Value of autopsy in the modern age:Discrepancy between clinical and autopsy diagnoses

BACKGROUND Autopsy is a medical procedure that consists of the examination of the corpse to determine the cause of death and obtain information on pathological conditions or injuries.In recent years,there has been a reduction in hospital autopsies and an increase in forensic autopsies.AIM To evaluate the utility of autopsy in the modern age and the discrepancy between clinical and autopsy diagnoses.METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted on the reports of all 645 hospital autopsies performed at Polyclinic of Bari from 2006 to 2021.RESULTS Group A,2006-2009,174 cases were studied:58%male,58%adults,55%neonatology;pulmonary disease was the cause of death in 23%of cases;and there was a discrepancy between clinical and autopsy diagnosis in 55%of cases.Group B,2010-2013,119 cases:52%male,46%infants,48%neonatology;pulmonary disease was the cause of death in 25%of cases;and there was a discrepancy between clinical and autopsy diagnosis in 56%of cases.Group C,2014-2017,168 cases:sex equality,37%infants,25%gynecology;pulmonary disease was the cause of death in 24%of cases;and there was a discrepancy between clinical and autopsy diagnosis in 58%of cases.Group D,2018-2021,184 cases:56%male,38%adult,32%gynecology;pulmonary disease was the cause of death in 27%of cases;and there was a discrepancy between clinical and autopsy diagnosis in 58%of cases.CONCLUSION The study of hospital autopsies reveals a 56.75%discrepancy between clinical diagnosis and autopsy,highlighting the importance of autopsies,especially for fetal and neonatal diseases,which represent 59%of cases.

Association between age at diagnosis of diabetes and ocular disease:Insights from a recent article

In this article,we discuss Ye et al's recent article on the association between age at diabetes diagnosis and subsequent risk of age-related ocular diseases.The study,which utilized United Kingdom Biobank data,highlighted a strong link between early diabetes onset and major eye conditions,such as cataracts,glaucoma,agerelated macular degeneration,and vision loss,independent of glycemic control and disease duration.This finding challenges the previous belief that diabetic eye disease primarily correlates with hyperglycemia.As lifestyles evolve and the age of diabetes diagnosis decreases,understanding this relationship may reveal the complex pathogenesis underlying diabetes-related complications.This editorial summarizes potential mechanisms connecting the age of diabetes onset with four types of ocular diseases,emphasizing the significance of early diagnosis.

Gut microbiota-astrocyte axis: new insights into age-related cognitive decline

With the rapidly aging human population,age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota,microbial metabolites,and the functions of astrocytes.The microbiota–gut–brain axis has been the focus of multiple studies and is closely associated with cognitive function.This article provides a comprehensive review of the specific changes that occur in the composition of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in older individuals and discusses how the aging of astrocytes and reactive astrocytosis are closely related to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.This article also summarizes the gut microbiota components that affect astrocyte function,mainly through the vagus nerve,immune responses,circadian rhythms,and microbial metabolites.Finally,this article summarizes the mechanism by which the gut microbiota–astrocyte axis plays a role in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.Our findings have revealed the critical role of the microbiota–astrocyte axis in age-related cognitive decline,aiding in a deeper understanding of potential gut microbiome-based adjuvant therapy strategies for this condition.

Pollen Assemblage Features of Modern Water Samples from the Shiyang River Drainage, Arid Region of China

Pollen analysis of 30 modem water samples from the Shivang River, an internal river system located between the Tengger and Badain Jaran deserts, Northwest China was carried out to examine the river's capacity to carry pollen and spores, and to assess the contribution of the water-borne pollen to pollen assemblages in lake sediments at the end of the river system. Results indicate the pollen assemblages in water samples consist of both local and upland pollen. Percentages of upland pollen reach 30% - 60%, and pollen assemblages in water samples do not indicate the nature of local vegetation at the sampling sites. Fluvial currents have the capacity to transport large quantities of pollen long distances, and the contribution of this fluvial transported pollen is relatively high, For example, percentages of Picea Dietr. pollen in water samples at sampling sites 130 km and 145 km away from Picea forests reach 16.5% and 7.7%, respectively. Fluvial pollen transport occurs primarily during flood periods, and pollen concentrations from the flood samples are 17.1 - 12.5 times those from normal fluvial flow. Reservoirs affect pollen transportation since pollen is deposited at reservoir inlets and pollen concentrations are much reduced at reservoir outlets. Human activity can thus change natural features of pollen transportation and deposition. The main factors influencing pollen concentrations and assemblages are sampling time, sampling location, and rainfall intensity.

