Role of lithology, weathering and precipitation on water chemistry of lakes from Larsemann Hills and Schirmacher Oasis of East Antarctica

Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills areas represent two different periglacial environments of East Antarctica. Schirmacher Oasis is characterized by a vast stretch of ice-shelf in the north and East Antarctic Ice Sheet(EAIS) to its south. Whereas, in Larsemann Hills area the northern and north-western boundary is coastal area and EAIS in the southern part,exhibiting polar lowland between the marine and continental glacial ecosystems. Physico-chemical parameters of water samples from different lakes of both of these two distinct locations are quite contrasting and have indicated influence of lithology, weathering, evaporation and precipitation. The lake water chemistry in Larsemann Hills area is mainly governed by the lithology of the area while Schirmacher lakes exhibit influence of precipitation and rock composition. All major ions of lake waters indicate balanced ionic concentrations. The atmospheric precipitation has significantly modified the ionic distributions in the lakes and channels. Carbonation is the main proton supplying geochemical reactions involved in the rock weathering and this is an important mechanism which controls the hydrochemistry. The lake water hydrochemistry differs widely not only between two distant periglacial zones but also within a short distance of a single periglacial entity, indicating influence of territorial climate over hydrochemistry.

Reconstruction Design of Zaozhuang Gangue Hill Based on the Interaction of“Scenery”and“View”

Gangue hill is the associated accumulation landscape of long-term coal mining.There are a large number of gangue hills left in coal mining cities,which not only causes ecological damage but also affects the urban environment,thus becoming the focus of urban landscape transformation of coal mining cities.With the increase of people’s demand for ecological leisure,it has become the first choice to transform gangue hill and its surrounding areas into community parks.From the perspective of urban space and landscape system,as a huge regeneration landform in the city and a unique landscape in the mining area,gangue hill not only needs to be afforested,but also needs to be connected with mining heritages and landscape nodes in the city to form the interaction between“scenery”and“view”,so as to form an integrated mining cultural landscape system at the urban level.On the basis of this concept,taking the gangue hill of Zhongxing in Zaozhuang City as an example,this paper quantitatively analyzes the best landscape construction site in the gangue hill via viewshed analysis in GIS.Through this method,the gangue hill and Zhongxing mining heritage are closely combined,so as to establish the interactive relationship between“scenery”and“view”.It can guide the planning and design of sightseeing route and footpath system,and also provide a technical support for the design of community parks transformed from gangue hills.

“Water-Colouring” and Geomorphologic Features of the Marl Hills in Changing Quality of Soil and Water

Water scarcity has always been one of the most important obstacles in the process of agricultural development in arid and low-rainfall climates. In farming, the water quality also plays an important role;as the poor quality of water can be one of the limiting factors in this sector that in addition to the agricultural problems has also caused soil problems. In this paper, we introduce and study an indigenous method of water conservation and soil protection in the east of Iran termed as “water-colouring” and the role of geomorphologic features of marl hills in one of the rivers located in the southern slopes of the Joghtay Mountain (Kalateh-Sadat Watershed). In this study, field observation, sampling and analysis of water and sediment, physicochemical experiments, SPSS software for statistical analysis and satellite images have been used to produce digital models. Finally, the effects of muddy water and clear water have been compared in terms of chemical quality and productivity of agricultural land. The results show that the method of water-colouring is the best indigenous-economical method for moisture retention and regeneration of the agricultural land soil. Given the statistical reasons and studying the other researches in this field, water-colouring causes change texture and soil composition, fertility of agricultural land and reduce the losses due to evaporation and infiltration.

美国Sand Hills地区地下水数值模拟及水量平衡分析

利用地下水数值模型MODFLOW和非饱和带水平衡模型对处于半干旱半湿润沙丘地区(SandHills)地下水位进行了模拟,并分析了含水层补排水量,河流与地下水补排关系,以及区域水平衡过程。揭示了独特沙丘地形和土壤特性对地下水补排量的影响。模拟结果表明,入渗率大、非饱和带厚的沙丘有利于降水入渗补给,减少了地下水蒸散发损失。加上下覆含水层具有良好的地下水储水空间,是该地区储存丰富的地下水量,以维持河流稳定流量,供给众多湖泊和湿地的原因。该研究对我国地下水资源评价和生态环境脆弱地区水资源保护具有指导意义。

