This paper investigates the development of the heroine's psychology during the period presented in A Rose for Emily by displaying her experiences in chronological order and teasing out the details that may have ca...This paper investigates the development of the heroine's psychology during the period presented in A Rose for Emily by displaying her experiences in chronological order and teasing out the details that may have caused significant influence on Emily's mental state. It is concluded that Emily has developed a particularly strong desire for controlling and personal awareness under the social deprivation by her father for about thirty years, contributing to her twisted acknowledgement of her relationship with Homer, which are later triggered off when Homer refuses to marry her, finally into the seemingly inconceivable ending that Emily kills him and spends the rest forty years of her life with the decomposing corpse of her beloved one's.展开更多
AIMTo study impact of baseline mental health disease on hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment; and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) changes with sofosbuvir- and interferon-based therapy. METHODSThis is a retros...AIMTo study impact of baseline mental health disease on hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment; and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) changes with sofosbuvir- and interferon-based therapy. METHODSThis is a retrospective cohort study of participants from 5 studies enrolled from single center trials conducted at the Clinical Research Center of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States. All participants were adults with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection and naïve to HCV therapy. Two of the studies included HCV mono-infected participants only (SPARE, SYNERGY-A), and 3 included human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV co-infected participants only (ERADICATE, PFINPK, and ALBIN). Patients were treated for HCV with 3 different regimens: Sofosbuvir and ribavirin in the SPARE trial, ledipasvir and sofosbuvir in SYNERGY-A and ERADICATE trials, and pegylated interferon (IFN) and ribavirin for 48 wk in the PIFNPK and ALBIN trials. Participants with baseline mental health disease (MHD) were identified (defined as either a DSM IV diagnosis of major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, generalized anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder or requiring anti-depressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers or psychotropics prescribed by a psychiatrist). For our first aim, we compared sustained virologic response (SVR) and adherence (pill counts, study visits, and in 25 patients, blood levels of the sofosbuvir metabolite, GS-331007) within each study. For our second aim, only patients with HIV coinfection were evaluated. BDI scores were obtained pre-treatment, during treatment, and post-treatment among participants treated with sofosbuvir-based therapy, and compared to scores from participants treated with interferon-based therapy. Statistical differences for both aims were analyzed by Fisher’s Exact, and t-test with significance defined as a P value less than 0.05. RESULTSBaseline characteristics did not differ significantly between all participants with and without MHD groups treated with sofosbuvir-based therapy. Among patients treated with sofosbuvir-based therapy, the percentage of patients with MHD who achieved SVR was the same as those without (SPARE: 60.9% of those MHD compared to 67.6% in those without, P = 0.78; SYNERGY-A: 100% of both groups; ERADICATE: 100% compared to 97.1%). There was no statistically significant difference in pill counts, adherence to study visits between groups, nor mean serum concentrations of GS-331007 for each group at week 2 of treatment (P = 0.72). Among patients with HIV co-infection, pre-treatment BDI scores were similar among patients treated with sofosbuvir, and those treated with interferon (sofosbuvir-based 5.24, IFN-based 6.96; P = 0.14); however, a dichotomous effect on was observed during treatment. Among participants treated with directly acting antiviral (DAA)-based therapy, mean BDI scores decreased from 5.24 (pre-treatment) to 3.28 during treatment (1.96 decrease, P = 0.0034) and 2.82 post-treatment. The decrease in mean score from pre- to post-treatment was statistically significant (-2.42, P = 0.0012). Among participants treated with IFN-based therapy, mean BDI score increased from 6.96 at pre-treatment to 9.19 during treatment (an increase of 2.46 points, P = 0.1), and then decreased back to baseline post-treatment (mean BDI score 6.3, P = 0.54). Overall change in mean BDI scores from pre-treatment to during treatment among participants treated with DAA-based and IFN-therapy was statistically significant (-1.96 and +2.23, respectively; P = 0.0032). This change remained statistically significant when analysis was restricted to participants who achieved SVR (-2.0 and +4.36, respectively; P = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONSofosbuvir-based therapy is safe and well tolerated in patients with MHD. A decline in BDI associated with sofosbuvir-based HCV treatment suggests additional MHD benefits, although the duration of these effects is unknown.展开更多