Research on Beautiful Countryside Planning in Underdeveloped Areas from Perspective of Traditional and Modern Integration——a Case Study of Jiangjia Village, Jishui County, Jiangxi Province

In context of building beautiful countryside nationwide, underdeveloped areas are confronted by many problems, such as monotonous industry structure, simi- lar rural landscape and loss of characteristics. With a case of Jiangjia Village, Jishui County, Jiangxi Province, the research explored rural pattern, cultural characteristics, building style, development value and potential and analyzed regional cooperation, urban-rural integration, and planning first, from the perspectives of economy, culture and building in order to protect traditional economy and highlight local characteristics.

Artistic Classical Chinese Gardens and Construction of Poetic Images in Modern Landscape

With regard to the artistic features of classical Chinese gardens,its ubiquitous poetic scenery is represented through the aspects of spatial sequence,landscape layout,hill piling and waterways dredging,plant configuration,architecture creation as well as various elements in classical garden.Emphasis is given to the close relationship between it and the traditional Chinese poetry and drawing,as it is resulted from the cultural feature of artistic classical garden and as art-and conception-centered as poetry and drawing.The connotation of conception is also analyzed,that is,inter-dependence,imaginary-real design,and correlation.Moreover,reality-and conception-centered methods in classical Chinese gardens are also introduced along with other conception creating methods such as configuration,view borrowing,empathy and symbolism.On this basis,discussion about key elements in conception creation in modern landscape design is carried out while emphasizing the understanding of environment,practice,experience,and method,so as to demonstrate the sense of place and create spatial artistic beauty through wider means.

Evaluation Method and Mitigation Strategies for Shrinkage Cracking of Modern Concrete

The complex compositions and large shrinkage of concrete,as well as the strong constraints of the structures,often lead to prominent shrinkage cracking problems in modem concrete structures.This paper first introduces a multi-field(hydro-thermo-hygro-constraint)coupling model with the hydration degree of cementitious materials as the basic state parameter to estimate the shrinkage cracking risk of hardening concrete under coupling effects.Second,three new key technologies are illustrated:temperature rise inhibition,full-stage shrinkage compensation,and shrinkage reduction technologies.These technologies can efficiently reduce the thermal,autogenous,and drying shrinkages of concrete.There after,a design process based on the theoretical model and key technologies is proposed to control thecracking risk index below the threshold value.Finally,two engineering application examples are provided that demonstrate that concrete shrinkage cracking can be significantly mitigated by adopting the proposed methods and technologies.

θ-improved limited tolerance relation model of incomplete information system for evaluation of water conservancy project management modernization

The modernization of water conservancy project management is a complicated engineering system involving a management system, a management method, management personnel, the exertion of social, economic, and ecological effects, and so on. However, indices for evaluating the modernization of water conservancy project management are usually unobtainable in practical applications. Conducting appropriate extension of the classical rough set theory and then applying it to an incomplete information system are the key to the application of the rough set theory Based on analysis of some extended rough set models in incomplete information systems, a rough set model based on the θ-improved limited tolerance relation is put forward. At the same time, upper approximation and lower approximation are defined under this improved relation. According to the evaluation index system and management practices, the threshold for θ is defined. An example study indicates the practicability and maneuverability of the model.

Crustal growth history of the Korean Peninsula: Constraints from detrital zircon ages in modern river sediments

U-Pb analyses were carried out on detrital zircon grains from major river-mouth sediments draining South Korea to infer provenance characteristics and the crustal growth history of the southern Korean Peninsula, using a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer（LA-ICP-MS）. The Korean Peninsula is located in the East Asian continental margin and mainly comprises three Precambrian massifs and two metamorphic belts in between them. We obtained 515 concordant to slightly discordant zircon ages ranging from ca. 3566 to ca. 48 Ma. Regardless of river-mouth location, predominance of Mesozoic（249e79 Ma） and Paleoproterozoic（2491e1691 Ma） ages with subordinate Archean ages indicates that the zircon ages reflect present exposures of plutonic/metamorphic rocks in the drainage basins of the South Korean rivers and the crustal growth of the southern Korean Peninsula was focused in these two periods. Comparison of detrital zircon-age data between the North and South Korean river sediments reveals that the Paleoproterozoic zircon age distributions of both regions are nearly identical,while the Neoproterozoice Paleozoic ages exist and the Mesozoic ages are dominant in southern Korean Peninsula. This result suggests that Precambrian terrains in Korea record the similar pre-Mesozoic magmatic history and that the influence of Mesozoic magmatism was mainly focused in South Korea.

