Study on Aroma Components in Fruit From Three Different Satsuma Mandarin Varieties

Fruit aroma of Guoqing 1, Miyagawa Wase, and Owari from three different Satsuma mandarin varieties were investigated by headspace solid phase microextraction （HS-SPME） combined with GC-MS. The results showed that there were 73, 71, and 66 aroma components in the three varieties, and the total contents were 584.67,505.29, and 494.63 μg g^-1, respectively. Total 29 constituents were common in the three varieties. It was also found that Guoqing 1, Miyagawa Wase, and Owari had 12, 5, and 2 unique components, respectively. The key aroma components were limonene, linalool, γ-terpinene, β- myrcene, α-pinene, and octanal in the three fruits. Guoqing 1 contained more key aroma compounds than Miyagawa Wase and Owari.

Effects of Gamma-Irradiation Mutagenesis for Induction of Seedlessness, on the Quality of Mandarin Fruit

Gamma irradiation mutagenesis is a technique commonly used to induce seedlessness in citrus fruits. We compared fruit quality traits of eight different seeded mandarin varieties within the Israeli citrus breeding collection with those of their corresponding gamma-irradiated low-seeded mutants. The mandarin varieties compared were: “Rishon” with “Kedem”;“Michal” with irradiated “Michal”;“Merav” with “Meravit”;“Vered” with “Vardit”;“Ora” with “Or”;“Murcott” with “Mor”;“Shani” with irradiated “Shani”;“King” with irradiated “King”. Mutational breeding by gamma irradiation reduced average fruit seed number by 70% - 92%. Furthermore, mutational breeding by gamma irradiation delayed ripening of the early-season mandarin varieties “Rishon” and “Michal” by 8 - 13 days, but did not delay ripening of most mid- and late-season varieties. Gamma-irradia- tion mutagenesis also reduced fruit weight of seven of the eight tested low-seeded varieties by 6 - 41 g per fruit. Gamma-irradiation mutagenesis had variable effects on biochemical composition and nutritional quality, in that some irradiated clones presented no changes whereas other had either higher or lower levels of juice total soluble solids, acidity, vitamin C and total antioxidant activity. Finally, sensory evaluations by a trained panel revealed that the flavor of most of the low-seeded, gamma-irradiated varieties was slightly or significantly preferable to that of unirradiated varieties.

Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Quality and Appearance of Statuma Mandarin Fruit

Six-year Statuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. Cv. Miyagawa Wase) trees were used as materials to investigate the effects of plastic film mulching on quality and appearance of Statuma mandarin fruit during three periods of cell division, cell enlargement and mature stages. The results showed that mulching during the cell division and early-mature stages increased total sugar and reduced sugar content of fruit as well as the Vc content, compared to the control. However, the titratable acid content, fruit size, peel weight and single fruit weight were all lower than the control. Film mulching during the cell division phage resulted in higher edible fruit rate, while the fruit shape index was similar to the control. Mulching during the early-mature stage didn’t affect the edible rate of fruit, but caused lower fruit shape index. Compared to the control, film mulching during the cell enlargement period caused lower total and reducing sugar content, titratable acid content and edible rate, while the Vc content was a little bit higher than the control. In addition, the fruit size, peel weight, single fruit weight and fruit shape index were all lower than the control. Mulching during the early-mature period effectively enhanced the content of total and reduced sugar and Vc and decreased the titratable acid content. Hence, it increased fruit quality but had negative effect on fruit appearance.

