Comments on Nigel Wiseman s A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine(Ⅰ)——On the“Word-for-word”Literal Approach to Translation

Comments were made on the ＂word-for-word＂ literal translation method used by Mr. Nigel Wiseman in A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. He believes that only literal translation can reflect Chinese medical concepts accurately. The so-called ＂word-for-word＂ translation is actually ＂English-word-for- Chinese-character＂ translation. First, the authors of the dictionary made a list of Single Characters with English Equivalents, and then they gave each character of the medical term an English equivalent according to the list. Finally, they made some minor modifications to make the rendering grammatically smoother. Many English terms thus produced are confusing. The defect of the word-for-word literal translation stems from the erroneous idea that a single character constitutes the basic element of meaning corresponding to the notion of ＂word＂ in English, and the meaning of a disyllabic or polysyllabic Chinese word is the simple addition of the constituent characters. Another big mistake is the negligence of the polysemy of Chinese characters. One or two English equivalents can by no means cover all the various meanings of a single character which is a polysemous monosyllabic word. Various examples were cited from this dictionary to illustrate the mistakes.

Comments on Nigel Wiseman's A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine (Ⅱ) ——On the Use of Western Medical Terms to Express the Concepts of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Mr. Wiseman believes that Western medical terms chosen as equivalents of Chinese medical terms should be the words known to all speakers and not requiring any specialist knowledge or instrumentation to understand or identify, and strictly technical Western medical terms should be avoided regardless of their conceptual conformity to the Chinese terms. Accordingly, many inappropriate Western medical terms are selected as English equivalents by the authors of the Dictionary, and on the other hand, many ready-made appropriate Western medical terms are replaced by loan English terms with the Chinese style of word formation. The experience gained in solving the problems of translating Western medical terms into Chinese when West- ern medicine was first introduced to China is helpful for translating Chinese medical terms into English. However, the authors of the Dictionary adhere to their own opinions, ignoring others＂ experience. The English terms thus created do not reflect the genuine meaning of the Chinese terms, but make the English glossary in chaos. The so-called true face of traditional Chinese revealed by such terms is merely the Chinese custom of word formation and metaphoric rhetoric. In other words, traditional Chinese medicine is not regarded as a system of medicine but merely some Oriental folklore.

Design and Implementation of a New Chinese Word Segmentation Dictionary for the Personalized Mobile Search

Chinese word segmentation is the basis of natural language processing. The dictionary mechanism significantly influences the efficiency of word segmentation and the understanding of the user’s intention which is implied in the user’s query. As the traditional dictionary mechanisms can't meet the present situation of personalized mobile search, this paper presents a new dictionary mechanism which contains the word classification information. This paper, furthermore, puts forward an approach for improving the traditional word bank structure, and proposes an improved FMM segmentation algorithm. The results show that the new dictionary mechanism has made a significant increase on the query efficiency and met the user’s individual requirements better.

Pharmaceutical Rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine For Stroke Based on Dictionary of Prescriptions and Complex Network Analysis

Objective:Taking the Dictionary of Prescriptions as a clue,we collected effective prescriptions for treating Stroke,and systematically summarized the medication and compatibility rules of the core Chinese medicines for treating Stroke.Methods:A database of prescriptions for stroke based on complex relationship analysis system of traditional Chinese medicine was established.From the point of view of complex network,the hierarchy of drug compatibility rules of compound prescriptions(such as courtiers and envoys)was analyzed,the statistical characteristics of complex networks were analyzed,and an attempt was made to explain the characteristics of complex networks of drugs for stroke.Results:A total of 974 prescriptions were collected,including 1040 Chinese herbs.The core Chinese herbal medicines with nodal degree(>500)for Stroke were divaricate saposhnikovia root,liquorice root,Chinese angelica,tall gastrodia tuber,incised notopterygium rhizome and root.The compatibility relationship of the core Chinese medicines in the treatment of stroke is divaricate saposhnikovia root-liquorice root,ephedra-divaricate saposhnikovia root,divaricate saposhnikovia root-sichuan lovage rhizome,divaricate saposhnikovia root-Chinese angelica in order of frequency.Conclusion:Through the analysis of the common network structure of effective prescriptions for Stroke,the core prescription compatibility structure reflecting the prescription thinking and clinical characteristics was found.

