The Lost Generation is actually a group of American writers who were rebelling against what America had become by the 1900s.The Lost generation tendency and Lost generation writers are of great importance to the Ameri...The Lost Generation is actually a group of American writers who were rebelling against what America had become by the 1900s.The Lost generation tendency and Lost generation writers are of great importance to the American and world literature.This article serves as a brief introduction to the Lost generation and its significant writers.展开更多
This article shows us the multiplicity and perplexity of the Lost Generations love and thus exposes that the evil war destroys lives and civilization of human beings;ruins the life,youthfulness,happiness,future and ...This article shows us the multiplicity and perplexity of the Lost Generations love and thus exposes that the evil war destroys lives and civilization of human beings;ruins the life,youthfulness,happiness,future and hope of the generation and also ruins the love of the generation.展开更多
Hemingway and Fitzgerald both belong to the Lost Generation.They were both favorite son and the creature of that prosperous era.Foreign scholars believed that there existed similarities and difference between the two ...Hemingway and Fitzgerald both belong to the Lost Generation.They were both favorite son and the creature of that prosperous era.Foreign scholars believed that there existed similarities and difference between the two writers.This paper aims to analyze A Farewell to Arms and The Great Gatsby from these two aspects.展开更多
A Farewell to Arms is full length novel with autobiographic flavor.There are many similarities between Hemingway and Frederic Henry, the“Hemingway Hero” in the book. Both of them were American young men when they ...A Farewell to Arms is full length novel with autobiographic flavor.There are many similarities between Hemingway and Frederic Henry, the“Hemingway Hero” in the book. Both of them were American young men when they volunteered to serve in the Italian army, both of them had their love affairs in the front, and both of them found someting lost in the war. In this paper, three aspects will be comparatively studied:their attitudes toward the war, their attitudes toward the love and how they treated the death.展开更多
The paper holds that the presentation of Gatsby as unique to America signifies that Gatsby's personal dilemma and failure are the dilemma and failure of American nation, thus satirizing the illusory nature of the ...The paper holds that the presentation of Gatsby as unique to America signifies that Gatsby's personal dilemma and failure are the dilemma and failure of American nation, thus satirizing the illusory nature of the American Dream and the impossibility to attain it.展开更多
Hemingway,a famous American novelist in the 20th century,often gives us tragic characters who are doomed and fight for life.The creation of these characters mostly comes from his personal experience and social environ...Hemingway,a famous American novelist in the 20th century,often gives us tragic characters who are doomed and fight for life.The creation of these characters mostly comes from his personal experience and social environment.From his many works,we can see that Hemingway is a negative writer.That the world is nihilistic and the human is ethereal permeates in his every works;He is still a pessimist in life.Life is full of“war”,which threatens and challenges his life,therefore people have to be ready to“fight”all the time.However,he believed that people can fail,but cannot be defeated.Therefore,his heroes remained calm,adhered to their own survival principles,did not turn back and won their own victory in the end.They got nothing,but they had a thrilling,thought-provoking beauty.展开更多
Serpentinization reactions are paramount to understand hydro-geothermal activity near plate boundaries and mafic–ultramafic massifs,as well as fluid and element transfer between the Earth’s mantle and crust.However,...Serpentinization reactions are paramount to understand hydro-geothermal activity near plate boundaries and mafic–ultramafic massifs,as well as fluid and element transfer between the Earth’s mantle and crust.However,fluid-rock element exchange and serpentinization kinetics under shallow hydrothermal conditions is still largely unconstrained.Here we present two constant temperature(230℃)time-series of natural peridotite(77.5%olivine;13.7%enstatite;6.8%diopside;2%spinel)serpentinization experiments:at 13.4 MPa;and 20.7 MPa.Al-enriched lizardite was the main secondary mineral in all runs after olivine(olv)and orthopyroxene(opx)serpentinization(without any detectable brucite,talc or magnetite),while primary spinel and diopside partially dissolved during the experiments.Initial serpentinization stages comprises intrinsically coupled reactions between olivine and enstatite,as Al and Si are progressively transferred from orthopyroxene-derived to olivine-derived serpentine,while the opposite is true for Mg and Fe,with homogenization of serpentines compositions after 40 days.The Ni/Cr ratios of serpentines,however,remain diagnostic of the respective primary mineral.Estimated average serpentine content indicates fast serpentinization rates of 0.55 wt.