Conflicts & Immigration Impacts on Built Environment: A Case Study of Arab Marshes in Iraq

The importance of water to our lives cannot be overemphasized as it is the source of all living things. Water scarcity is a concern in many Middle Eastern nations due to war and politics. Many people lose their essence due to actions made by their rulers, such as the Marsh Arabs. Water and biodiversity should be considered, and governments should be held accountable for attaining a more balanced lifestyle and reducing immigrant levels. Many academics have also explored the hydro-immigration of marshland residents. They suffer more hazards due to a lack of money, poor education, and social instability than their colleagues who remain in their own country. Furthermore, they have insufficient health care and have difficulty integrating into the new community. This implies that not all nations that receive such migrants can implement programs to assist the immigrants. This research reveals how wars, hydro-politics, and immigration issues have drastically affected architecture and social structures in the Arab Marshes region, leading to ecological destruction, mass migrations, and cultural loss. Therefore, this work focuses on the need to critically investigate all factors covered within the context of this research.

Logistics,Supply Chain Management,and Taiwan residents Immigration Assessed in Light of Globalization

Organizations regardless of size can take advantage of the market dynamics brought about by globalization.Supply chain management is crucial for large organizations,especially with regard to the costs,complexity,and risks of its large,often global,supply chains.From technology to risk management,learning what it takes to navigate transportation and logistics business management in today’s volatile world is critical.Human migration has accelerated in light of globalization and rapid advances in transportation(particularly aviation)technology.This study investigated the connection between logistics and supply chain management in the age of globalization;reviewed the migration,settlement,and naturalization of Taiwan residents immigrants along the West Coast of the United States;and theoretically analyzed the forces that have led to the construction of the Taiwan residents immigrant community.Taiwan residents immigrants and their settlement are affected by global forces,and factors such as their cross-cultural trade,the characteristics of diasporic communities,and their national identity can provide scholarly and pedagogical insights.

IMMIGRATION, GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC STATUS OF AMERICAN CHINESE

In 1994, the total Chinese population in the United States were 2,017,799 which were 0.8 percent of the total US population. The Chinese population were highly concentrated by regions and among the total population. By states, 42 percent of total Chinese population were found in California, 17 percent in New York. More than 80 percent total Chinese population were concentrated in 9 states. By metropolitan areas, 14.73 percent of total Chinese population were found in Los Angeles and New York respectively. Compared with the total US population, 60 percent Chinese population were found in less than 20 percent total US population and 80 percent in 50 percent. By studying the Chinese population distribution and the reason behind it, we hope to find some interesting relationships among the characteristics of this distribution and the historical, cultural, social and economic factors influencing it.

THE ASYMPTOTIC PROPERTIES OF SUPERCRITICAL BISEXUAL GALTON-WATSON BRANCHING PROCESSES WITH IMMIGRATION OF MATING UNITS

In this article the supercritical bisexual Galton-Watson branching processes with the immigration of mating units is considered. A necessary condition for the almost sure convergence, and a sufficient condition for the L^1 convergence are given for the process with the suitably normed condition.

MOMENTS AND LARGE DEVIATIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL BRANCHING PROCESSES WITH IMMIGRATION IN RANDOM ENVIRONMENTS

Let(Z_(n))be a branching process with immigration in a random environmentξ,whereξis an independent and identically distributed sequence of random variables.We show asymptotic properties for all the moments of Z_(n) and describe the decay rates of the n-step transition probabilities.As applications,a large deviation principle for the sequence log Z_(n) is established,and related large deviations are also studied.

CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM AND CONVERGENCE RATES FOR A SUPERCRITICAL BRANCHING PROCESS WITH IMMIGRATION IN A RANDOM ENVIRONMENT

We are interested in the convergence rates of the submartingale Wn=Z_(n)/Π_(n)to its limit W,where(Π_(n))is the usually used norming sequence and(Z_(n))is a supercritical branching process with immigration(Y_(n))in a stationary and ergodic environmentξ.Under suitable conditions,we establish the following central limit theorems and results about the rates of convergence in probability or in law:(i)W-W_(n) with suitable normalization converges to the normal law N(0,1),and similar results also hold for W_(n+k)-W_(n) for each fixed k∈N^(*);(ii)for a branching process with immigration in a finite state random environment,if W_(1) has a finite exponential moment,then so does W,and the decay rate of P(|W-W_(n)|>ε)is supergeometric;(iii)there are normalizing constants an(ξ)(that we calculate explicitly)such that a_(n)(ξ)(W-W_(n))converges in law to a mixture of the Gaussian law.

