Effects of positive psychological control intervention on sleep and psychology of officers and soldiers working at sea

BACKGROUND The working environment of submarine crews is also very special.They are in a closed,high-temperature,high-noise,high-vibration and narrow working and living space for a long time,and they suffer from physical discomfort caused by seasickness,which will affect the mental health of officers and soldiers.American psychologists have achieved positive results in psychological resilience training for officers and soldiers from the perspective of positive psychology.At present,there are few reports on the correlation between psychological resilience in the field of domestic research on submarine crew psychology,and it is necessary to conduct further research.METHODS A total of 121 soldiers working in a confined space of a large ship were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group.The 50 soldiers in the experimental group were given a training course intervention,while the 71 soldiers in the control group did not receive any intervention measures.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,Psychological Resilience Scale,military Psycho-logical Stress Self-Assessment Questionnaire,and General Self-Efficacy Scale scores were compared before and 6 months after the intervention.RESULTS Under the positive psychological control intervention,except for sleep efficiency(P=0.05),the difference between the remaining dimensions of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores and the total scores of the experimental group compared with the control group was statistically significant(P<0.05);the assessment of the psychological condition showed that,in addition to the Psychological Stress Self-assessment Questionnaire for Military Personnel scores(P=0.05),the scores of the Mental Toughness Scale(Dispositional Resilience Scale Resilience II)in the experimental group,General Self-Efficacy Scale scores were statistically significant(P<0.05)compared to pre-intervention.CONCLUSION Positive psychological intervention and control can improve the sleep state and psychological state of officers and soldiers working in confined space at sea.

Syncope as a health risk for soldiers: Influence of medical history and clinical findings on the sensitivity of head-up tilt table testing

Background: Syncope is a relevant health problem in military environments. Reliable diagnosis is challenging. Tilt table testing is an important tool for syncope diagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether signs such as prodromal symptoms, co-morbidity, frequency of syncopal events, body length, body mass index, and electrocardiography(ECG) abnormalities can be used to predict the success of tilt table testing at diagnosing syncope.Methods: Data from 100 patients with histories of syncope or pre-syncope, who were diagnosed using head-up tilt table testing, were retrospectively analyzed in a cross-sectional analysis. The diagnostic procedure was based upon a modified version of the Westminster protocol without any pharmacological provocation. Results: Patients showing pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing suffered from prodromal symptoms, such as dizziness and sweating, significantly more often. The patients reported more injuries resulting from syncopal events and more previous syncopal events, and the prevalence of co-morbidity was greater among patients presenting negative findings during tilt testing. An asthenic-leptosomal physique was not confirmed as a risk factor for syncopal events as is the case for idiopathic arterial hypotension. However, patients with pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing were significantly taller. This finding was detected for both females and males. No significant predictors were found in the ECG patterns of patients showing syncope during tilt table testing.Conclusions: Frequency of prior syncope and prodromal symptoms, and increased body length with an otherwise good state of health influence the predictive value of tilt table testing for syncope diagnosis. In particular, if these factors are present, tilt table testing should be considered part of the diagnostic algorithm for soldiers with recurrent syncope.

Syncope as a health risk for soldiers-influence of medical history and clinical findings on the sensitivity of head-up tilt table testing

Background:Syncope is a relevant health problem in military environments.Reliable diagnosis is challenging.Tilt table testing is an important tool for syncope diagnosis.The aim of this study was to determine whether signs such as prodromal symptoms,co-morbidity,frequency of syncopal events,body length,body mass index,and electrocardiography abnormalities can be used to predict the success of tilt table testing at diagnosing syncope.Methods:Data from 100 patients with histories of syncope or pre-syncope,who were diagnosed using head-up tilt table testing,were retrospectively analyzed in a cross-sectional analysis.The diagnostic procedure was based upon a modified version of the Westminster protocol without any pharmacological provocation.Results:Patients showing pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing suffered from prodromal symptoms,such as dizziness and sweating,significantly more often.The patients reported more injuries resulting from syncopal events and more previous syncopal events,and the prevalence of co-morbidity was greater among patients presenting negative findings during tilt testing.An asthenic-leptosomal physique was not confirmed as a risk factor for syncopal events as is the case for idiopathic arterial hypotension.However,patients with pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing were significantly taller.This finding was detected for both females and males.No significant predictors were found in the electrocardiogram patterns of patients showing syncope during tilt table testing.Conclusions:Frequency of prior syncope and prodromal symptoms,and increased body length with an otherwise good state of health influence the predictive value of tilt table testing for syncope diagnosis.In particular,if these factors are present,tilt table testing should be considered part of the diagnostic algorithm for soldiers with recurrent syncope.

