Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human Papillomavirus in Burkina Faso

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most widespread sexually transmitted infection in the world. Today, there is growing evidence that HPV can be transmitted early in life, and one potential route is mother-to-child transmission. Data on this route of HPV transmission are scarce in Africa and particularly in Burkina Faso, where no data on the subject are yet available. The aim of our study was to estimate the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HPV infection and to identify circulating genotypes. Methodology: Cervico-uterine samples were collected from 100 full-term pregnant women and, buccal samples were obtained from their newborns at Hopital Saint Camille de Ouagadougou (HOSCO) by the specialist physician. HPV DNA amplification and genotyping were performed by PCR followed by hybridization using the HPV Direct Flow Chips kit, detecting 36 genotypes including 18 high-risk and 18 low-risk. Results: The prevalence of HPV in newborns was 8% (8/100). Six (6) HPV-positive neonates had HPV-positive mothers, while 2 HPV-positive neonates had HPV-negative mothers. The vertical transmission rate was 26.09% (6/23). Mother-newborn genotypes were concordant. However, the genotype profile of the newborns was more restricted than that of the mothers. Conclusion: HPV DNA was found in 8% of newborns in our study. The genotype profile of the mother-newborn pair was concordant. Asymptomatic HPV infection in a pregnant woman could constitute a risk factor for vertical transmission.

Evolution of Mother-to-Child HIV-1 Transmission Rate in Mali from 2009 to 2018

Despite enormous efforts to achieve the goal of eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, it remains a major challenge for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Mali. Our objective is to assess changes in the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. We conducted a cross-sectional study between January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2018 (10 years) of early diagnosis activity in newborns and children born to HIV-1-positive mothers at the National Institute for Public Health (INSP). The samples came from health and referral centers in mali. All samples were received at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the INSP. Proviral DNA extraction was performed from a blood spot sample with a Roche DNA kit, Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 qualitative Test, V2.0 (Roche Molecular System, Inc, USA) following the company procedures. Molecular diagnosis was performed using the same kits using an algorithm of three identical PCRs. The Epi Info version 7 software was used for data analysis with a significance threshold of 5%. A total of 10,714 samples of infants and children born to HIV-positive mothers were analyzed by PCR. Ninety-six percent of mothers were on ARV prophylaxis (AZT 3TC NVP and AZT NVP) and 60% of newborns received the same ARV prophylaxis. Of these children, 956 tested positive with an overall transmission rate of 8.92%, varying between 7.27% in 2009 and 08.01% in 2018. This rate was relatively low among children receiving prophylaxis at 2.04% and remained high for children who received breastfeeding at 5.62%. However, the transmission rate remains low for those who have benefited from mixed and artificial breastfeeding at 1.58% and 1.27% respectively. A significant proportion of children remained infected by their mothers during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. This study shows the importance of early diagnosis of HIV in children using molecular technology.

Development and Evaluation of 3D Delivery Animation Software Designed to Improve the Mother’s and Spouse’s Satisfaction with Delivery

Purpose: To clarify the effectiveness of 3-D delivery animation software for the mother’s and husband’s satisfaction with delivery. Subjects and Method: We independently developed a software application used to display the pelvic region and explain the labor process. The study involved a collaboration with hospital staff who recruited 18 primiparous and 18 multiparous mothers who were hospitalized for delivery at Facility A. The midwife explained the process of delivery using the “Delivery Animation Software”. A self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was distributed and analyzed separately for primiparous and multiparous mothers and their husbands. Results: 1) For both primiparous and multiparous couples, both mothers and their husbands gained a significantly higher level of understanding after delivery than during pregnancy. 2) The Self-Evaluation Scale for Experience of Delivery results were as follows: “I did my best for the baby even if it was painful” was selected more often for “birth coping skills”;“reliable medical staff” was selected more often for “physiological birth process”;“the birth progressed as I expected” was selected frequently by primiparous mothers;and “the birth progressed smoothly” was selected often by multiparous mothers. 3) In terms of husbands’ satisfaction with the delivery, “I was satisfied with the delivery”, “I was given an easy-to-understand explanation”, and “They explained the process to me” was selected of primiparous and multiparous fathers. 4) All primiparous and multiparous mothers positively evaluated whether the delivery animation was helpful in understanding the process of delivery. Conclusion: The delivery animation was effective in improving the understanding and satisfaction of both the mothers and their husbands.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndromes at the Mother-Child University Hospital Luxembourg in Bamako