Effects of Co-60 gamma-irradiation and refrigerated storage on the quality of Shatang mandarin

The effectiveness of Co-60 gamma irradiation in controlling citrus red mite(Panonychus citri McGregor)had been proved in our earlier work.However,whether it could be used as an alternative method to replace the current way of quarantine treatment against citrus red mites depends on the performances of effective doses on citrus fruits.This study was conducted to explore the effects of Co-60 gamma irradiation on the nutrient composition of citrus(Shatang mandarin);selected fruits were divided into different groups and each group was irradiated at 0.0,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,and 0.6,respectively.And then the treated fruits were stored at 4◦C and the nutrient composition was studied in the following days.The results showed that the shelf-life could be extended when fruits were irradiated in the dose range of 0.2–0.4 kGy,while most unirradiated citrus decayed by 15 d.It also turned out that the citrus irradiated at 0.5 and 0.6 kGy were fully decayed within 45 d of refrigerated storage.The content of total soluble solids(TSS),total sugar,ascorbic acid(AA),and titratable acidity had no significant differences compare to those of the control during the 15 d storage period.Nevertheless,the activities of peroxidase(POD)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)decreased after 15 d;the improvement of storage quality and shelf life may be explained by the change of the protective enzyme activity.In conclusion,the results of citrus fruit treated with irradiation at a certain dose indicated the potential use of Co-60 gamma irradiation as a safe quarantine treatment.©2014 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Optimization of Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Conditions for the Identification of Volatiles Compounds from the Whole Fruit of Lemon, Lime, Mandarin and Orange

An optimum method has been developed for extracting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which contribute to the aroma of different species of citrus fruit (orange, lemon, lime, and mandarin). Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC) coupled with flame ionization detection (FID) is used as a very simple, efficient and non-destructive extraction method. A three phase 50/30 μm PDV/DVB/CAR fibre was used for the extraction process. The optimal sealing time for volatiles reaching equilibrium from whole fruit in the headspace of the chamber was 20, 16, 8 and 16 hours for lemon, lime, mandarin, and orange respectively. Optimum fibre exposure times for whole fruit were 2, 4, 2 and 2 hours for lemon, lime, mandarin, and orange respectively. Three chamber volumes (500, 1000 and 2000 ml) were evaluated for the collection of VOCs with the 500 ml chamber being selected. The 500ml chamber produced the highest quality peak areas and quantity of extracted volatiles. As a result of fruit respiration, the percentage of oxygen (O2) of all citrus fruit species in 500 ml chamber decreased from 21.8% to 18.8% in the 20 hours sealing time, while carbon dioxide (CO2) contents increased to 2.9% also in the 20 hours sealing time. The results of this study showed the feasibility of this technique for identifying VOCs from four of the citrus fruit species and its potential as a routine method for physiological studies on citrus fruit or on other fruit species.

Relationship between Ponkan Mandarin Fruit Quality and Nutrient Concentrations

Five age groups of trees were carried out in order to study relationships between the deterioration of Ponkan mandarin fruit quality and changes in tissues nutrient concentrations with tree age.Fruit quality and nutrient concentrations in fruits and leaves were measured.Comprehensive fruit quality decreased in the order:5-year-old > 13-year-old > 38-year-old > 8-year-old >18-year-old.In 18-year-old trees,calcium(Ca) concentrations of fruit and leaf were lower,while potassium(K) and boron(B) concentrations of fruit and magnesium(Mg) and manganese(Mn) concentrations of leaf were higher.Negative relationships were observed between fruit total soluble solids and leaf B,while positive relationships were observed between fruit total soluble solids and leaf and fruit Ca concentrations,and between titratable acidity and leaf Mn.Fruit quality decreasing with tree age most likely resulted from an imbalance of high K,Mg and B but lower Ca concentrations in leaves and fruits.