Unilateral foveomacular retinitis resembling solar retinopathy among young soldiers in Korean army and associated multimodal imaging findings

AIM: To describe the clinical features and multimodal images of unilateral foveomacular retinitis in young Korean soldiers. METHODS: Ten patients having foveomacular retinitis were included. Fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence(FAF), infrared reflectance(IR), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT) were analyzed.RESULTS: All patients were young males experienced insidious visual decline without exposure to bright light. Initial and final vision ranged from hand movement to 20/20(median 20/200) and 20/2000 to 20/20(median 20/500), respectively. Vision decreased in 6 patients while improved in two. Typical macular abnormality was yellow granular spots. SD-OCT showed ellipsoid zone(EZ) or interdigitation zone(IZ) disruption of fovea. The degree of EZ/IZ damage correlated with vision. Lesions were clearly visualized through IR and matched with SD-OCT findings.CONCLUSION: This is the first case series of foveomacular retinitis diagnosed with multimodal imaging. Foveomacular retinitis should be suspected in sudden unilateral visual decline especially in young soldiers. SD-OCT is the most important diagnostic modality.

Population Awareness of Newly Conscripted Soldiers

A survey of population and family planning awareness was con-ducted in 1996 among newly conscripted soldiers serving in the Air Force of the Shenyang Military Area.

The Makings of an Icon： Analysis of Photograph of Israeli Soldiers

This study analyses an iconic photograph of Israeli paratroopers, photographed in Jerusalem in 1967. It explores how visual and formal structural components in the image function in this photograph and how they contribute to the process of creating an icon. It explores the mechanisms that exist in visual icons and addresses the question of why some press photographs turn into iconic images while other do not, and if there is a connection between the visual structural elements in the images and the way they are perceived by the public. The study discusses how this visual logic correlates with other elements such as public opinion and myths.

Mechanism Design and Simulation about an Exoskeleton Jumping Assisting Intelligence System for Soldiers

The Lower Limbs Exoskeleton jumping assisting Intelligence System （LLEIS） can be used to improve ma- neuverability of soldiers with key technologies of human motion characteristics recognition and design of an intelli- gence power assisting device. Data on the movement of human lower limbs has been collected by using three kinds of instruments to research the parameters of characteristics recognition. The results indicated that the optimal angle be- tween knee and ankle is 157° for jumping assistance, and the peak force on the arch is 80 N in upward jumping and much lower in forward jumping. The LLEIS simplified model is accomplished under UG and exported into AD- AMS for the kinematics and dynamics simulation. The research findings indicate that the LLEIS can be used to enhance carrying and hopping ability of lower limbs effectively and as a reference for the design of a real system.

“The Iron Army from Wumeng”——One Story about Chinese Soldiers in Sichuan Earthquake

At 14：28 hours （Beijing time） of May 12, 2008, a magnitude 8 earthquake jolted nearly half of Asia.Barely eight hours had passed before a regiment of the Chinese People＇s Liberation Army （PLA） left its base for the hardest-hit Sichuan Province to save lives. The No. 18 Artillery Regiment of the PLA 14th Army Group Corps arrived in Chengdu, the provincial capital, the following day. alighting from the at 18：00 hours of Immediately after train, officers and soldiers of the regiment were ordered to head for Mianzhu County just a few dozen kilometers from Wenchuan County, the epicenter, where up to 80% of the buildings had collapsed.