Water quality of Kaptai reservoir in Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh

A study was conducted in Kaptai reservoir, one of the largest man-made freshwater lakes of South-east Asia, to determine present status of water quality and its suitability for fishing and other uses. Water samplings were from middle part of the reservoir at 0.2 and 0.8 fractional depths at five different locations from upstream to downstream viz. Burburichara, Maichchari, Subolong, Basanthakum, and Rangamati. Water analyses show that concentrations of NO3-N, K＋ and total P, and suspended solid at all the sampling stations were beyond the recommended values for fish culture. Concentrations of Na^＋, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, SO4^2-, Cl^-, total dissolved solid （TDS）, dissolved oxygen （DO） and chemical oxygen demand （COD） were within the standards for aquaculture. Concentrations of NO3-N, SO4^2-, K＋ and total P showed no definite trend with depths, locations as well as rainy and dry seasons. Water pH, conductivity, Na^＋ and HCO3- contents were lower in rainy season, and DO and COD higher at almost all the locations in both the depths, compared with dry season. Total solids and concentrations of TDS, DO, COD, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋ and Na^＋ were higher in upstream and decreased gradually towards downstream in the reservoir. Concentrations of DO and Ca2＋ and pH were higher and Mg2＋ less at 0.2-fractional depth than those at 0.8-fractional depth at almost all the locations. The reservoir is in mesotrophic condition containing high concentration of NO3-N and total P, in alarming status with the presence of excessive suspended solids from urban pollution around the town. It is necessary to adopt measures for protecting water quality in the reservoir due to such deteriorations.

Shifting cultivation effects on creek water quality around Barkal Upazila in Chittagong Hill Tracts,Bangladesh

Abstract： We report the effects of shifting cultivation on water quality in 16 creeks investigated once in 2007 and twice in 2008 in 16 apparently similar small neighboring watersheds, each of 3 to 5 ha, at four locations around Barkal sub-district under Rangamati District of Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh. Concentrations of 5042- and K＋, and pH in creek water were lower, and NO3-N and Na＋ concentrations were higher in shifting-cultivation land compared to land with either plantation or natu- ral forest or a combination of these cover types. Shifting cultivation effects on some water quality parameters were not significant due to change in land cover of the watershed between two sampling periods either through introduction of planted tree species or naturally regenerated vegetation. Conductivity and concentrations of HCO3- PO43-, Ca2-- and Mg2＋ in creek water showed no definite trend between shifting cultivation and the other land cover types. At one area near the Forest Range Office of Barkal, creek water pH was 5.8 under land cover with a com- bination of shifting cultivation and plantation. At this area Na~ concentra- tion in shitting-cultivation land ranged from 32.33 to 33.00 mg-L＂ and in vegetated area from 25.00 to 30.50 mg.L-1 in 2007. At another area, Chaliatali Chara, SO42 concentration in a shifting-cultivation watershed ranged from 4.46 to 10.51 mg-L-1, lower than in a vegetated watershed that ranged from 11.69 to 19.98 mg.L-1 in 2007. S042-concentration in this shifting-cultivation area ranged from 1.28 to 1.37 mg.L^-1 and in the vegetated area from 1.37 to 3.50 mg-L^-1 in 2008.

3D Physical Simulation of Water Flooding Characteristics of Buried Hill Reservoir with Different Fracture Systems

In order to understand the water-flooding characteristics of different fracture systems in metamorphic rock buried hill reservoirs and the mechanism of improving water-flooding development effect, a three-dimensional physical model of fractured reservoirs is established according to the similarity criterion based on the prototype of metamorphic buried hill reservoirs in JZ Oilfield in Bohai Bay Basin. Combined with the fractured reservoir characteristics of JZ Oilfield, the water displacement characteristics of the top-bottom staggered injection-production well pattern in different fracture network mode and different fracture development degree of buried hill reservoir are studied. The experimental results show that: 1) the more serious the fracture system irregularity is, the shorter the water-free oil production period is and the lower the water-free oil recovery is. After water breakthrough of production wells, the water cut rises faster, and the effect of water flooding development is worse;2) under the condition of non-uniform fracture development, the development effect of the bottom fracture undeveloped is better than that of the middle fracture undeveloped. Water injection wells are deployed in areas with relatively few fractures, while oil wells are deployed in fractured areas with higher oil recovery and better development effect.