基于株高、产量、品质联合分析筛选砂糖橘优良砧木

【目的】通过联合分析不同砧木砂糖橘植株株高、产量、品质的相关指标,构建砂糖橘优良砧木筛选的综合评价模型,为砂糖橘优良砧木的选择提供依据。【方法】以10种不同的砧木嫁接砂糖橘,对嫁接后的植株株高、产量、品质进行差异显著性分析、相关性分析及主成分分析,获得筛选砂糖橘砧木的核心指标并构建综合评价模型,根据模型评分进行排序。【结果】株高、产量、品质22个指标均表现出了显著的差异性并有着多组相关关系,主成分分析筛选出了6个主成分,累积贡献率达到了93.407%,共注释了包括果实质量及横纵径大小决定因子、产量和果形指数决定因子、果皮厚度决定因子等6个关键因子。【结论】综合评价模型得分表明,红黎檬、香橙和粗柠檬可推荐为广东省适用的3个优选砂糖橘砧木。

Fruit Photosynthesis and Assimilate Translocation and Partitioning: Their Characteristics and Role in Sugar Accumulation in Developing Citrus unshiu Fruit

Dynamics of dry- or fresh-weight of fruit, peel photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of radiolabelled assimilates from leaf or fruit were examined in developing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa wase) fruit from primary stage of fruit enlargement up to fruit full ripe. Change in fruit photosynthetic rate was some what related to the change in the chlorophyll content of peel. Fruit photosynthetic rate markedly declined as chlorophyll degradation occurred in the peel. Before full ripe stage of the fruit, photosynthates produced by a 14C-fed leaf were mainly distributed to juice sacs even during periods when dry matter accumulation in peel was more rapid than that in juice sacs. At the full ripe stage, peel photosynthetic rate approached zero and peel became the major sink of leaf photosynthates. Most of the peel assimilates, however, remained in situ for up to 48 h after feeding 14CO 2 to the fruit, only a small portion being transported to other parts of fruit. The percentage of fruit photosynthates exported decreased with fruit development and ripening, but the peak rate of export to juice sacs amount to as high as 12%. The sugar content and dry weights of peel and juice sacs in shaded fruit were lower than that in the control fruit. These results show that peel assimilate was mainly consumed in peel respiration and growth and thus the dependence on leaf photosynthates decreased. Part of this assimiate was used in sugar accumulation in juice sacs of fruit.

转录因子CcbHLH107调控蜜橘果实转色的功能分析

以重庆当地早熟蜜橘为材料克隆得到CcbHLH107,对其进行生物信息学分析及转录因子特性分析。结果表明:CcbHLH107与拟南芥AtbHLH107具有较高的同源性,启动子区域具有光响应元件、脱落酸响应元件等各类响应元件,定位于细胞核,具有转录激活活性。在烟草叶片异源瞬时过表达CcbHLH107一周后,瞬转部位叶片明显黄化,烟草叶片的叶绿素及其代谢产物含量显著降低(P<0.05);早熟蜜橘中瞬时过表达第3天时瞬转部位果皮有明显的转色,同时,果皮中CcbHLH107的表达水平显著上升。相比于对照组,瞬时过表达CcbHLH107的蜜橘果皮中叶绿素及其代谢产物的下降趋势加快,不同种类胡萝卜素的含量被改变,其中叶黄质、隐黄质、玉米黄素的积累被促进。且叶绿素降解相关基因CcNYC1、CcChlase1、CcRCCR、CcPAO和类胡萝卜素调控相关基因CcPSY2、CcBCH2、CcZEP、CcNCED5、CcCCS、CcCCD4显著上调表达(P<0.05)。综上,CcbHLH107通过促进蜜橘果皮叶绿素降解以及改变不同种类的类胡萝卜素含量和色素比值加速蜜橘果实的转黄。

外源亚精胺(Spd)对日光温室砂糖橘(Citrus reticulate cv.Shatangju)生殖生长的影响

研究不同浓度的外源亚精胺(Spd)对日光温室砂糖橘有叶花和无叶花的花粉萌发、子房发育、坐花率及坐果率的影响,结果表明:适宜浓度的外源Spd处理后,可促进砂糖橘有叶花和无叶花的花粉萌发,促进子房发育,提高坐花率和坐果率,尤其是对无叶花的效果更明显。外源Spd浓度为50μmol·L-1时,两种砂糖橘花的花粉萌发率、坐花率和坐果率最高。