%·day^(-1)(0.26 mmol·day^(-1))and 0.26 wt.%·day^(-1)(0.13 mmol·day^(-1))at 13.4 and 20.7 MPa,respectively.Approximately 2x faster serpentinization kinetics at lower pressure is likely linked to enhanced spinel dissolution leading to one order of magnitude higher available Al,which accelerates olivine serpentinization while delays orthopyroxene dissolution.Additionally,time-dependent increase in solid products masses suggests rock volume expands linearly 0.37%±0.01%per serpentine wt.%independently of pressure.Mass balance constrains suggests olv:opx react at~5:2 and~3:2 M ratios,resulting in Si-deficient and Si-saturated serpentines at the end of the low-pressure series(13.4 MPa)and high-pressure series(20.7 MPa),respectively.Elevated starting peridotite olv:opx ratio(7.94:1)therefore indicates orthopyroxene serpentinization is~3.3x and~5.4x faster than olivine at 13.4 MPa and 20.7 MPa,respectively.This contradicts previous assumptions that olivine should dissolve faster than orthopyroxene at experimental conditions.Finally,serpentinization-derived fluids develop pH>10 and become enriched in H_(2),CH_(4),Ca^(2+)and Si within 6 weeks.Aqueous silica concentrations are highest after 5 days(265.75 and 194.79µmol/kg)and progressively decrease,reaching 13.84 and 91.54µmol/kg at 13.4 and 20.7 MPa after 40 days,respectively.These concentrations are very similar to the low-silica(M6)and high-silica(Beehive)endmembers of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field(LCHF).Beyond fluid characteristics,serpentinization products and conditions analogous to the LCHF suggest similar mechanisms between our experiments and natural processes.Our results demonstrate constant temperature serpentinization of a common protolith leads to distinct serpentine and fluid compositions at different pressures.Although additional data is necessary,recent studies and our experiments suggest peridotite serpentinization rates at 230℃rapidly decrease with increasing pressures at least up to 35 MPa.Whether pressure directly influences olivine and orthopyroxene serpentinization kinetics or indirectly controls reaction rates due to spinel dissolution under hydrothermal conditions deserves further investigation.展开更多
This paper presents a security constrained unit commitment(SCUC)suitable for power systems with a large share of wind energy.The deterministic spinning reserve requirement is supplemented by an adjustable fraction of ...This paper presents a security constrained unit commitment(SCUC)suitable for power systems with a large share of wind energy.The deterministic spinning reserve requirement is supplemented by an adjustable fraction of the expected shortfall from the supply of wind electric generators(WEGs),computed using the stochastic feature of wind and loosely represented in the security constraint with scenarios.The optimization tool commits and dispatches generating units while simultaneously determining the geographical procurement of the required spinning reserve as well as load-following ramping reserve,by mixed integer quadratic programming(MIQP).Case studies are used to investigate various effects of grid integration on reducing the overall operation costs associated with more wind power in the system.展开更多
文摘The Lost Generation is actually a group of American writers who were rebelling against what America had become by the 1900s.The Lost generation tendency and Lost generation writers are of great importance to the American and world literature.This article serves as a brief introduction to the Lost generation and its significant writers.
文摘This article shows us the multiplicity and perplexity of the Lost Generations love and thus exposes that the evil war destroys lives and civilization of human beings;ruins the life,youthfulness,happiness,future and hope of the generation and also ruins the love of the generation.
文摘Hemingway and Fitzgerald both belong to the Lost Generation.They were both favorite son and the creature of that prosperous era.Foreign scholars believed that there existed similarities and difference between the two writers.This paper aims to analyze A Farewell to Arms and The Great Gatsby from these two aspects.
文摘A Farewell to Arms is full length novel with autobiographic flavor.There are many similarities between Hemingway and Frederic Henry, the“Hemingway Hero” in the book. Both of them were American young men when they volunteered to serve in the Italian army, both of them had their love affairs in the front, and both of them found someting lost in the war. In this paper, three aspects will be comparatively studied:their attitudes toward the war, their attitudes toward the love and how they treated the death.
文摘The paper holds that the presentation of Gatsby as unique to America signifies that Gatsby's personal dilemma and failure are the dilemma and failure of American nation, thus satirizing the illusory nature of the American Dream and the impossibility to attain it.