Modern Heritage Investigation and Conservation: A Case Study of Taiyanggou Block and Lvshun Industrial School Site

Modern buildings and blocks in open port city, which are an essential part of the urban context, possess unspoken values of material properties and cultural resources for the urban future. According to the investigation of Taiyanggou Block and Lvshun Industrial School Site in Lvshun (China), this paper aims to discuss the understanding and conservation of modern heritage. Firstly, it interprets the opening of modern Lvshun and the formation of Taiyanggou Block to provide the fundamental knowledge. After a brief introduction of Lvshun Industrial School Site, the paper analyzes the problems in conservation practice and proposes countermeasures on heritage management and reuse strategy. Finally, it indicates that to conserve modern heritage means to preserve and to enhance their integrated values of space and culture in the framework of local development.

Factors Associated with the Use of Modern Contraceptive Methods by Women of Childbearing Age in Parakou in 2017

As in other countries of West Africa, Benin has a low rate of MCM utilization. The factors which lead to this low rate of use vary from one country to another. Purpose: The purpose of this work was to determine the factors associated with the use of modern contraceptive method (MCM) by women of childbearing age (WCBA) in Parakou in 2017. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional and descriptive study with an analytical purpose among WCBA selected in households of the municipality of Parakou after a 2-degree cluster survey. Results: The WCBA’s average age was 29 ± 5.6 years old with extremes of 15 and 46 years. The modern contraceptive prevalence was 14.74%. Among WCBA, 57.14% had an average level of knowledge. The media were the main source of information (75.84%). Among them 34.39% never discussed the matter with their spouse;the latter were not in favor of contraception. The educational level, the perception of woman, the spouse’s favorable opinion, the discussion with the spouse, the level of knowledge of MCM and the knowledge of the existence of FP service were significantly associated with the use of MCM with p = 0.0000 after multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The level of MCM use still remains low. Any effort to increase the modern contraceptive prevalence should take into account its associated factors in order to optimize the use of MCM in the municipality of Parakou in 2017.

Improving Equipment Management and Meeting the Requirements of Establishing Modern Enterprise System

Establishing modem enterprise system is the orientation of the reform of state-owned enterprises. Based on the management experience in Shanxi Aluminium Plant, this paper indicates that it is necessary that enterprise equipment management must set up a series of modern management concepts, explore feasible philosophy for equipment management with enterprise characteristics, and establish a set of scientific equipment management operational system in order to meet the requirements of establishing modern enterprise system and to promote the development of state-owned enterprises.

A Study on the Reform and Further Development of "Chongzhou Mode" Based on the Perspective of Modern Enterprise Management

At present,the domestic agriculture is facing challenges.Farmers' income is relatively low,and more and more rural young workers are divorced from the countryside to work in the relatively developed areas,which makes agricultural development caught in a vicious circle,so it is difficult to rationally allocate resources and increase industrial vitality.However,the new agricultural system of " Chongzhou Mode" has emerged to indicate a macro direction of agricultural development.In this paper,with " Chongzhou Mode" as the object of study,from the perspective of modern enterprise management,we elaborate some features of this mode such as corporate governance,land transfer cost internalization and human-based management,and explore the role of this mode in promoting employment,Internet +,and reducing market information asymmetry.Finally,we set forth the corresponding

Modern Spontaneous Evolution and Research Value of Construction System of Tibetan Dwellings in Aba County: A Case Study of Tieqiong Village in Waerma Town

Based on the field survey of dwellings in Tieqiong Village of Waerma Town in Aba County, northwest Tibetan area of Sichuan Province, this paper firstly introduced main characteristics of the construction system in the structure, materials and structural system, and analyzed changes in construction practices of various dwellings from traditional to modern time. Finally, it summarized characteristics of spontaneous evolution and research value of the construction system of dwellings in the northwest Tibetan area of Sichuan Province, with rammed earth wooden dwellings in upper and middle Aba areas as representatives.