Detection of Mediterranean Fruit Fly Larvae Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Different Types of Fruit by HS-SPME GC-MS Method

Timely detection of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) is very important so that eradication action can be taken on time. The larvae stage of this insect is the most dangerous stage as it is within the pulp of the fruit, making it hard to detect by visual inspection. In most countries at ports of entry the inspector check a small sample of fruit by visual inspection or by cutting the produce and searching for fungus and pests. This paper will investigate a quick, reliable and sensitive method to determine the presence of fruit flies. Our research focuses on developing the technology for detecting hidden infestations by using the Head Space-Soild Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) method coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrocopy (GC-MS) technique. Five different types of fruit were infested with an early stage of Medfly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephidae). We investigated to detect the differences in volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) between infested and non- infested fruits by using HS-SPME with (GC-MS). The results indicated that for few chemicals no significant differences between infested and non-infested fruit can be seen, especially in the fruits with first instar. However, in case of third instar larvae infested fruits significant differences in the chemicals can be seen as compare to non infested fruits and other instar infestations. These chemicals include ethyl (Z)-2 butenoate, 2-heptanone, anisole, β-cis-ocimene, 1,3,7-nonatriene,4,8-dimethy-,ethyl octyate, isoamyl caproate and 1β,4βh,10βh- guaia-5,11-diene, in apple. Ethyl (Z)-2-butenoate, (+)-2-bornanone, (-)-trans- isopiperitenol, methyl caprate, caryophyllene and farnesene in orange. Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-,2-methylbutul acetate, sabinene, β-myrcene, octanoic acid, methyl ester, dihydrocarvone, (-)-trans-isopiperitenol and ethyl laurate in mandarin. Butyl 2-methylbutanoate, terpinen-4-ol, P-menth-8-en-2-one, E-,(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene and dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester in lemon. Decane, 3-methyl-, p-menth-1,4(8)-diene, 1-undecene and α-cubebene in avocado. Thus, the VOC’s method could provide a possible tool for detecting tephritid larvae and this method could be adopted by industries importing and exporting fruit.

Effect of Postharvest Treatments on Quality and Shelf Life of Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)

Nepal produces large quantity of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) annually but faces big losses due to improper postharvest treatments. The experiment was carried out during 2012-2013 with the objective of assessing the effect of different postharvest treatments on quality and shelf life of mandarin. The postharvest treatments were: wax emulsion at 10%, bavistin at 0.1%, wax at 10% with bavistin at 0.1%, calcium chloride at 1%, Jeevatu at 5% along with untreated fruits as a control. The experiment was conducted for four weeks of storage at ambient condition in Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Khumaltar, Kathmandu. Wax in combination with bavistin was found as the most effective in reducing the physiological loss in weight, whereas bavistin proved to reduce decay loss up to four weeks of storage. The fruits treated with wax alone and with combination of bavistin retained maximum firmness, juice percentage, vitamin C and palatability rating during the storage. The minimum total soluble solid and maximum titrable acidity were recorded in the fruits treated with wax plus bavistin. The present findings indicate that mandarin can be stored up to four weeks when treated with wax as well as wax with bavistin in the condition with 14&deg;C - 18&deg;C temperature and 45% - 73% relative humidity.