The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Soldier:A Systematic Review

The objective of this systematic review is to examine the effectiveness of psychotherapy in treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD)in military personnel.PubMed,Web of Science,The Cochrane Library,EBSCO and CNKI databases were searched from 1 January,2000 to November 2022 for Randomized Controlled Trials(RCTs)on psychotherapeutic interventions for military PTSD.The physical Therapy Evidence Database(PEDro)scale was used to evaluate the quality of the literature.Two researchers conducted literature screening,data extraction,and risk bias assessment in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria.Ultimately,49 RCTs were included,involving a total of 5073 veterans,retired and active military from four countries.The average score on the PEDro scale was 7.60.The primary psychotherapeutic modalities for military PTSD intervention include Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy,Exposure Therapy,Mindfulness interventions,psychotherapy based on new technological tools,and other emerging psychotherapeutic tools.The review highlights that Cognitive Processing Therapy(CPT)and Prolonged Exposure Therapy(PET)stand out as the primary psychotherapeutic modalities for treating PTSD in military personnel.In cases where CPT and PET yield limited benefits,Mindfulness interventions emerge as effective alternatives.Moreover,considering the diverse needs and high dropout rates in the military,population,the review suggests using web-based,computer,and virtual reality technology tools as supplements to first-line treatments(CPT/PET)to enhance overall intervention effectiveness.For the advancement of future psychotherapeutic initiatives,there is a pronounced emphasis on prioritizing proven first-line interventions,CPT and PET while also recognizing the potential of mindfulness-based interventions as credible alternatives.In tandem with this,the active integration of technological tools is advocated to amplify the therapeutic impact of conventional psychological treatment modalities.

Trauma in The Lonely Soldier

Benedict is an award-winning novelist and non-fiction writer specializing in social injustice.Her non-fiction book The Lonely Soldier reflects the impact of war on violence against women.Female soldiers are always the victims of violence,before,during,and after serving in the Iraq War.This thesis aims to explore their trauma and illuminate the book’s meaning.

书信中语篇人际意义的实现——从对“A Soldier’s Last Letter”语言的分析谈起

结合功能语言学理论,以"A Soldier’s Last Letter"中的部分段落为例进行分析,可以展示如何通过语气系统和情态系统来进行选择形成语篇,从而突显语言选择对语篇人际意义实现的重要性以及功能语言学在分析文学作品时的可行性。

Analysis on Influential Factors of Peasants' Willingness to Exit Homestead in Regions with Different Economy Development Levels——Taihe Village,Chaohu County-Level City,and Ancang Village,Taihu County as Examples

The research concluded peasants＇ willingness on homestead exiting and influential factors by questionnaire survey and interviewing in two villages with varied levels of economic development in Anhui Province.Comparisons were performed on subjective factors and objective factors were explored by Logistic regression.The results showed that both of education background and homestead use have positive correlation with peasants＇ willingness on homestead exit;the number of family members has negative effects on peasants in advanced village but the number of migrant workers or members living in cities has positive effects;the area of homestead has positive effects on peasants in underdeveloped village.Therefore,the emphasis should be varied on homestead exit upon village economy and it is necessary to reinforce homestead exit promotion at improving immigrants＇ reception work,social security,employment,and education.

Nutritional value of a partially defatted and a highly defatted black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) meal for broiler chickens: apparent nutrient digestibility,apparent metabolizable energy and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility

Background: The study aimed to determine the apparent total tract digestibility coefficients(ATTDC) of nutrients, the apparent metabolizable energy(AME and AMEn) and the amino acid(AA) apparent ileal digestibility coefficients(AIDC)of a partially defatted(BSFp) and a highly defatted(BSFh) black soldier fly larvae meal. The experimental diets were: a basal diet and two diets prepared by substituting 250 g/kg(w/w) of the basal diet with BSFp or BSFh, respectively.Results: Significant differences were found between BSFp and BSFh meals for ATTDC of the nutrients: BSFp resulted more digestible than BSFh, except for ATTDC of CP which did not differed between meals, while a statistical trend was observed for ATTDC of DM and EE. The AME and AMEn values were significantly(P < 0.05) different between the two BSF meals, with higher levels for BSFp(16.25 and 14.87 MJ/kg DM, respectively). The AIDC of the AA in BSFp ranged from 0.44 to 0.92, while in BSFh they ranged from 0.45 to 0.99. No significant differences were observed for the AA digestibility(0.77 and 0.80 for BSFp and BSFh, respectively), except for glutamic acid, proline and serine that were more digestible in the BSFh meal(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Defatted BSF meals can be considered as an excellent source of AME and digestible AA for broilers with a better efficient nutrient digestion. These considerations suggested the effective utilization of defatted BSF larvae meal in poultry feed formulation.