Introduction: Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency. Objective: Studying the feasibility, difficulties and results of coronary angioplasty in acute coronary syndromes at the Luxembourg Mother-Child University Hospital in Bamako. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive study with prospective recruitment over 18 months from September 2020 to February 2022. All patients aged at least 18 years old admitted for SCA and having undergone PCI during the study period were included. Result: We collected 249 patients for SCA, of whom 160 underwent angioplasty, either an angioplasty/SCA ratio of 0.64. The average age of the patients was 59.54 ± 11.62 with extremes of 32 and 92 years. The age group of 45 to 65 years was the most representative. The predominance was male, sex ratio of 2.4. The main cardiovascular risk factors were high blood pressure (58.23%) and diabetes (45.78%). Persistent ST-segment elevation on the electrocardiogram was present in 71.48%. The treatment time was more than 12 hours after the first medical contact in 95.5%. The approach was radial in 96.5% of cases. Coronarography was pathological in 91.16% of our patients. The lesions were tri-truncular in 34.13% with the anterior inter ventricular as culprit artery in 72% of cases. The majority of patients (64%) had undergone angioplasty with implantation of an active stent. Angioplasty was performed successfully in 98% and per procedural mortality was 1.87%. Only 6.45% of ACS with ST elevation benefited from primary angioplasty. Conclusion: Percutaneous coronary intervention is performed routinely in our center with satisfactory results. Difficulties exist, related to the diagnostic delay of ACS and the high cost of angioplasty.

Effect of a Nutrition Education Intervention on Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers of Children under 5 Years in the Peri-Urban Areas of Bobo-Dioulasso: Before and after Study

Background: This study assessed the effect of a nutrition education intervention. This intervention aimed to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers on food safety in the peri-urban areas of Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso. Methods: A total of 243 mothers of children under 5 years in the peri-urban of Bobo-Dioulasso were administered the FAO questionnaire for food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices assessment during two cross-sectional surveys, before and after the intervention, in January and October 2017. The intervention included two components consisting of a theoretical phase (counselling and discussion) and cooking demonstrations implemented for ten months. To account for the before-and-after design of the study, the McNemar’s test was used to assess the effect of the intervention on food safety KAP of mothers of children under 5 years. Results: The mean age of mothers was 29 ± 6.2 years and 50.6% of them were between 20 and 29 years old. One for knowledge (cooking thoroughly with, p-value = 0.0001) and another for attitudes (perceived benefits of reheating leftovers before eating them, p-value = 0.0001), significantly increased after the intervention. In terms of food safety practices, all the indicators (cleaning of dirty surfaces, plates and utensils and storage of perishable foods) significantly increased (all p = 0.0001 Conclusion: This study provided some evidence of an effective nutrition education intervention for improving maternal KAP on food safety for their child’s feeding.

Experiences of Mothers on the Utilization of Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Services at Mtendere Clinic, Lusaka

Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is one of the leading causes of mortality among women of reproductive age and Mother to Child Transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus is still a challenge affecting many countries. Globally, an estimation of 180,000 children under 15 years acquire the Human immunodeficiency virus every day, and more than 90% of those infections are due to Mother to Child Transmission. The study sought to explore the experiences of mothers on the Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission-HIV services at Mtendere Clinic, Lusaka. Materials and Methods: Qualitative interpretive phenomenology study design was employed using in-depth interviews to collect data from a sample that was selected using purposive sampling technique. Thirteen participants were recruited, and these were HIV-positive mothers at least between the ages of 15 and 49 years and enrolled in the Elimination of Mother To Child Transmission-HIV program. The in-depth interviews were audiotape recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed using thematic method. Findings: Three main themes that emerged are;living with HIV, support system and barriers to utilization of Elimination of Mother To Child Transmission-HIV services. Most of the participants expressed having acquired knowledge from the program, and received counselling and support from spouses, family as well as health personnel at Mtendere health facility which culminated into a positive experience and enhanced their uptake of the Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission-HIV services. However, barriers to service utilization were identified and these included fear of stigma, negative attitudes from health workers, long waiting times, lack of support and lack of transport to the health facility. Conclusion: Interventions such as community awareness campaigns on Elimination of Mother To Child Transmission-HIV, male involvement and implementing mother-to-mother peer support strategies in Elimination of Mother To Child Transmission-HIV service utilization should be prioritized so as to alleviate stigma and enhancing a positive experience for these mothers thus reducing on the Mother to Child HIV Transmission burden and mortality rates.