Artificial substrates preference for proliferation and immigration in Aurelia aurita(s. l.) polyps

The increasing amounts of artificial marine substrates, in many parts of the world have been proposed as a potential driver of Aurelia spp. blooms, on account of providing extra habitats for the settlement and the proliferation of the benthic stage(polyps). Previous experiments have mainly focused on the substrate choices of Aurelia spp. planulae. However, substrate preferences for the proliferation and immigration of polyps have not been reported. We monitored the propagation and immigration of Aurelia aurita(s. l.) polyps on two natural and nine artificial substrates at constant temperature(20±0.5°C) and salinity(30±0.5) in beakers and a glass aquarium in the laboratory, respectively. The results showed that, among artificial substrates, the highest number for polyp proliferation and immigration was found on nets, rigid polyvinyl chloride plates(RPVC), and wood. The lowest density of polyps was present on iron plates. Among natural substrates, the asexual reproduction rate of polyps on Patinopecten yessoensis(Jay, 1857) shells was significantly higher than Azumapecten farreri(Jones & Preston, 1904). On the account of the distinction in the roughness, chemical properties and biofilms of these material surfaces, bare artificial or natural substrates discriminatively affect the proliferation and the immigration of Aurelia spp. polyps at laboratory. These observations suggest that, even in the natural environment, different materials and texture may influence the composition and the abundance of the fouling communities and the assemblages of polyps and, indirectly, have effects on the amounts of released medusae.

Optimal Control of an HIV/AIDS Epidemic Model with Infective Immigration and Behavioral Change

In order to find out the effect of human (sexual) behavior change and immigration in spreading the HIV/AIDS, a deterministic model of HIV/AIDS with infective immigration is formulated. First, basic properties of the model, including non-negativity and boundedness of the solutions, existence of the endemic equilibrium and the basic reproduction number, R0 are analyzed. The geometrical approach is used to obtain the global asymptotic stability of endemic equilibrium. Then the basic model is extended to include several control efforts aimed at reducing infection and changing behavior. Pontryagin’s maximum principle is used to derive the optimality system and solve the system numerically. Our numerical findings are illustrated through simulations using MATLAB, which shows reliability of our model from the practical point of view.

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.

Implementing deviation and effects of disaster-induced immigration policy:A case study of southern Shaanxi area

Immigration issue is one of the major problems in China today.The implementation of disasterinduced immigration policy is a significant contributor to effectively promote targeted measures of helping people in contiguous poor areas with particular difficulties to be out of poverty.Empirical investigation has been conducted to get a systematic grasp of the implementation deviation of massive disaster-induced immigration phenomenon in southern Shaanxi area.According to the survey,phenomenon of "immigrate the rich,while abandoning the poor,more houses with fewer immigrants,four moves and four drops,poor spot choosing and relaxed project management" demands improvement of execution ability.The implementation of such public policy has a large space to improve.Enough attention should be paid to the negative impact of such deviation,and only in this way can we live up to the desired objectives.

Structural constraints and its countermeasures to contiguous poor areas with particular difficulties: An case study on southern Shaanxi immigration project

Immigration relocation of the poor in rural areas is an effective targeted measure to help people out of poverty in the new normal. The structural constraints lie in the heavy pressure of land resources and environmental carrying capacity, high cost of immigration settlement and delayed counterpart funds, insufficient industrial support and difficulty in living-making. To realize the goal of targeted poverty alleviation, it demands determination and capability from the policy designer, as well the social basis. The effect imposed by the structural constraints to implementation of such policy should be paid adequate attention by public sectors. It is supposed to change the guiding direction of the policy timely and to relieve financial burden of immigration settlement and resource environmental bearing capacity through mechanism of joint efforts from internal and more external support.

The Effects of Religion on the Immigration Process in the USA： An Experiment

This paper seeks to present how people＇s attitudes change according to the religion of immigrants and how this affects the immigrants＇ citizenship process in the USA. In general, immigration is a controversial issue, for that reason people may conceal their real thoughts and have a tendency to give the socially accepted answers. For that reason, in this paper the list experiment method is used to get the real opinions of people. Results indicate that, people in fact conceal their real thoughts in response to direct survey questions. In addition, the results show that Americans are generally concerned about immigration. However, when it is compared to Muslim and Christian immigrants, people are more likely to support granting citizenship to a Christian immigrant compared to a Muslim immigrant. The other most important finding is that being against Muslim immigrants is considered more acceptable. In other words, people may feel pressure to say that they do not support Muslim immigration, for that reason when it is asked directly, some people （more than 10%） automatically say that they are against Muslim immigrants compared to the findings in the list experiment.