Study of the Law about Water-Cut Variation for the Fractured Metamorphic Reservoir of Buried Hill with Bottom Water

Aiming at the complex flowing environment including the buried hill of Metamorphite, the active bottom water and the fracture at Budate Reservoir within Beir Depression of the Hailar Basin, combining the laboratory studies and based on analysis of its drive mechanism, field wells’ parameters were used to analyze the effects of different conditions of the fractured metamorphic reservoir with bottom water on its law of wa-ter-cut variation and the waterflooding efficiency. The results show that for the Budate buried hill reservoir with bottom water, the gravity should be taken into consideration to determine reasonable perforation ratio and production pressure difference. And because of the acid sensitivity of the buried hill reservoir, application of proper clay stabilizer will enhance the field oil recovery to a satisfactory extent.

Effect of land cover on water quality of creek and seepage in mountainous watershed in Bangladesh

The flowing water was collected from very small creeks and seepage water from small dug holes at three different areas,viz.Manikchari,Ghagra and Muralipara in Rangamati district of Chittagong Hill Tracts,Bangladesh to investigate the impact of the existing varied land covers on water quality.Chemical analyses shows that flowing creek water from either mature mixed plantation or young gamar（Gmelina arborea） plantation had significantly（p〈0.05） higher pH value,SO4^2-and Ca^2＋ concentrations,and significantly lower Na＋ concentration at Manikchari,compared to natural vegetation and plantation in combination.In flowing creek water of Ghagra,the concentrations of SO4^2-and K＋,conductivity and total dissolved solids from watershed of 8-year-old teak（Tectona grandis） plantation were significantly higher and the concentrations of HCO3^-,NO3^-and PO4^3-were significantly lower,compared to those of watershed of degraded natural vegetation.At Muralipara,flowing creek water from natural vegetation and shifting cultivated land in combination showed significantly higher concentrations of HCO3^-,NO3^-,Na＋,K＋,Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋,and conductivity and total dissolved solids than seepage water as well as tube well water installed in shifting cultivated area alone.

Research and Application of Water Flooding Timing and Method for Blocky Bottom Water Fractured Buried Hill Reservoir

Oilfield A is a fractured buried hill reservoir in Bohai bay of China. In order to solve the difficult problem of water flooding timing and method in oilfield. Considering the characteristics of the buried hill fractures with stress sensitivity and strong heterogeneity, the ECLIPSE software was used in the research, and a three-dimensional injection-production numerical model for horizontal wells in buried hill reservoirs is established. According to the main research factors in water flooding, a series of water flooding schemes are designed, and the optimization of water flooding timing, oil recovery rate and water flooding mode in buried hill reservoirs were carried out. The results show that the optimum pressure level of fractured reservoir is about 70% of the original reservoir pressure. The optimal water flooding method is the conventional water flooding in the initial stage, when the water cut reaches 80%, it is converted into periodic water flooding. The oil recovery is the highest when the water injection period is 4 months. Field tests show that conventional water flooding is carried out in the initial stage of the oilfield A when the pressure is reduced to 70% of the original. Periodic water flooding is carried out when water cut is 80%. Good development results had been achieved in the 10 years since oilfield A was put into production. The average productivity of single well reached 300 m3/d in the initial stage, at present, the water cut is 60%, and the recovery degree is 18.5%, which is better than that of similar oilfields. This technology improves the water flooding effect of blocky bottom water fractured dual media reservoirs in metamorphic buried hills, and provides a reference for the development of similar reservoirs.

Determining safe yield and mapping water level zoning in groundwater resources of the Neishabour Plain

Groundwater is a crucial sources of water supply,especially in arid and semi-arid areas around the world.With uncontrolled withdrawals and limited availability of these resources,it is essential to determine the safe yield of these valuable resources.The Hill method approach was used in this study to determine the safe yield the Neishabour aquifer in Khorasan Razvi province in Iran.The results showed that the safe yield in the Neishabour aquifer is 60%lower than the current pumping amounts during the study period,indicating that further overdrafts could result in the destruction of this aquifer.This highlights the importance of using the Hill method to estimate the permitted exploitation from other aquifers,thus preventing problems caused by over-extraction and maintaining stability of global groundwater levels.

