、α-松油醇、3-甲基-苯酚、萘、茴香脑、草蒿脑等挥发性风味物质对新疆干辣椒炒牛肉预制菜总体风味的形成有重要贡献,低温解冻后的挥发性风味物质最接近空白对照组。本研究可为新疆干辣椒炒牛肉预制菜的解冻工艺提供支撑。

Analyzing the Flavor Compounds in Chinese Traditional Fermented Shrimp Pastes by HS-SPME-GC/MS and Electronic Nose

Shrimp paste is a type of condiments with high nutritional value.However,the flavors of shrimp paste,particularly the non-uniformity flavors,have limited its application in food processing.In order to identify the characteristic flavor compounds in Chinese traditional shrimp pastes,five kinds of typical commercial products were evaluated in this study.The differences in the volatile composition of the five products were investigated.Solid phase micro-extraction method was employed to extract the volatile compounds.GC-MS and electronic nose were applied to identify the compounds,and the data were analyzed using principal component analysis(PCA).A total of 62 volatile compounds were identified,including 8 alcohols,7 aldehydes,3 ketones,7 ethers,7 acids,3 esters,6 hydrocarbons,12 pyrazines,2 phenols,and 7 other compounds.The typical volatile compounds contributing to the flavor of shrimp paste were found as follows:dimethyl disulfide,dimethyl tetrasulfide,dimethyl trisulfide,2,3,5-trimethyl-6-ethyl pyrazine,ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine,phenol and indole.Propanoic acid,butanoic acid,furans,and 2-hydroxy-3-pentanone caused unpleasant odors,such as pungent and rancid odors.Principal component analysis showed that the content of volatile compounds varied depending on the processing conditions and shrimp species.These results indicated that the combinations of multiple analysis and identification methods could make up the limitations of a single method,enhance the accuracy of identification,and provide useful information for sensory research and product development.

Ethylene Emission as a Potential Indicator of Fuji Apple Flavor Quality Evaluation Under Low Temperature

Fuji apple(Malus×domestica Borkh.)is a popular fruit cultivar and occupies an important position in the fruit market due to its excellent flavor and storage quality.Ethylene emission can induce respiration,which would reduce postharvest quality and increase storage losses.In order to maintain fruit quality and extend shelf life,apples are usually stored in a low-temperature environment after harvest to reduce the formation of ethylene.Volatile aroma components are regarded as one of the most important aspects of flavor quality and a key factor for apple quality grading and customer satisfaction.Ethylene emission and its relationship with volatile aromas during low temperature,however,have not been determined.In this study,the dynamic changes of volatile aroma compounds of Fuji apples stored at 4°C were detected and analyzed for 42 days.The variation of ethylene released from Fuji apple was studied correspondingly.The results showed that ethyl butyrate,ethyl caproate,ethyl 2-methylbutyrate and 2-methylbutyl acetate were the main aroma components of Fuji apple.The change in ethylene emission and the normalized peak area of volatile aroma compounds exhibited a similar tendency that increased significantly from the 3rd day to the peak on the 14th day and then decreased;there was a positive linear correlation between them with a correlation coefficient of 0.79(P<0.05).Therefore,ethylene release can be used as a potential indicator for evaluation of volatile aroma compounds in apples.Using ethylene emission as an indicator could reduce the difficulty and complexity of volatile aroma evaluation,which could be a new non-destructive inspection choice for apple flavor quality assessment.

Study on the Landscape Flavor of Suzhou Industrial Park

The creation of new urban landscape environment is one of the core problems to inherit the urban history and culture and to form its character.By analyzing the landscape nodes around the Jinji Lake in Suzhou Industrial Park,this research sums up its natural landscape flavor created by water resource,the art landscape flavor created by buildings' layout,and the vivid culture flavor of urban landscape.The combination of the park's landscape creation and its nature,art and culture completely describes the feature of Jinji Lake Industrial Park-the fusion of history and fashion,classical garden and western garden,natural landscape and man-made landscape.

Preparation and simulation of a taro flavor

Flavors represent a small but significant segment of food industry.Taro gives a pleasant nut-like odor when cooked.Taro flavor can be used in many products,so developing a taro flavor is of interests.This paper concentrates on preparation and simulation of taro flavor according to the notes of taro,which are distinct flavors or odor characteristics.The results show that the notes of taro flavor can be classified as caramellic note,roast note,milky note,beany note,green note,aldehydic note,sweet note,nutty note,vegetative note,and fruity note.According to the notes of cooked taro odor and the raw materials selected,a typical taro flavor formula is given.The taro flavor blended is pleasant,harmonious,and has characteristics of the odor of cooked natural taro.

Evaluation of Maturity and Flavor of Melons Using an Electronic Nose

In this work,an electronic nose was used to evaluate the different cultivars and mature stages of melons,so as to establish a scientific method to accurately distinguish the maturity and varieties of melons. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA ) showed that immature melons could be well distinguished from mature melons using electronic nose. When PCA method was used to analyze,electronic nose could completely classify and identify the maturity of melons. Meanwhile,the electronic nose could distinguish different varieties of melons with high discrimination value. The flavor of samples under cut or no cut conditions would slightly change,leading to the variation of discrimination value among different varieties. The samples with similar flavor under no cut condition could be analyzed through cutting mode. The research built a rapid and accurate method to judge the maturity of melons instead of man sense.