Acceptability of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) by Mothers with Low-Birth-Weight Babies at Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital, in Ndola, Zambia

Background: Kangaroo Mother Care is a simple safe method used to care for low-birth-weight babies. Low-birth-weight is a global public health issue that pose significant challenge to perinatal care systems. Globally, complications due to low-birth-weight are the leading cause of neonatal mortality, resulting in an estimated 1 million deaths annually. Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is a low-cost method of care for low-birth-weight infants in areas with inadequate incubators and power outages with positive outcomes. Objectives: To assess factors influencing acceptability of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) in NICU at Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital in Ndola, Zambia. Methodology: A cross sectional quantitative analytical study design was used. The study was conducted at Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital (ADCH) in Ndola, Zambia. The purposive sampling method was used to select the study participants and a total of 129 mothers with Low Weight Babies A were selected to participate structured closed ended questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants using an interview. Data was analyzed using a Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software version 26. Cross tabulations were done to determine association of variables using a Chi square (x2) test at 95% confidence interval and were assumptions where not met, fishers exact test was used. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was used to quantify the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Results: Most of the respondents had male babies 77%, 69% of the babies weighed 1000 g - 1400 g, majority 79% had normal delivery, 71% of the respondents were multigravida and most of the respondents 79% were married. The study reviewed that 85% of those who attained secondary education accepted KMC, 74% of the respondents without monthly income accepted KMC, 80% of the respondents had positive attitude and accepted KMC. 82% of the respondents who had positive perception accepted KMC. Conclusion: Acceptance of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) among 75% of the mothers underscores its widespread favourability as a beneficial method for infant care.

固相法合成钴掺杂锰系锂离子筛的吸附性能

随着5G/6G通信、新能源汽车、锂电池产业的快速发展,近年来对锂化合物(尤其是Li_(2)CO_(3))的需求急剧增加,许多国家将锂视为战略矿产资源.目前从锂沉淀母液中提取锂受到了极大的关注.锰系离子筛(LMO)是一种具有广泛应用前景的吸附剂,可实现复杂溶液中锂的高效回收.但LMO在酸洗解吸过程中存在锰溶损严重的难题,会降低吸附性能和循环性能.针对上述问题,本研究提出引入Co^(3+)掺杂降低LMO锰溶解损失的策略,制备了钴掺杂锰系离子筛(LCMO).采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对不同煅烧温度和焙烧时间下制备的LCMO进行表征分析.表征结果表明,Co掺杂对LMO的尖晶石结构没有影响,并且Co最佳掺杂摩尔分数为5%,此时离子筛前驱体中Mn^(3+)的原子分数从未掺杂的9.67%降低到3.63%,对应的锂吸附容量从39.299 mg·g^(-1)显著增加到41.708 mg·g^(-1),锰溶损也从1.288%显著降低至0.837%,大大地增加了锰系离子筛的实际应用可能性.制备的摩尔分数为5%Co掺杂的离子筛(LCMO-5%)具有良好的循环性能,Li^(+)的吸附能力在5次循环后仍然保持在81%以上.在模拟的锂沉淀母液中,Li/Na和Li/K之间的分离系数分别为74.655和64.547,这证明了LCMO-5%能有效地从高Na^(+)、K^(+)溶液中吸附分离Li^(+).因此,LCMO-5%离子筛具有从锂沉淀母液中提取Li+的应用前景.

日本创业板市场退市监管机制及其绩效研究——以MOTHERS市场为例

创业板是风险企业和创业企业融资的重要平台,其退市制度的设立和实施对该市场的发展意义重大。通过对日本MOTHERS市场退市制度进行研究,发现其具有如下特点:首先,日本采取"直接退市"制度避免了对壳资源的炒作;其次,创业板上市公司退市的相关条款中,"市场标准"多于"财务标准";再次,虽然MOTHERS目前成交金额处于低位,但MOTHERS退市制度并未就此放松。

The Negative Transfer of Mother Tongue in Vocabulary of Non-English Majors in Vocational Colleges

The transfer of mother tongue has always been influencing students in second language acquisition.This paper attempts to analyze the negative transfer in vocabulary of non-English majors in vocational colleges and briefly proposes some strategies to reduce the negative transfer of mother tongue.

一部挑战翻译理论传统原则的学术新作——读Challenging the Traditional Axioms: Translation into a Non-Mother Tongue一书

翻译研究界一般认为译者只能译为其母语,即译者只能进行直接翻译,而译为非母语即逆向翻译则饱受责难。在Challenging the Traditional Axioms:Translation into a Non-Mother Tongue一书中,作者博康以理论分析、语料分析与问卷调查的方式,挑战了"译者只能译为其母语"的传统观念,指出这种观念所赖以生存的"母语"与"本族语者"两个概念的不客观性与非确定性,梳理了翻译理论中与逆向翻译相关的种种观点。此外,博康运用语料分析与问卷调查的方法,指出翻译界种种传统假定的片面性,并论证了"译为非母语"的可行性。

A Study of the Relationship between L2 Proficiency and Mother-tongue-reliance Strategies

By investigating the types of 371 non-English major freshmen's use of mother-tongue-reliance strategies in English languagelearning,the study showed that students' use of mother-tongue-reliance strategies would vary significantly with their different L2 profi-ciency.And it was negatively correlated with L2 proficiency.And the study discussed the implications to guide English language teach-ing and learning.