Kinematic Storage Model (KSM) for Groundwater Development in Highly Permeable Hill Slope-Laboratory Study

Study of the groundwater table development and runoff generation is one of the most important parts of hydrology to develop a clear concept, especially in hill slope. The study is more complex in the real field rather than in the artificial system. The result in artificial systems developed and experimental observations may give good results. So, therefore, this study is aimed at modeling in the laboratory as artificial hill slope flows which include saturation excess surface runoff flows. The physical processes along with runoff generation depend on the factors—soil type, characteristic slope geometry, and initial soil conditions at the commencement of rainfall. The mechanisms involved in runoff formation process have been simulated successfully to compute hydrograph for hilly terrain and groundwater table development in highly permeable soil tested by kinematic storage model theory. The model represents the hill slope as a rectangular storage element of length 2.02 m, depth 0.15 m and width 1m With an impermeable bed making an angle of 10 degrees with the horizontal. The storage element is composed of two moisture zones: an unsaturated zone and a saturated zone. The result obtained is seemed good adjustment to the theory of hill slope model given by Nm Shakya, 1995. Aslo, the moisture profile variation in mixed sand profile was found immediately after the rainfall event. The result obtained shows that the timing and distribution of moisture over the depth where the maximum moisture content is 0.4 in mid of the depth which is more than in surface having a moisture level of 0.37.

Design of Scenery Complementary Solar Water Heater Based cm Eddy Current Method

This paper uses scenery complementary heating method to discuss a new type of scenery complementary water heater design. This product can be divided into two parts. The first part is the eddy current method wind power heating part, which is driven by wind power and vertical axis wind turbines and the design of magnet array rotor disc rotation, namely, magnetic field rotating, induced eddy current in the stator, so as to generate heat. The second part is the solar heating part. This works has broad market prospect, which provides a new idea for large-scaled heating method.

Influence of slope position and aspect on the vegetation attributes and treewater relations in forests of the central Himalayas

While the need for understanding the effects of topographical factors on forest structure and function is well recognized,comprehensive studies are scarce.This study evaluates the effect of slope aspect and slope position on water relations and forest attributes across six forest types occurring between 400 m and 2600 m altitude in the Central Himalaya(27°-38°N).We found that predawn tree water potential and soil water potential were generally higher on moist north slope aspect(-0.78±0.05 MPa and-3.34±0.18 MPa,respectively)than dry south slope aspect(-0.82±0.18 MPa and-3.77±0.18 MPa,respectively).Across six different forests,these values were higher at hill base(-0.71±0.06 MPa and-2.77±0.19 MPa,tree predawn water potential and soil water potential,respectively)than other topographical positions.The favorable effect of north aspect and hill base was also observed in maintaining soil water and tree water potential during the dry season.Vegetation attributes,such as species richness,unique species and plant density were also generally higher on north slope and hill base than southern aspect and lowest at hill top.Across forest types,the hill base provided shelter to 46 unique species,compared to 16-18 at the other positions,thus emphasizing its importance as refugia for species to survive climate change induced perturbations.The favorable conditions of hill base position not only contribute to increase in alpha diversity,but also to extended species distributional range.

长三角城市湿地保护可持续路径解析——以苏州为例

长三角湿地是一个复杂、动态、跨区域的生态系统,对维护区域城市生态平衡、提升城市生态品质具有重要意义。以长三角的重要城市苏州湿地保护为切入点,研究总结苏州湿地保护与利用面临的主要问题,并根据问题提出苏州湿地保护可持续发展的实现路径。将保护规划重点聚焦湿地保护质量提升,湿地生态系统服务功能修复,考虑流域协同保护,从人文生态视角发掘湿地自然与文化资源,提质特色湿地景观,提高湿地科学管理等方面,这些尝试对长三角乃至沿海地区发达城市的湿地保护发展具有一定的借鉴意义。

