The tea plant(Camellia sinensis L.)is an important commercial crop with remarkably high catechin concentrations.Tea is popular worldwide given the plant's health benefits.Catechins are the main astringent substanc...The tea plant(Camellia sinensis L.)is an important commercial crop with remarkably high catechin concentrations.Tea is popular worldwide given the plant's health benefits.Catechins are the main astringent substance in tea and are synthesized mainly via the phenylpropanoid pathway.In this study,eight cultivars of tea plants harvested both in spring and autumn were used to investigate differences in catechin concentrations by using high-performance liquid chromatography.The expression levels of genes associated with catechin biosynthesis were investigated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The results indicated that the total catechin(TC)concentrations were significantly higher in tea plants harvested in autumn than in those harvested in spring,based on higher concentrations of epigallocatechin(EGC)in autumn tea(P<0.01).The expression of the genes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),flavanone 3-hydroxylase(F3H),flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase(F3′5′H),dihydroflavonol 4-reductase(DFR),and anthocyanidin synthase(ANS)is closely related to the TC content of tea plants in both spring and autumn.Positive correlations between PAL,cinnamate 4-hydroxylase(C4H),F3H,and DFR expression and EGC accumulation in autumn tea were identified,with correlation coefficients of 0.710,0.763,0.884,and 0.707,respectively.A negative correlation between ANS expression level and EGC concentrations in tea plants harvested in spring was noted(r=−0.732).Additionally,negative correlations between F3H and ANS expression levels and the catechin content were identified in spring tea,whereas the correlations were positive in autumn tea.Significant differences in the F3H and ANS expression levels between spring and autumn tea indicate that F3H and ANS are potentially key genes affecting catechin accumulation in tea plants.展开更多
The living coccolithophores （LCs） are an important class of calcified taxa of phytoplankton functional groups, and major producers of marine biogenic inorganic carbon, playing an important role in the marine carbon ...The living coccolithophores （LCs） are an important class of calcified taxa of phytoplankton functional groups, and major producers of marine biogenic inorganic carbon, playing an important role in the marine carbon cycle. In this study, we report the two-demensional abundance, composition of LCs and its correlation with the environmental parameters in spring and autumn, in order to understand the ecological role of LCs in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. In spring, totally 9 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified using a polarized microscope at the 1 000x magnification. The dominant species were Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Helicosphaera carteri, and Calcidiscus leptoporus. The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0-7.72 cells/mL, and 0-216.09 coccoliths/mL, with the average values of 0.21 cells/mL, and 11.36 coccoliths/mL, respectively. The Emiliania huxleyi distribution was similar to Gephyrocapsa oceanica. The highest abundance of coccoliths was observed in the east of Shandong Peninsula in northern Yellow Sea, whereas Helicosphaera carteri distributed more widely. Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica were the two predominant species in LCs with higher abundances. The distribution of LCs was similar to that of coccoliths. In autumn, 14 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified with dominant species as Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Helicosphaera carteri, Calcidiscus leptoporus and Oolithotus fragilis. The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0-24.69 cells/mL, and 0-507.15 coccoliths/mL, with the average values of 1.47 cells/mL, and 55.89 coccoliths/mL, respectively. The highest abundance of coccoliths was located in Qingdao coastal waters and south of the survey area. The distribution of LCs was similar to the coccoliths; in addition, LCs presented large abundance in the east of the central Yellow Sea area.展开更多