Modern Family Planning Utilization and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Reproductive Age Women in Debre Markos Referral Hospital Northwest Ethiopia, 2014 G.C.

The study was conducted to find out modern family planning utilization and associated factor among HIV positive reproductive age women attending anti retroviral treatment care in Debremarkos referral hospital, in Ethiopia. Institution based cross-sectional study was carried out. Three hundred thirty five HIV positive reproductive age women were selected using systematic random sampling methods. Data were collected and analyzed. About 47.9% HIV positive reproductive age women are currently using modern family planning methods. Level of education has significant effect on utilization of modern family planning methods. Women with primary education and secondary education and above are utilizing modern family planning methods 2.71 times and 6.91 times more from non educated women, respectively. Number of children has also effect in utilization of modern family planning methods. Those who have one child and two and more children are utilizing modern family planning methods 5.31 and 11.66 times more than those who do not have children, respectively. Utilization of modern family planning methods was low and the most commonly used methods were condom and inject able contraceptives. In order to enhance utilization of modern family planning methods for HIV positive women, family planning services must be integrated with anti retro viral treatment care and support service sites and women’s educational status must be improved.

Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Use among Women of Reproductive Age in Tanzania: Evidence from Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey Data

Introduction: Tanzania is among of the African countries with high maternal and child mortality rates and fast growing population. It also has high fertility rate and a huge unmet need for family planning. Contraceptive use reported to avert more than 1 million maternal deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa due to decline in fertility rate and thus help to achieve MDG 4 and 5. Therefore, this study aimed to determine factors influencing modern contraceptive use among women aged 15 - 49 years in Tanzania. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of Tanzania Demographic Health Survey (TDHS), 2010. A total of 475 clusters (urban and rural) composed of 9663 households were selected. During the survey, a total of 10,139 women aged 15 - 49 years were interviewed about sexual and reproductive matters using a standardized questionnaire. We restricted our analysis to married/cohabiting women (n = 6412) responded for in individual records and domestic violence (n = 4471). Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed using Stata version 11.0. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for determinants of modern contraceptive use were estimated. A P value of 5% (2 tails) was considered statistically significant. Results: Women empowerment (OR = 1.4;95% CI: 1.13 - 1.63), male-female age difference of less or equal to nine (OR = 1.6;95 CI: 1.01 - 2.66), and advice given at health care facilities on family planning (OR = 1.6;95 CI: 1.37 - 1.96) were predictors of modern contraceptive use. Woman sexual violence was not associated with modern contraceptive use. Conclusions: The predictors of modern contraceptive use in our study correspond with previous studies in low and middle income countries. Women empowerment, male-female age difference, and child desire were important predictors for modern contraceptive use. This highlights the need to promote contraceptive use among women of reproductive age.

Prevalence and Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Methods Use among Women of Reproductive Age (15 - 49 Years) in Rural Setting: A Case of Kishapu District, Shinyanga Region

Background: Modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age (15 - 49 years) is a public health priority in Tanzania. The national prevalence remains unacceptably low as 32%. Shinyanga region is one among the regions with lowest contraceptive prevalence rate (21%) and high unmet need for family planning (23%). Understanding factors contributing to its use may help to improve maternal and child health. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kishapu district of Shinyanga region: A total of 602 women aged 15 - 49 years were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20.0. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for factors associated with use of modern contraceptives were estimated in multivariable logistic regression models. Results: The prevalence of modern contraceptive use was 42.7%. Being employed (OR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.13 - 5.18), formal educational level (OR 2.45, 95% CI: 1.38 - 4.35), couples communication (OR 2.44, 95% CI: 1.74 - 3.42) and availability of modern contraceptives (OR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.17 - 3.20) were significantly associated with current use of modern contraceptives. Husband disapproval was frequently reported as barrier for modern contraceptives in the study area. Conclusions: Numerous factors were associated with use of modern contraceptives. Husband disapproval was frequently reported as barrier for contraceptive use. Strategies to promote the importance of modern contraceptives use in the study area are warranted. District health office and concerned stakeholders should encourage male involvement for family planning.