A Brief Introduction to the Impact of the Negative Transfer of Mother Tongue on International Business Letter Writing and Countermeasures

Due to the impact of the negative transfer of mother tongue,students often think in their mother tongue when they write international business letters.Consequently,they may have difficulties communicating with the intended customers.In a bid to improve students'skills in international business letter writing,this article analyzes the impact of the negative transfer from three aspects:the word order in English,the position of modifiers and the use of conjunctions.

Hester Prynne:Contradictions and Mother's Role

Hester Prynne,heroine of Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter,seems idealized by the narrator,yet in her attitudes and behaviors there are some contradictions that need a further study.Her role as a mother plays a vital part in all the contradictions,bringing the figure to life from the sacred shrine made for her by the narrator.To understand the significance of Hester's mother's role in her contradictions will reveal a character more human to the reader.

Analysis of the Chinese Maternal Love in The Joy Luck Club from the Mother-Daughter Relationship

Amy Tan is one of the most highly acclaimed writers of the contemporary Chinese American literature.(1989) The Joy Luck Club is her the first novel.It tells the relationship between four Chinese women and their Chinese-American daughters.Based on the analysis of the relationship between mother and daughter,this paper interprets the Chinese maternal love which hides in the cross-cultural context,and speaks highly of the greatness and preciousness Chinese maternal love.

English Phonetics Problems under the Chinese Mother-tongue and Dialect Cultures and its Countermeasures

Many people do believe that the pronunciation just related to the phonetic transcription, if we can master it, then we have good pronunciation. However, during the process of language study, we can found that the phonetics is affected by many factors. The consonants problems or vowels problems or during the process of learning, their phonetics is also affected by their mother tongue and local dialect.

Hepatitis B Immunoprophylactic Failure and Characteristics of the Hepatitis B Virus Gene in Mother-Infant Pairs in Parts of China

Objective To determine the hepatitis B immunoprophylactic failure rate in infants born to hepatitis B virus （HBV） infected mothers and to characterize HBV genes. Methods HBV-serological testing was conducted for pregnant women and infants. The complete genomes of 30 HBV isolates were sequenced, and genetic characteristics were analyzed using MEGA 5 software. Results The immunoprophylactic failure rate for infants who had completed the scheduled hepatitis B vaccination program was 5.76% （32/556）. High sequence homology （99.8%-100%） was observed in 8 of the 10 mother-infant pairs. We identified 19 subgenotype C2 strains, 9 subgenotype B2 strains, and 2 subgenotype Cl strains. Three serotypes were detected： adr （19/30）, adw （9/30）, and ayw （2/30）. The frequency of amino acid mutation of the ＇a＇ determinant region was 16.67% （5/30）, including that of Q129H, F134Y,S136Y, and G145E. We detected 67 amino acid mutations in the basal core promoter, precore, and core regions of the genome. Conclusion The immunoprophylactic failure rate in infants born to HBV-infected mothers is low in the regions of China examined during this study. Moreover, HBV mutation in the ＇a＇ determinant region could not account for immunoprophylactic failure for all infants.

Relationship between the different replication status of HBV and mutations in the core promoter in mothers and their children infected via mother-to-infant transmission

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the different replication status of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and mutations in the core promoter (CP) in mother and her child infected by mother-to-infant transmission. METHODS: The core promoter was amplified by PCR and cloned into pGEM-T vector with the T-A choning technique. The recombinant plasmid pGEM-CP was confirmed by digestion with restriction enzyme Apa I and Sac I. Two clones were selected to be sequenced in each patient. RESULTS: Every pair of mother and child had same serotype and genotype and the homology of nucleotides encoding 'a' determinant was 98%-100%. The number of mutations in the core promoter of patients with a high replication status was less than that in those with a low replication status. Mutations were mainly distributed in basia core promoter (BCP) and the inbibitor region of Kunitz-type serine protease. This difference was not associated with mother or child. CONCLUSION: The different replication status of HBV is caused by mutations in the core promoter in mother and child infected hy mother-to-infant transmission and appears to be not associated with the status of development of the infection.

Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of HIV Mother to Child Transmission in China

Objective to explore dynamic characteristics of the HIV mother to child transmission （MTCT） epidemic in China.Methods A deterministic dynamic transmission model was used to determine the effect of key parameters on the likely long-term trends of the HIV MTCT epidemic in China.Matlab 7.0 was used to develop the model.Results The number of the susceptibles （S）,the transmission rate （β）,and the screening proportion （α） of HIV positive pregnant women have the greatest impact on the HIV MTCT epidemic in China.The growth of the MTCT epidemic in China could not be controlled only by decreasing the MTCT transmission rate.The prevalence of HIV positive women should be reduced and more pregnant women should be tested for HIV.Conclusion Prevention of MTCT （PMTCT） should focus not only on the reduction of HIV transmission rates and incidences of HIV among women but also on the increase of HIV testing for pregnant women.The most cost-effective PMTCT means for China should be investigated in future studies.