THE ERGODICITY FOR BI-IMMIGRATION BIRTH AND DEATH PROCESSES IN RANDOM ENVIRONMENT

The concepts of bi-immigration birth and death density matrix in random environment and bi-immigration birth and death process in random environment are introduced. For any bi-immigration birth and death matrix in random environment Q（θ） with birth rate λ 〈 death rate μ, the following results are proved, （1） there is an unique q-process in random environment, P^-（θ＊（0）;t） = （p^-（θ^＊（0）;t,i,j）,i,j ≥ 0）, which is ergodic, that is, lim t→∞（θ^＊（0）;t,i,j） = π^-（θ^＊（0）;j） ≥0 does not depend on i ≥ 0 and ∑j≥0π （θ＊（0）;j） = 1, （2） there is a bi-immigration birth and death process in random enjvironment （X^＊ = {X^＊,t ≥ 0},ε^＊ = {εt,t ∈ （-∞, ∞）}） with random transition matrix P^-（θ^＊ （0）;t） such that X^＊ is a strictly stationary process.

The New Chinese Immigrations in Laos Present-day

Laos was once unique in Southeast Asia for its remarkably small overseas Chinese communities. Most of them fled this country when the communist forces seized power in 1975. Since Laos opened its economy in 1986, the Chinese in Laos have been able to develop in many areas. Especially, the visit of Premier LI Peng to Vientiane in 1990 marked a turning point in China-Laos relations. Unlike Cambodia, the reawakening of a Chinese community in Laos did not come from the Huaqiao, this arose from a new cycle of immigrants, who started pouring into northern Laos in the late 1990s at an unprecedented scale. Compared with other Southeast Asian nations, the Chinese in Laos are less in number and weaker in economic power. In this study, we focus on （1） Analysis the ways of the new Chinese immigrants in Laos; （2） Assess the role of new Chinese immigrants in the process of China increasing their influence in Laos and how Laos response to this issue; and （3） The trend of new Chinese immigrants in Laos in the near future. Firstly, the rapid of Chinese investment to Laos in the last two decades is the most important factor driving the Chinese migrants into this country. The first new Chinese immigrants arrived in the mid-1990s as workers or technicians on road construction projects and as part of the industrial cooperation between Yunnan and the northern provinces of Laos. Since the 2000s, China has been pouring aid and investment into Laos. Chinese companies are involved in almost all areas of this country＇s economy, from hydropower to mining, agriculture, service, and hospitality. The increasing of Chinese exports, investment, aids and Chinese contracted project constructions in Laos led to mass Chinese immigrants going to Laos to work in all the economic sectors which the Chinese are involved in this country. Most of them chose to stay on and started their own businesses. Secondly, the wave of new Chinese immigrants in Laos helps Chinese government to relieve the pressure of solving jobs for their citizens. The semi-skilled and unskilled labor can go to Laos to work for the Chinese companies. Moreover, the outflow of petty traders has been prompted by the oversupply of certain goods in China as well as intense domestic competition. The investors also can find the better developing business opportunities. Although, the increasing of new Chinese immigrants make the local society change so much. Some Laotians feel cautious about the presence of so many Chinese people in Laos. Thirdly, with the increasing of Chinese＇s influence in Laos, especially in the economic, the position of the Chinese community in Laos will grow stronger in both quantity and economic and political status. Assessing the trend of increasing of new Chinese immigrations in Laos and the growth of the Chinese community are seen by the Laos government creating favorable conditions for China＇s investment, commercial activity, tourism activities, and cultural exchanges.

Framing Immigration in the Political and Public Agenda： The Role of Media Logic and News Hypes

In a commercialized and fragment media market where crisis and humanitarian interventions are big news that sells, how do politicians and the public respond to them？ Bearing in mind that immigration is a phenomenon with a growing presence in society and increasingly politicized, this paper explores an important and persistent question regarding the role of news media in affecting policy decisions, particularly during times of crisis （Paletz, 1998）, transference of the issue and the media frames occurs. Having taken into account the agenda building paradigm and the concept of flame （Entman, 1993; Snow ＆ Benford, 1988）, the topic of immigration is analyzed in the Spanish main newspapers （El Pais ＆ El Mundo） and in the political interventions （Parliamentary Debates）. In order to implement this extraction and framing analysis, the associative method is adopted. The assaults of Ceuta and Melilla （2005） and the Canarias crisis （2006） are taken as the cases of study. The findings of this research highlight that moments of humanitarian crisis and key newsworthy events related to African immigrants increase the media＇s power to introduce the issue of immigration and to have influence on the frames used in the political and public agenda.