Infection Characteristics and Interaction of Three Species of Penicillium in the Postharvest Storage of‘Gonggan'Mandarin(Citrus reticulata)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to understand the infection characteristics of Penicillium on‘Gonggan’mandarin(Citrus reticulata)and its effects on postharvest storage quality.[Methods]Nine inoculation treatments were designed and tested for the three identified Penicillium species,namely:three single inoculation experiments,four compound inoculation experiments,and two controls without inoculation.After treatment,the fruit was put into plastic film fresh-keeping bags and stored at a natural room temperature.The determined and analyzed indexes included fruit disease incidence,disease index,disease symptoms,disease spot expansion speed and weight loss rate,soluble solid content and organic acid content in different inoculation treatments.[Results]All‘Gonggan’fruit inoculated with Penicillium were diseased 2 d after inoculation,and completely rotted 14 d later.Of the three Penicillium species isolated and identified,Penicillium digitorum and its combinations were the most harmful to‘Gonggan’fruit.The hazard of Penicillium italicum was equal to or even weaker than that of Penicillium expansum.Eventually,P.digitorum dominated when coexisting on the same fruit.Different species of Penicillium obviously showed competition and antagonism in the process of growth and infection,especially for P.digitorum which was stronger,but other two species of Penicillium also had obvious self-protection ability.Low-temperature storage played a crucial role in the preservation of‘Gonggan’fruit,because it could significantly inhibit Penicillium infestation,and suppress fruit weight loss and the reduction of the contents of soluble solids and organic acids.[Conclusions]The infection characteristics and interaction relationship of Penicillium in the postharvest storage of‘Gonggan’fruit were revealed.

发光二极管蓝光对乙烯褪绿早熟蜜橘果实叶绿素代谢的调控作用

重庆当地早熟蜜橘存在果皮晚于果肉达到成熟标准的特点,为解决这个问题,柑橘产业中常用乙烯对蜜橘果实进行褪绿处理。但单独乙烯褪绿蜜橘果实着色浅,感官品质不佳,影响消费者接受度。基于此,前期研究探讨了光照对乙烯褪绿蜜橘果实着色的影响,发现以300lx、450nm发光二极管(light-emitting diode,LED)蓝光处理能有效改善乙烯褪绿蜜橘果实的色泽,并从类胡萝卜素代谢角度对其机理进行了初步研究。鉴于蜜橘果实色泽的形成是由叶绿素和类胡萝卜素共同决定的,本实验通过对叶绿素相关基因表达水平和代谢物质含量变化分析探讨蓝光和乙烯协同处理对蜜橘果皮叶绿素代谢的调控作用。结果表明,蓝光和乙烯协同处理通过促进蜜橘果皮叶绿素降解相关基因CcRCCR、CcNYC1上调表达和叶绿素合成相关基因CcCAO、CcChIH、CcMPEC下调表达,促进果实中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、脱镁叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿酸甲酯a、脱镁叶绿酸甲酯b的降解,从而加速果实转色。研究结果可为系统阐述蓝光和乙烯协同调控蜜橘果实着色的机理提供一定的理论参考。

银杏叶提取物处理对采后南丰蜜橘果实保鲜效果和品质的影响

为延长南丰蜜橘的保鲜期,研究了不同质量浓度的银杏叶提取物(GLE)对采后南丰蜜橘果实保鲜效果和品质的影响。结果表明,GLE处理可显著提升保鲜效果,延缓果实衰老,维持果实的品质。15 g/L GLE处理可显著降低果实的腐烂率和失重率;5 g/L GLE处理可显著提高果实的亮度,阻止果皮黄化;5 g/L、10 g/L和15 g/L GLE处理可显著延缓可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、维生素C含量和可滴定酸含量的下降,但更高质量浓度的GLE处理对果实的保鲜效果和品质无明显提升,因此15 g/L为南丰蜜橘果实保鲜的最适GLE质量浓度。对果实呼吸作用和意大利青霉病原菌良好的抑制作用,优良的抗氧化功能,以及对果实抗氧化酶活性的诱导提高,是GLE延缓南丰蜜橘果实衰老和维持品质的主要原因。本研究为南丰蜜橘的贮藏保鲜提供了新技术及理论依据,具有重要的应用价值和理论意义。