大规模水能富集电网短期多目标嵌套多能互补运行方式研究

在“双碳”的背景下,亟需深入研究如何促进多能互补系统内不同能源之间的协同作用,促进能源深度融合。针对这一问题,在考虑水能富集地区大规模电网不同断面输送电任务的情况下,提出一种区分内外层,逐层递进优化并尽可能消纳风光清洁能源,且兼顾全网源荷匹配程度的多目标嵌套多能互补模型,两层均采用混合整数线性规划算法(MILP)进行求解。内层立足于断面角度,以通道利用率最大化为目标,将水风光打捆进行互补优化,使其出力最大化,尽可能占满通道。外层立足于全网角度,以源荷匹配最大化为目标,采用全网水风光电源联合调节后的剩余负荷波动最小来表达源荷匹配目标,使剩余负荷平稳。本文以西南某水能富集地区大规模电网为研究对象,包含304座水电站,12个断面,选取夏秋丰水期和冬春枯水期风光峰谷差最大日、风光平均发电日共4个典型日进行模拟计算,得到电网丰水期平均通道利用率约为80%,枯水期平均通道利用率约为40%,丰枯期内全网剩余负荷波动率均小于5%。得出以下结论:在夏秋丰水期,水风光系统可为电网提供更多电能,在冬春枯水期,水风光系统出力过程更为稳定。在风光出力平稳时期可为电网提供更多电能,同时使得电网运行更为稳定。本次研究成果对大规模水能富集地区电网多能互补优化调度运行提供参考。

超深水基岩潜山储层分布式光纤温度试井方法

超深水永乐X区潜山气藏具有储层非均质强、纵向岩性组合多样的特征,传统生产测井技术在落实储层产出特征时存在局限性。采用分布式光纤测温技术测试获得了YL1井产能测试生产层段的温度数据,结合渗流力学和流体力学理论,建立了气藏渗流和井筒管流温度—压力场双耦合模型,计算了气井产出剖面变化引起的温度响应特征。采用Levenberg Marquart(LM)反演算法实现了YL1气井产出剖面定量解释分析。研究结果表明,气井多层测试时高渗层对应井筒温度下降斜率大,温度变化速度快,温降大,通过温度剖面可以作为判断高渗地层、裂缝或非产层产出贡献;利用建立的分布式光纤温度产出剖面解释方法,定量评价获得了砂砾质风化带、风化裂缝带和内幕裂缝带产出贡献,解释结果与录井气测率具有正相关性,且与地质认识吻合,证明了解释理论的可靠性。研究结果对分布式光纤温度监测多层气藏产出剖面技术的推广具有重要理论及应用价值。

北京香山历史水系的开发与利用

北京香山在历史上就是著名的风景名胜,地下水资源丰富,拥有众多泉眼。随着香山地区的营建,香山水系也得到开发与利用,至清代达到鼎盛,水系不仅因借山势在静宜园中形成了泉、池、溪、瀑等多种形式的水景,而且其利用远及静明园等“三山五园”,甚至通州。通过对历史文献、样式雷图档、测绘图进行研究,结合田野调查等方法,梳理香山水景的类型与分布,分析香山地形的高差变化与水景之间的关系,总结历史上对于香山水系的开发与利用,并提出传承保护香山水系的建议。

基于节水农业技术应用视角的江淮丘陵地区种植业高质量发展

从自然气候条件和地形地貌特征、土壤类型和蓄水保水能力、农田宜机化改造与种植业用水空间等方面,分析了影响江淮丘陵地区种植业高质量发展的因素。从节水农业技术应用的角度,立足该区域水资源特征,提出通过合理调整种植结构、推行适水种植,推广节水农艺技术、提高水肥利用率,运用综合治理措施、提升土壤蓄水保肥能力,注重创新驱动、推进测墒灌溉技术应用,完善水利设施建设、保障充足灌溉水源等措施,以推进种植业高质量发展。

矸石山生态环境恢复综合治理技术的应用

煤矸石量大面广,对环境污染和生态破坏严重,治理难题主要是矸石山自燃和水土流失防治。山西阳煤九洲节能环保科技有限责任公司与山西智德生态环保股份有限公司合作立项,在二矿狮脑山矸石山二期工程区域实施矸石山生态环境综合治理技术实证,验证该技术工艺的效果和经济性,以便为下一步的推广应用提供依据。本项目通过实证,解决了矸石山自燃和表面水土流失防治的技术难题,取得了较好的生态效益、环境效益。