There is almost no work on ancient Egypt in Taiwan since historians are logically interested in ancient China.Egyptologists either work on archeology or study papyrus and written texts found in pyramids and tombs,with...There is almost no work on ancient Egypt in Taiwan since historians are logically interested in ancient China.Egyptologists either work on archeology or study papyrus and written texts found in pyramids and tombs,without putting it in perspective with other civilizations,such as Greek civilization.Philippe Ariés’ global history offers innovative opportunities on the study of Egyptian mentalities.All traditional historical work aims to study an ancient society,a social class,but very few focuses on the individuals.The theses of Lucien Febvre,father of the notion of mentalities,allow the historical discipline to have access not only to the factual structures of societies but also to the mental structures of the individuals that compose it.This new approach raises a crucial question: What are Europe’s roots? Has the Egyptian heritage been underestimated?展开更多
As a common clinical disease,insomnia was usually treated with anti-psychotic or sedativehypnotic drugs in Western medicine,which showed a fast efficacy,as well as easy drug tolerance and side effects.In traditional C...As a common clinical disease,insomnia was usually treated with anti-psychotic or sedativehypnotic drugs in Western medicine,which showed a fast efficacy,as well as easy drug tolerance and side effects.In traditional Chinese medicine,the basic and key pathogenesis of insomnia are believed to be“the restlessness of the mind”,as well as“the absence of the mind”;and the treatment mainly focus on“regulating mental activities and smoothing the liver”.By combining the theoretical basis and characteristics of Fang’s scalp acupuncture,this paper aims to explain the advantages of Fang’s scalp acupuncture in the treatment of insomnia,and provide new ideas and methods for its clinical treatment.展开更多
Background Mental health issues among retirees have become increasingly concerning because the aging population presents a significant challenge globally,particularly in Western countries.Previous studies on this issu...Background Mental health issues among retirees have become increasingly concerning because the aging population presents a significant challenge globally,particularly in Western countries.Previous studies on this issue are plagued with bias owing to lacking panel data and estimation strategies.This study investigated the depression levels of European adults around the time of retirement.Methods We used data obtained from Waves 1-7 of the Survey of Health,Ageing,and Retirement in Europe(SHARE)to create panel data covering the 2004-2017 period.Wave 3(SHARELIFE)was excluded from the sample because it provided mismatched information.Fixed-effects(FE)and fixed-effects instrumental variables(FE-IV)models with multiple imputations were employed to examine the impacts of retirement on mental health before and after retirement,where being over pension age(normal and early)was used as the instrument variable.Results Our results indicated that retirement based on aspirational motivations(β=−0.115,p<0.001)and positive circumstances(β=−0.038,p<0.001)significantly reduced depression,whereas retiring under negative circumstances could deteriorate one’s mental health(β=0.087,p<0.001).FE and FE-IV models indicated that overall,retiring reduced retirees’depression(β=−0.096,p<0.001 andβ=−0.261,p<0.001,respectively).The results of FE-IV models showed that adults planning to retire in the next two years experienced less depression compared with others in the workforce(λ=−0.313,p<0.01).These adults must have adjusted their lifestyles in response to their impending retirement,thereby evincing Ashenfelter’s dip.Two years after retirement,when the“honeymoon”phase was over,retirees may have completely adapted to their new lives and the effect of retirement was no longer important.Conclusions Retirement improves mental health before it happens,but not after.Increasing the pension eligibility age may postpone the beneficial effects of retirement on health.However,policy implications should be tailored according to the unique situations of each country,job sector,and population.Providing flexible schemes regarding retirement timing decisions would be better than a generalized retirement policy.展开更多
文摘This paper investigates the development of the heroine's psychology during the period presented in A Rose for Emily by displaying her experiences in chronological order and teasing out the details that may have caused significant influence on Emily's mental state. It is concluded that Emily has developed a particularly strong desire for controlling and personal awareness under the social deprivation by her father for about thirty years, contributing to her twisted acknowledgement of her relationship with Homer, which are later triggered off when Homer refuses to marry her, finally into the seemingly inconceivable ending that Emily kills him and spends the rest forty years of her life with the decomposing corpse of her beloved one's.