Min Liu,Heng-lu Tian,Jian-Hua Wu,Ren-Rong Cao,Run-Xian Wang,Xiao-Hua Qi,Qiang Xu and Xue-Hao Chen.Horticulture Research(2015)2,15023;doi:10.1038/hortres.2015.23;published online13 May2015.Correction to:Horticulture Re...Min Liu,Heng-lu Tian,Jian-Hua Wu,Ren-Rong Cao,Run-Xian Wang,Xiao-Hua Qi,Qiang Xu and Xue-Hao Chen.Horticulture Research(2015)2,15023;doi:10.1038/hortres.2015.23;published online13 May2015.Correction to:Horticulture Research(2015)2,11;doi:10.1038/hortres.2015.11;published online 13 May 2015 Since the publication of this article,the authors have noticed an error in the author list.Author“Ren-Rong Cang”should be“Ren-Rong Cao”.The authors apologize for any inconvenience it may have caused.展开更多
Chuanshan × Shushui is a highgrade cocoon filament silkworm variety for spring and autumn rearing bred by Nanchong Silkworm Eggs Farmthrough systematic breeding method. The characteristics of stock seed and F1 hy...Chuanshan × Shushui is a highgrade cocoon filament silkworm variety for spring and autumn rearing bred by Nanchong Silkworm Eggs Farmthrough systematic breeding method. The characteristics of stock seed and F1 hybrid of silkworm variety Chuanshan × Shushui and their breeding technical points and precautions were introduced in the paper. Laboratory identification and rural breeding results showed that Chuanshan × Shushui wascharacterized by physical strength, high cocoon weight, good cocoon quality and superior neatness, and the cocoons produced could reel 5A6A classraw silk. The variety was suitable for breeding in silkworm areas in Sichuan, Yunnan and Shaanxi provinces. The variety was approved by Sichuansilkworm breeding committee in 2005, and more than one million boxes of silkworm eggs have been cumulatively bred in silkworm areas in Sichuan,Yunnan, Shaanxi and Hainan provinces.展开更多
To which school Spring and Autumn of the Lü Clan belongs is the base of carrying out the study of its thoughts and philosophy,which has always caused controversy.This question should be answered not from the narr...To which school Spring and Autumn of the Lü Clan belongs is the base of carrying out the study of its thoughts and philosophy,which has always caused controversy.This question should be answered not from the narrowperspective of a certain school,but from the perspective of academic integration. Spring and Autumn of the Lü Clan is a consummate work of YellowEmperor School. There are four reasons for this conclusion: firstly,it shares the same ideological system and basic thoughts with YellowEmperor School. Secondly,from the perspective of ideological views,it carries on the development trend of thoughts of YellowEmperor School. Thirdly,from the perspective of integration of ideological factors of various schools,it carries on the development trend of YellowEmperor School. Fourthly,it raises the banner of"YellowEmperor",and inherits many words from works of YellowEmperor School.展开更多
基金This research was financially supported by the National Program on Key Basic Research Projects(The 973 Program:2012CB113900)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement.
文摘The tea plant(Camellia sinensis L.)is an important commercial crop with remarkably high catechin concentrations.Tea is popular worldwide given the plant's health benefits.Catechins are the main astringent substance in tea and are synthesized mainly via the phenylpropanoid pathway.In this study,eight cultivars of tea plants harvested both in spring and autumn were used to investigate differences in catechin concentrations by using high-performance liquid chromatography.The expression levels of genes associated with catechin biosynthesis were investigated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The results indicated that the total catechin(TC)concentrations were significantly higher in tea plants harvested in autumn than in those harvested in spring,based on higher concentrations of epigallocatechin(EGC)in autumn tea(P<0.01).The expression of the genes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),flavanone 3-hydroxylase(F3H),flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase(F3′5′H),dihydroflavonol 4-reductase(DFR),and anthocyanidin synthase(ANS)is closely related to the TC content of tea plants in both spring and autumn.Positive correlations between PAL,cinnamate 4-hydroxylase(C4H),F3H,and DFR expression and EGC accumulation in autumn tea were identified,with correlation coefficients of 0.710,0.763,0.884,and 0.707,respectively.A negative correlation between ANS expression level and EGC concentrations in tea plants harvested in spring was noted(r=−0.732).Additionally,negative correlations between F3H and ANS expression levels and the catechin content were identified in spring tea,whereas the correlations were positive in autumn tea.Significant differences in the F3H and ANS expression levels between spring and autumn tea indicate that F3H and ANS are potentially key genes affecting catechin accumulation in tea plants.