Modern Contraceptive Use among Orthodox Christian and Muslim Women of Reproductive Age Group in Bahir Dar City, North West Ethiopia: Comparative Cross Sectional Study

Background: Mothers are dying as a result of abortion associated with preventable unintended pregnancy. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of Modern contraceptive use and associated factors among Muslim and orthodox Christian women of reproductive age group in Bahir Dar city. Methods: Comparative Cross-sectional study was carried out on 504 participants selected through Simple random sampling technique from the list of households. Data were collected through a pretested interviewer administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed using logistic regression model to determine odds ratio as a measure of strength off association. Result: The prevalence of modern contraceptive use was higher among Orthodox Christian women by 0.28: 95% for the difference (0.19, 0.36). While 63.9% orthodox Christian women were using modern contraceptives only 36.1% of Muslim women were using Modern contraceptive. Age, Religiosity and education level were found to have a statistical association for modern contraceptive use in Both Orthodox Christian and Muslim women (p value < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of modern contraceptive use among Muslim women was found to significantly lower than that in Orthodox Christian. Recommendation: More efforts should be done to increase the number of Modern Contraceptive users, by focusing on awareness creation on Modern contraceptives with special emphasis on Muslims.

Awareness and Factors Associated with Postpartum Modern Contraceptives Use among Women of Reproductive Age in Bukombe District, Geita Region

Introduction: Pregnancies that occur during the first year postpartum are more likely to be unplanned. This leads to an increased risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. However, modern contraceptive use during this period helps to reduce unplanned pregnancies and its associated adverse outcomes. There is scant data on postpartum contraceptives in pastoral communities in Tanzania. This study aimed to assess awareness and factors associated with postpartum modern contraceptives use among women of reproductive age in Bukombe District, Geita Region. Method: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in a predominant pastoral community of Bukombe district in Geita region in north-western Tanzania from May-June 2018. A total of 511 postpartum women who were in their first year after child birth were studied. A multistage sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent predictors of postpartum modern contraceptive use. Results: Most (97.3%) of the participants were aware about modern contraceptives. The prevalence of postpartum modern contraceptive use was 11.9%. The most frequent used contraceptive method was Implant 6.5%. Majority (75%) of women started to use the contraceptive at the first three months after delivery. Living in urban (AOR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.20 - 3.79), business women’s (AOR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.31 - 2.28), having last born aged 3 - 4 months (AOR = 3.30, 95% CI: 1.11 - 9.85) and menses resumption (AOR = 9.23, 95% CI: 3.60 - 23.72) were associated with postpartum modern contraceptive use. Fear of side effects, poor knowledge about contraceptives, husband restrictions, distance to health facility and availability of contraceptive were the barriers for use of contraceptive use. Conclusion: We found low uptake of postpartum modern contraceptive use in this population. Numerous factors were associated with modern contraceptive use. Therefore, health communication targeting this group is warranted to improve modern contraceptive uptake.

Age-specific differences in the association between prediabetes and cardiovascular diseases in China:A national cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease(CVD)is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide,the global burden of which is rising.It is still unclear the extent to which prediabetes contributes to the risk of CVD in various age brackets among adults.To develop a focused screening plan and treatment for Chinese adults with prediabetes,it is crucial to identify variations in the connection between prediabetes and the risk of CVD based on age.AIM To examine the clinical features of prediabetes and identify risk factors for CVD in different age groups in China.METHODS The cross-sectional study involved a total of 46239 participants from June 2007 through May 2008.A thorough evaluation was conducted.Individuals with prediabetes were categorized into two groups based on age.Chinese atherosclerotic CVD risk prediction model was employed to evaluate the risk of developing CVD over 10 years.Random forest was established in both age groups.SHapley Additive exPlanation method prioritized the importance of features from the perspective of assessment contribution.RESULTS In total,6948 people were diagnosed with prediabetes in this study.In prediabetes,prevalences of CVD were 5(0.29%)in the younger group and 148(2.85%)in the older group.Overall,11.11%of the younger group and 29.59% of the older group were intermediate/high-risk of CVD for prediabetes without CVD based on the Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China equation in ten years.In the younger age group,the 10-year risk of CVD was found to be more closely linked to family history of CVD rather than lifestyle,whereas in the older age group,resident status was more closely linked.CONCLUSION The susceptibility to CVD is age-specific in newly diagnosed prediabetes.It is necessary to develop targeted approaches for the prevention and management of CVD in adults across various age brackets.