文摘AIMTo study impact of baseline mental health disease on hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment; and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) changes with sofosbuvir- and interferon-based therapy. METHODSThis is a retrospective cohort study of participants from 5 studies enrolled from single center trials conducted at the Clinical Research Center of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States. All participants were adults with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection and naïve to HCV therapy. Two of the studies included HCV mono-infected participants only (SPARE, SYNERGY-A), and 3 included human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV co-infected participants only (ERADICATE, PFINPK, and ALBIN). Patients were treated for HCV with 3 different regimens: Sofosbuvir and ribavirin in the SPARE trial, ledipasvir and sofosbuvir in SYNERGY-A and ERADICATE trials, and pegylated interferon (IFN) and ribavirin for 48 wk in the PIFNPK and ALBIN trials. Participants with baseline mental health disease (MHD) were identified (defined as either a DSM IV diagnosis of major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, generalized anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder or requiring anti-depressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers or psychotropics prescribed by a psychiatrist). For our first aim, we compared sustained virologic response (SVR) and adherence (pill counts, study visits, and in 25 patients, blood levels of the sofosbuvir metabolite, GS-331007) within each study. For our second aim, only patients with HIV coinfection were evaluated. BDI scores were obtained pre-treatment, during treatment, and post-treatment among participants treated with sofosbuvir-based therapy, and compared to scores from participants treated with interferon-based therapy. Statistical differences for both aims were analyzed by Fisher’s Exact, and t-test with significance defined as a P value less than 0.05. RESULTSBaseline characteristics did not differ significantly between all participants with and without MHD groups treated with sofosbuvir-based therapy. Among patients treated with sofosbuvir-based therapy, the percentage of patients with MHD who achieved SVR was the same as those without (SPARE: 60.9% of those MHD compared to 67.6% in those without, P = 0.78; SYNERGY-A: 100% of both groups; ERADICATE: 100% compared to 97.1%). There was no statistically significant difference in pill counts, adherence to study visits between groups, nor mean serum concentrations of GS-331007 for each group at week 2 of treatment (P = 0.72). Among patients with HIV co-infection, pre-treatment BDI scores were similar among patients treated with sofosbuvir, and those treated with interferon (sofosbuvir-based 5.24, IFN-based 6.96; P = 0.14); however, a dichotomous effect on was observed during treatment. Among participants treated with directly acting antiviral (DAA)-based therapy, mean BDI scores decreased from 5.24 (pre-treatment) to 3.28 during treatment (1.96 decrease, P = 0.0034) and 2.82 post-treatment. The decrease in mean score from pre- to post-treatment was statistically significant (-2.42, P = 0.0012). Among participants treated with IFN-based therapy, mean BDI score increased from 6.96 at pre-treatment to 9.19 during treatment (an increase of 2.46 points, P = 0.1), and then decreased back to baseline post-treatment (mean BDI score 6.3, P = 0.54). Overall change in mean BDI scores from pre-treatment to during treatment among participants treated with DAA-based and IFN-therapy was statistically significant (-1.96 and +2.23, respectively; P = 0.0032). This change remained statistically significant when analysis was restricted to participants who achieved SVR (-2.0 and +4.36, respectively; P = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONSofosbuvir-based therapy is safe and well tolerated in patients with MHD. A decline in BDI associated with sofosbuvir-based HCV treatment suggests additional MHD benefits, although the duration of these effects is unknown.