唐诗《悯农》与英诗A Peasant比较

中国自古以农立国,"农诗"必然成为中国古代诗歌的重要组成部分。李绅的《悯农》是"农诗"的重要代表,《悯农》题目昭显教诲意义;相对而言,伦奈特·司徒亚特·托马斯(Ronald Stuart Thomas)咏农佳作A Peasant的题目却非"开门见山"式。两诗都充满了对农人的赞美,但不同的时代背景、语言的差异、相异的深层哲学观显现出两诗各自的侧重。

The impact of land transfer on peasant stratification——An analysis based on a survey of Jingshan country,Hubei province

Peasants' motivation and purpose for transferring land vary from time to time. Based on a survey of 10 villages in Jingshan county, Hubei province, this article finds that the specific forms of rural land transfer include active long-term transfer, passive long-term transfer and short-term transfer. Land transfer has an important impact on the stratification of the peasantry. Present institutional arrangements for land ignore the legitimate interests of migrant families and poor and weak villagers and therefore they hold different attitudes toward land tenure institutions than middle peasants do. Based on the conclusions of an empirical analysis, this article puts forward a series of policy recommendations aimed at protecting the land rights of poor and weak peasant households.

A Prediction Model of Peasants’ Income in China Based on BP Neural Network

According to the related data affecting the peasants’ income in China in the years 1978-2008,a total of 13 indices are selected,such as agricultural population,output value of primary industry,and rural employees.Based on the standardized method and BP neural network method,the peasants’ income and the artificial neural network model are established and analyzed.Results show that the simulation value agrees well with the real value;the neural network model with improved BP algorithm has high prediction accuracy,rapid convergence rate and good generalization ability.Finally,suggestions are put forward to increase the peasants’ income,such as promoting the process of urbanization,developing small and medium-sized enterprises in rural areas,encouraging intensive operation,and strengthening the rural infrastructure and agricultural science and technology input.

Black soldier fly:A new vista for livestock and poultry manure management

The number of intensive livestock and poultry farms is expected to increase substantially in future because of consumer demand.Unfortunately,such demand also results in a great deal of manure being generated,which threatens the environment if it is not properly managed.Concurrent developments in biotransformation of these wastes with the black soldier fly(BSF),Hermetia illucens(L.)(Diptera:Stratiomydiae),demonstrates such concerns can be abated,while also producing products(e.g.,protein,chitin,biodiesel,and fertilizer)of value.In this review,we analyzed the factors influencing black soldier fly larvae(BSFL)conversion processes,the role of microorganisms,and the mechanisms used by BSFL when converting livestock and poultry manure into these valuable products.The effects of BSFL conversion technology on reducing the hazards of such materials and their associated pathogens are reviewed,and the economics of livestock and poultry manure conversion by BSF larvae is discussed.

Changes in speciation,mobility and bioavailability of Cd,Cr and As during the transformation process of pig manure by black soldier fly larvae(Hermetia illucens)