Immigration to the US: The Insidious Health Risk Factor

US Latinos experience higher rates of obesity than their non-Latino counterparts. Factors associated with immigration, including length of residence in the United States, are associated with an increased risk of obesity. Latino community health workers (CHWs) work closely with communities, and are in an ideal position to provide insight on the underlying mechanisms of the Latino obesity epidemic. Focus groups were conducted with 15 CHWs and thematic analyses were performed to explore elements associated with obesity among Latino immigrants. Emergent themes included: reduction in physical activity due to less walkable spaces, more transportation options, and busier schedules in the United States. Interviewees also identified a sudden increase in access to unhealthy food and an abrupt reduction in access to, and affordability of, healthy food choices upon immigration. Culturally appropriate interventions to increase awareness of these factors and neutralize their effects among early Latino immigrants are recommended.

Immigration and Liberal Egalitarianism

My principal objective in this paper is to examine what position liberal egalitarians should take regarding the issue of immigration. Given that liberal egalitarians grant central importance to individual autonomy and the moral equality of all persons, their rejection of restrictive immigration policies appears to follow from these central normative commitments. Liberal egalitarians such as Joseph Carens and Phillip Cole have argued that those who are committed to individual autonomy and moral equality should advocate for an open borders position in immigration. I argue that it is a serious mistake for liberal egalitarians to advocate open national borders and that borders should instead be strategically regulated to reduce global economic inequalities through immigration policies systematically integrated into development programs for the poorest and most vulnerable countries. Open borders would create an open market for immigration slots to choice countries of destination, which out of practical necessity would have to delimit the number of new immigrants. It is well known in migration studies that those who are more educated, young, and have more resources are more likely to migrate than the very young, the elderly, the infirm, and the poorest individuals. Those left behind in developing countries suffer serious negative consequences from the emigration of the most highly educated, capable, and talented individuals in their society. I then argue that liberal egalitarians should grant particular moral consideration to the world＇s poorest and most vulnerable and that immigration policies strategically designed to prioritize their needs are actually more consistent with the dual commitments of individual autonomy and moral equality than an open borders position. I propose three principles of global justice that are consistent with liberal egalitarianism that should guide transnational moral obligations. I end the paper by arguing that two of these principles can be used to justify restricted immigration policies that would enable developed countries to partially discharge some of their moral obligations to developing countries while enhancing the autonomy of the world＇s most vulnerable people.

Conservative Immigration Reform and Illegal Immigrants

In 1996, Congress enacted Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 （IIRIRA）. Actually, it was a conservative legislation. It not only tightened border control but also strictly limited the public benefits about illegal immigration. Why Congress enacted serious immigration legislation in the 1990s？ Generally speaking, economic factor and politics played an important role in it. In derails, several reasons can account for its conservatism： （1） The first reason is that the increase number of illegal immigration led to the high cost of state governments, many state governments complained it; （2） The second reason is the influence of 187 Act which deported illegal immigration in primary and high school and it produced chain effect for other states; （3） The third reason is political election, including Congress election and president campaign. 187 Act greatly influenced GOP （Grand Old Party） and Congress, which was controlled by GOP, tended to take serious measures to contain illegal immigrants. Did IIRRA work？ In fact, it did not control illegal immigration. After 1990s, more and more illegal immigration entered into America and U.S, has become the nation with the most illegal immigrants in the world. Therefore, Congress should consider comprehensive immigration reform.

Why Do Immigration Policies Differ Between Japan and Korea

Foreign immigrants to South Korea are transforming the demographic map of the nation. Survey findings have revealed that the rapid influx of foreigners into South Korea since the year of 2000 has brought about a population increase that has surpassed initial government predictions. In contrast, Japan continues to restrict foreign nationals, in spite of sharp decreasing of national population. But why did such a difference in the respective policies of Japan and South Korea regarding foreign workers and immigration, and citizenship, suddenly come into existence after the year of 2000？ This paper addresses this single question, and answers to the question that the differences of political opportunity structures around immigration policies in these two countries matter. Firstly, in Japan, the business sectors which want to have more immigrants have difficulties in reestablishing the strong relations with ruling parties but South Korean business still keeps the smooth relations with conservative governments. Secondly, Japanese labor unions regard immigrants as a serious threat against their members＇ jobs, but immigrant issues are understood as one of the human rights issues against which unions have to work. Thirdly, anti-immigrants groups in Japan are given chances to bring their message through traditional media such as TVs, but the doors of traditional media are closed for the groups in South Korea.

Invasion or Construction-A Brief Introduction on Trump Immigration Policy in Higher Education Circles

The new immigration policies introduced by Trump administration have saturated the world's screens,which have gained a mixed reception from the higher education circles amid considerable controversy,exacerbating the plight of the brain drains,hurting the enthusiasm of those who have a strong desire to live in the USA,particularly the college leavers,and triggering a decline in the quality of education for foreign students,which could be a game-changer in the competition pattern of higher education and loom large.On this occasion,in matters of China,some more robust methodologies are to jump at the chance,attract qualified personnel and present some more aggressive human resources strategies.