文摘There is almost no work on ancient Egypt in Taiwan since historians are logically interested in ancient China.Egyptologists either work on archeology or study papyrus and written texts found in pyramids and tombs,without putting it in perspective with other civilizations,such as Greek civilization.Philippe Ariés’ global history offers innovative opportunities on the study of Egyptian mentalities.All traditional historical work aims to study an ancient society,a social class,but very few focuses on the individuals.The theses of Lucien Febvre,father of the notion of mentalities,allow the historical discipline to have access not only to the factual structures of societies but also to the mental structures of the individuals that compose it.This new approach raises a crucial question: What are Europe’s roots? Has the Egyptian heritage been underestimated?
基金Xi’an Fang’s Scalp Acupuncture School Inheritance Studio Project{Shi Wei Ji Han[2018]No.699}Clinical study of the Treatment of motor aphasia after stroke with Fang’s scalp acupuncture combined with resuscitating acupuncture therapy(Source of scientific research:Project of Shaanxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineProject No.:2019-ZZ-LC027).
文摘As a common clinical disease,insomnia was usually treated with anti-psychotic or sedativehypnotic drugs in Western medicine,which showed a fast efficacy,as well as easy drug tolerance and side effects.In traditional Chinese medicine,the basic and key pathogenesis of insomnia are believed to be“the restlessness of the mind”,as well as“the absence of the mind”;and the treatment mainly focus on“regulating mental activities and smoothing the liver”.By combining the theoretical basis and characteristics of Fang’s scalp acupuncture,this paper aims to explain the advantages of Fang’s scalp acupuncture in the treatment of insomnia,and provide new ideas and methods for its clinical treatment.
基金funded by the European Commission through FP5(QLK6-CT-2001-00360)FP6(SHARE-I3:RII-CT-2006-062193,COMPARE:CIT5-CT-2005-028857,SHARELIFE:CIT4-CT-2006-028812)+1 种基金FP7(SHARE-PREP:No.211909,SHARE-LEAP:No.227822,SHARE M4:No.261982)funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research,the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science,the U.S.National Institute on Aging(U01 AG09740-13S2,P01 AG005842,P01 AG08291,P30 AG12815,r21 AG025169,Y1-AG-4553-01,IAG BSR06-11,OGHA 04-064,HHSN271201300071C)。
文摘Background Mental health issues among retirees have become increasingly concerning because the aging population presents a significant challenge globally,particularly in Western countries.Previous studies on this issue are plagued with bias owing to lacking panel data and estimation strategies.This study investigated the depression levels of European adults around the time of retirement.Methods We used data obtained from Waves 1-7 of the Survey of Health,Ageing,and Retirement in Europe(SHARE)to create panel data covering the 2004-2017 period.Wave 3(SHARELIFE)was excluded from the sample because it provided mismatched information.Fixed-effects(FE)and fixed-effects instrumental variables(FE-IV)models with multiple imputations were employed to examine the impacts of retirement on mental health before and after retirement,where being over pension age(normal and early)was used as the instrument variable.Results Our results indicated that retirement based on aspirational motivations(β=−0.115,p<0.001)and positive circumstances(β=−0.038,p<0.001)significantly reduced depression,whereas retiring under negative circumstances could deteriorate one’s mental health(β=0.087,p<0.001).FE and FE-IV models indicated that overall,retiring reduced retirees’depression(β=−0.096,p<0.001 andβ=−0.261,p<0.001,respectively).The results of FE-IV models showed that adults planning to retire in the next two years experienced less depression compared with others in the workforce(λ=−0.313,p<0.01).These adults must have adjusted their lifestyles in response to their impending retirement,thereby evincing Ashenfelter’s dip.Two years after retirement,when the“honeymoon”phase was over,retirees may have completely adapted to their new lives and the effect of retirement was no longer important.Conclusions Retirement improves mental health before it happens,but not after.Increasing the pension eligibility age may postpone the beneficial effects of retirement on health.However,policy implications should be tailored according to the unique situations of each country,job sector,and population.Providing flexible schemes regarding retirement timing decisions would be better than a generalized retirement policy.