The black soldier fly larvae(BSFL)(Hermetia illucens)are a good candidate for poultry and livestock manure treatment.The harvested insect bodies and feces can be used as animal feed and organic fertilizer.However,heavy metals have a negative impact on the transformation process of the manure by BSFL.Here we evaluated the effects of Cd,Cr and As in pig manure on the growth of BSFL,as well as the mobility and changes in speciation of the metals during the transformation process.The results showed that As significantly reduced the weight of BSFL,but Cr and Cd had no significant effects on BSFL growth.The bioaccumulation factors(BAFs)at various concentrations of Cd(2.8–3.7)were significantly higher than those of Cr(0.44–0.62)and As(0.43–0.45).The heavy metals in pig manure were mainly transferred to BSFL feces,and the distribution percentages of Cd,Cr and As in the BSFL feces were 52.6–62.0%,90.3–94.2%and 93.0–93.3%,respectively.Cd concentrations in BSFL feces were significantly lower than those in the pig manure,while there were no significant differences in the concentrations of Cr and As between BSFL feces and pig manure(except for the treatment with the addition of 150 mg Cr kg^(–1)).The metal speciation(weak acid soluble,reducible,oxidizable and residual fractions)in BSFL feces obviously changed when compared with pig manure.In BSFL feces,the reducible proportion of Cr decreased while the oxidizable proportion increased.Cd mainly existed in the weak acid soluble and reducible states in pig manure and BSFL feces.For As,the proportions of weak acid soluble and reducible states decreased in BSFL feces.After the BSFL transformation process,the bioavailable fraction of Cr decreased by 17.3–23.1%,but those of Cd and As did not change significantly,except for As in the CK group.These findings contribute to our understanding of the roles of BSFL during the biotransformation process of livestock manure as well as the safe utilization of transformed products.

Peasant Household Oriented Land Circulation from the Perspective of State Governance

Based on the state governance background of peasant household oriented land circulation,I analyzed characteristics of peasant household oriented land circulation.The characteristics mainly include uncertain definition of rural land circulation,significant off-media feature of land circulation,long-term land circulation contract,farmers' preference of peasant household oriented land circulation,and progressive path of land circulation.The essential feature is the progressive mode of land circulation.Under the existing property right,it realizes the perfect combination of modern production factors and traditional agricultural,and the combination of traditional family safeguarding function and modern social mutual growth spirit.Thus,it shows relative independence and manifests the idea of common prosperity.The opportunity cost of peasant household oriented land circulation is minimal,institutional cost will increase circulation risk,and what's more,the cost for state governance of peasant household oriented land circulation is minimal.It comes to conclusion that building proper and harmonious land circulation mechanism is responsibility of central government and favorable for healthy development of peasant household oriented land circulation.

Growth efficiency,intestinal biology,and nutrient utilization and requirements of black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)larvae compared to monogastric livestock species:a review

In recent years,interest in the larvae of black soldier fly(BSF)(Hermetia illucens)as a sustainable protein resource for livestock feed has increased considerably.However,knowledge on the nutritional and physiological aspects of this insect,especially compared to other conventional farmed animals is scarce.This review presents a critical comparison of data on the growth potential and efficiency of the BSF larvae(BSFL)compared to conventional monogastric livestock species.Advantages of BSFL over other monogastric livestock species includes their high growth rate and their ability to convert low-grade organic waste into high-quality protein and fat-rich biomass suitable for use in animal feed.Calculations using literature data suggest that BSFL are more efficient than broilers,pigs and fish in terms of conversion of substrate protein into body mass,but less efficient than broilers and fish in utilization of substrate gross energy to gain body mass.BSFL growth efficiency varies greatly depending on the nutrient quality of their dietary substrates.This might be associated with the function of their gastrointestinal tract,including the activity of digestive enzymes,the substrate particle characteristics,and their intestinal microbial community.The conceived advantage of BSFL having an environmental footprint better than conventional livestock is only true if BSFL is produced on low-grade organic waste and its protein would directly be used for human consumption.Therefore,their potential role as a new species to better close nutrient cycles in agro-ecological systems needs to be reconsidered,and we conclude that BSFL is a complementary livestock species efficiently utilizing organic waste that cannot be utilized by other livestock.In addition,we provide comparative insight into morpho-functional aspects of the gut,characterization of digestive enzymes,gut microbiota and fiber digestion.Finally,current knowledge on the nutritional utilization and requirements of BSFL in terms of macro-and micronutrients is reviewed and found to be rather limited.In addition,the research methods to determine nutritional requirements of conventional livestock are not applicable for BSFL.Thus,there is a great need for research on the nutrient requirements of BSFL.