基金The Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University under contract No.NCET-12-1065the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41176136,41276124,40776093 and 40676089 to Sun Junthe National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41306118 to Feng Yuanyuan
文摘The living coccolithophores （LCs） are an important class of calcified taxa of phytoplankton functional groups, and major producers of marine biogenic inorganic carbon, playing an important role in the marine carbon cycle. In this study, we report the two-demensional abundance, composition of LCs and its correlation with the environmental parameters in spring and autumn, in order to understand the ecological role of LCs in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. In spring, totally 9 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified using a polarized microscope at the 1 000x magnification. The dominant species were Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Helicosphaera carteri, and Calcidiscus leptoporus. The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0-7.72 cells/mL, and 0-216.09 coccoliths/mL, with the average values of 0.21 cells/mL, and 11.36 coccoliths/mL, respectively. The Emiliania huxleyi distribution was similar to Gephyrocapsa oceanica. The highest abundance of coccoliths was observed in the east of Shandong Peninsula in northern Yellow Sea, whereas Helicosphaera carteri distributed more widely. Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica were the two predominant species in LCs with higher abundances. The distribution of LCs was similar to that of coccoliths. In autumn, 14 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified with dominant species as Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Helicosphaera carteri, Calcidiscus leptoporus and Oolithotus fragilis. The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0-24.69 cells/mL, and 0-507.15 coccoliths/mL, with the average values of 1.47 cells/mL, and 55.89 coccoliths/mL, respectively. The highest abundance of coccoliths was located in Qingdao coastal waters and south of the survey area. The distribution of LCs was similar to the coccoliths; in addition, LCs presented large abundance in the east of the central Yellow Sea area.
文摘Min Liu,Heng-lu Tian,Jian-Hua Wu,Ren-Rong Cao,Run-Xian Wang,Xiao-Hua Qi,Qiang Xu and Xue-Hao Chen.Horticulture Research(2015)2,15023;doi:10.1038/hortres.2015.23;published online13 May2015.Correction to:Horticulture Research(2015)2,11;doi:10.1038/hortres.2015.11;published online 13 May 2015 Since the publication of this article,the authors have noticed an error in the author list.Author“Ren-Rong Cang”should be“Ren-Rong Cao”.The authors apologize for any inconvenience it may have caused.
文摘Chuanshan × Shushui is a highgrade cocoon filament silkworm variety for spring and autumn rearing bred by Nanchong Silkworm Eggs Farmthrough systematic breeding method. The characteristics of stock seed and F1 hybrid of silkworm variety Chuanshan × Shushui and their breeding technical points and precautions were introduced in the paper. Laboratory identification and rural breeding results showed that Chuanshan × Shushui wascharacterized by physical strength, high cocoon weight, good cocoon quality and superior neatness, and the cocoons produced could reel 5A6A classraw silk. The variety was suitable for breeding in silkworm areas in Sichuan, Yunnan and Shaanxi provinces. The variety was approved by Sichuansilkworm breeding committee in 2005, and more than one million boxes of silkworm eggs have been cumulatively bred in silkworm areas in Sichuan,Yunnan, Shaanxi and Hainan provinces.
文摘To which school Spring and Autumn of the Lü Clan belongs is the base of carrying out the study of its thoughts and philosophy,which has always caused controversy.This question should be answered not from the narrowperspective of a certain school,but from the perspective of academic integration. Spring and Autumn of the Lü Clan is a consummate work of YellowEmperor School. There are four reasons for this conclusion: firstly,it shares the same ideological system and basic thoughts with YellowEmperor School. Secondly,from the perspective of ideological views,it carries on the development trend of thoughts of YellowEmperor School. Thirdly,from the perspective of integration of ideological factors of various schools,it carries on the development trend of YellowEmperor School. Fourthly,it raises the banner of"YellowEmperor",and inherits many words from works of YellowEmperor School.