文摘Hemingway,a famous American novelist in the 20th century,often gives us tragic characters who are doomed and fight for life.The creation of these characters mostly comes from his personal experience and social environment.From his many works,we can see that Hemingway is a negative writer.That the world is nihilistic and the human is ethereal permeates in his every works;He is still a pessimist in life.Life is full of“war”,which threatens and challenges his life,therefore people have to be ready to“fight”all the time.However,he believed that people can fail,but cannot be defeated.Therefore,his heroes remained calm,adhered to their own survival principles,did not turn back and won their own victory in the end.They got nothing,but they had a thrilling,thought-provoking beauty.
基金We thank Petrobras for sponsoring the grad studies of the main author and its financial support through project 8310-0 FAURGS-UFRGS-PETROBRAS.
文摘Serpentinization reactions are paramount to understand hydro-geothermal activity near plate boundaries and mafic–ultramafic massifs,as well as fluid and element transfer between the Earth’s mantle and crust.However,fluid-rock element exchange and serpentinization kinetics under shallow hydrothermal conditions is still largely unconstrained.Here we present two constant temperature(230℃)time-series of natural peridotite(77.5%olivine;13.7%enstatite;6.8%diopside;2%spinel)serpentinization experiments:at 13.4 MPa;and 20.7 MPa.Al-enriched lizardite was the main secondary mineral in all runs after olivine(olv)and orthopyroxene(opx)serpentinization(without any detectable brucite,talc or magnetite),while primary spinel and diopside partially dissolved during the experiments.Initial serpentinization stages comprises intrinsically coupled reactions between olivine and enstatite,as Al and Si are progressively transferred from orthopyroxene-derived to olivine-derived serpentine,while the opposite is true for Mg and Fe,with homogenization of serpentines compositions after 40 days.The Ni/Cr ratios of serpentines,however,remain diagnostic of the respective primary mineral.Estimated average serpentine content indicates fast serpentinization rates of 0.55 wt.%·day^(-1)(0.26 mmol·day^(-1))and 0.26 wt.%·day^(-1)(0.13 mmol·day^(-1))at 13.4 and 20.7 MPa,respectively.Approximately 2x faster serpentinization kinetics at lower pressure is likely linked to enhanced spinel dissolution leading to one order of magnitude higher available Al,which accelerates olivine serpentinization while delays orthopyroxene dissolution.Additionally,time-dependent increase in solid products masses suggests rock volume expands linearly 0.37%±0.01%per serpentine wt.%independently of pressure.Mass balance constrains suggests olv:opx react at~5:2 and~3:2 M ratios,resulting in Si-deficient and Si-saturated serpentines at the end of the low-pressure series(13.4 MPa)and high-pressure series(20.7 MPa),respectively.Elevated starting peridotite olv:opx ratio(7.94:1)therefore indicates orthopyroxene serpentinization is~3.3x and~5.4x faster than olivine at 13.4 MPa and 20.7 MPa,respectively.This contradicts previous assumptions that olivine should dissolve faster than orthopyroxene at experimental conditions.Finally,serpentinization-derived fluids develop pH>10 and become enriched in H_(2),CH_(4),Ca^(2+)and Si within 6 weeks.Aqueous silica concentrations are highest after 5 days(265.75 and 194.79µmol/kg)and progressively decrease,reaching 13.84 and 91.54µmol/kg at 13.4 and 20.7 MPa after 40 days,respectively.These concentrations are very similar to the low-silica(M6)and high-silica(Beehive)endmembers of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field(LCHF).Beyond fluid characteristics,serpentinization products and conditions analogous to the LCHF suggest similar mechanisms between our experiments and natural processes.Our results demonstrate constant temperature serpentinization of a common protolith leads to distinct serpentine and fluid compositions at different pressures.Although additional data is necessary,recent studies and our experiments suggest peridotite serpentinization rates at 230℃rapidly decrease with increasing pressures at least up to 35 MPa.Whether pressure directly influences olivine and orthopyroxene serpentinization kinetics or indirectly controls reaction rates due to spinel dissolution under hydrothermal conditions deserves further investigation.
文摘This paper presents a security constrained unit commitment(SCUC)suitable for power systems with a large share of wind energy.The deterministic spinning reserve requirement is supplemented by an adjustable fraction of the expected shortfall from the supply of wind electric generators(WEGs),computed using the stochastic feature of wind and loosely represented in the security constraint with scenarios.The optimization tool commits and dispatches generating units while simultaneously determining the geographical procurement of the required spinning reserve as well as load-following ramping reserve,by mixed integer quadratic programming(MIQP).Case studies are used to investigate various effects of grid integration on reducing the overall operation costs associated with more wind power in the system.