宜昌温州蜜柑果实膨大与气象条件的关系

为提高温州蜜柑(Citrus reticulata‘Unshiu’)果实膨大期间气象服务的针对性,利用宜昌市夷陵区气象局1995—2016年柑橘和气象观测资料,分析了尾张、龟井温州蜜柑果实膨大规律及其与气象条件的关系。运用Logistic函数模拟并一阶求导,得到了历年果实体积增长量峰值及出现时间。筛选气象因子,研究建立了尾张、龟井温州蜜柑果实增长量峰值回归方程,分析了可采成熟期果实大小与采前主要气象要素的相关性,梳理了典型年份果实膨大期主要气象灾害,研究表明,盛夏前低温阴雨天气及盛夏至秋季高温干旱是宜昌温州蜜柑果实膨大的主要气象障碍。

中草药提取液对砂糖橘保鲜效果的研究

用具有良好防腐抑菌作用的中草药高良姜、大黄、丁香、桂皮、大蒜的提取液浸果,研究中草药提取液对无核砂糖橘果实的保鲜效果。结果表明:在常温贮藏条件下,与对照相比,中草药提取液处理提高了砂糖橘的好果率,减少了水分损失,延缓了果肉可溶性固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸(TA)及VC含量的下降。其中稀释50倍的中草药提取液处理的果实贮藏40d时,好果率达98%,比对照提高了10%,失重率仅为1.9%,果实品质最好。中草药提取液处理还提高了贮藏前期果皮过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,增强了贮藏后期超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,有利于延缓果皮的衰老和病变。

茶皂素和噻菌灵混配对沙糖橘采后青绿霉菌的防治效果及品质的影响

为明确茶皂素和噻菌灵混配对柑橘青霉和绿霉病菌的抑制作用,采用菌丝生长速率法和共毒系数法测定了茶皂素、噻菌灵及其混剂对柑橘青霉和绿霉病菌的室内毒力以及增效比率(SR),同时测定了茶皂素与噻菌灵混剂对沙糖橘采后青绿霉菌的防治效果及其对贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,茶皂素与噻菌灵配比为8∶2时对柑橘青霉和绿霉病菌具有显著的防治效果,SR分别为2.77和1.60,表现为显著增效作用。茶皂素与噻菌灵混剂(8∶2)在浓度为400mg.L-1时可有效抑制沙糖橘采后青绿霉病的发生,发病率仅为1.53%,显著低于对照的86.59%。混剂处理有效保持了沙糖橘的品质,延缓了果肉可溶性固形物、可滴定酸及抗坏血酸含量的下降。

柑桔绿霉病拮抗细菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑制效果

从采集的柑桔园根际土壤中筛选得到1株对柑桔绿霉菌Penicillium digitatum具有较强拮抗活性的菌株HC-03。该菌株对柑桔绿霉菌、柑桔青霉菌Penicillium italicum、柑桔酸腐菌Geotrichum candidum等12种水果病原菌均有不同程度的拮抗作用,表现出广谱抗菌活性。菌落形态观察、生理生化特性分析及16S rDNA序列测定和特异性PCR检测结果表明,该菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。对沙糖桔的活体接种试验表明,菌株HC-03的发酵液、菌悬液及发酵滤液处理柑桔绿霉病的发生率均低于20%,病斑直径均在10mm以下。

三种温州蜜柑果实香气成分的研究

【目的】研究‘国庆1号’、‘宫川’和‘大叶尾张’3种温州蜜柑果实的香气成分及其差异。【方法】利用顶空固相微萃取技术-气质联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS),对3种温州蜜柑果实的香气成分进行分析测定。【结果】从3种温州蜜柑果实中分别检测到65、36和55种挥发性成分,总含量分别为584.67μg·g-1、505.29μg·g-1和494.63μg·g-1。在3种果实中有29种相同的成分。独有的香气成分中,‘国庆1号’有12种,‘宫川’有5种,‘大叶尾张’有2种。【结论】D-柠檬烯、γ-松油烯、β-月桂烯、α-蒎烯、芳樟醇和辛醛是3种果实中主要的特征香气成分。‘国庆1号’特征香气成分的含量高于‘宫川’和‘大叶尾张’的。