A study on the medication law of oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine in treating breast carbuncle based on the Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Dictionary

Objective:Based on the database of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Dictionary,the prescription medication rules of oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of breast carbuncle were explored by using the software of Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System(V2.5).Methods:To screen and retrieve the prescriptions for treating breast carbuncle in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Dictionary,and data mining was carried out by using association rule algorithm,complex system entropy clustering and so on.Results:A total of 208 prescriptions which met the inclusion criteria were selected,involving 175 traditional Chinese medicines.Among them,23 medicines were found to be more than 21 times in the treatment of breast carbuncle.The nature of the medicine is mainly cold or warm,the flavour of the medicine is mainly bitter or sweet,most of them belong to the spleen,liver,stomach.15 commonly used drug combinations and 9 new prescriptions were obtained.Conclusion:The key pathogenesis of breast carbuncle is liver depression and Qi stagnation,stomach heat blocking collaterals,the treatment is mainly to clear heat and detoxify,regulate Qi to diffuse the knot,which provides reference for the choose of traditional Chinese medicine prescription in treating breast carbuncle.

Research on the Transmutation of Chinese Loanwords-Based on Modern Chinese Dictionary(7th Edition)

Vocabulary plays an irreplaceable role in a language.As an important carrier to record foreign cultures in vocabulary,loanwords are widely used in all aspects of society.Modern Chinese Dictionary includes loanwords from a variety of languages from the perspective of universal use.This paper takes the loanwords in Modern Chinese Dictionary(7th Edition)as the closed corpus,and analyzes the etymology,structure,word length,and other aspects while making blanket statistics on the loanwords.The representative words are investigated by word frequency and described from multiple perspectives.

A Study on the Compilation of Dictionaries for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language Based on the Second Language Acquisition Theory

This article intends to demonstrate the principles for dictionary compilation.To summarize,general rules are to be followed.At the same time,this article probes into the differences of Chinese to Chinese dictionary,Chinese to foreign language dictionary,dictionaries for the preparation of certain exams,learner’s dictionaries for reviewing errors,dictionaries with multimedia and dictionaries built via the Internet..In all,one of the key factors for dictionary compilation is the professionalism of editors and writers.The training of the people involved is vital,which would contribute to setting up a better order of the market.Acknowledgements should also be given to achievements in dictionary compilation.Revisions and polishing are required to improve the dictionaries on the market that have already won the acclaim so as to put their influence to the best display.

A Comment on A Chinese-English Dictionary(Revised Edition)

A Chinese-English Dictionary (Revised Edition) is even more standardized andconsistent than its 1978 edition in the inclusion of words, the arrangement of lexical units. thedefinition and the exemplification, but it is still slightly blemished by some unfair coverage andinappropriate. unbalanced or unconcerted explanations, specifications and illustrations. Its meritsand demerits are made evident by comparing it with Far East Chinese-English Dictionary andother dictionaries.

A Study on Translation Strategies Used in Metaphor Boxes in Macmillan English-Chinese Dictionary for Advanced Learners

Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners(MEDAL) applied conceptual metaphor theory to practical lexicogra-phy systematically for the first time, namely, setting Metaphor Box. In the wake of MEDAL, Macmillan English-Chinese Dictionary for Advanced Learners was published based on the English blueprint. Due to different experience and thinking ways between Chi-nese and English, it is not easy for users to understand and translate the metaphors boxes without the help of proper translationstrategies. As an authoritative bilingual version for learners, it provided a template of understanding and translating metaphors.Thus, studying its strategies used in translating the metaphors boxes will be helpful for learners to understand and translate meta-phors in language learning. On the basis of strategies suggested by other researchers and case analysis, three main strategies usedin translating the Metaphor Boxes in the dictionary will be proposed.

Structural Carpentry in Qing Dynasty-A Framework for the Hierarchically Modularized Chinese Timber Structural Design

This article, by using mathematical expressions, offers a scientific framework for understanding how the grading system of Qing′s structural carpentry determines the design and construction in the grand style timber architecture.The Qing′s grand style timber structure, which is ready for prefabrication and assembly, is extremely hierarchical oriented and significantly standardized. The general procedure in designing a grand style timber structure is to start with the grade that defines the basic module (dou kou); next comes with the number of bracket set (cuan), the number of longitudinal bays and the number of purlins which affect its plan and cross section; thirdly choose a roof type that determines its longitudinal section and the facade as well. A series of formulae are conducted to help depict the layout, cross sectional roof curvature and special longitudinal treatments in 4 sloped and 9 spined roofs respectively.

On the Translation of Chinese Four-character Idioms Loaded with Color Words

Chinese four-character idioms loaded with color words are the typical symbol of the Chinese culture and their transition is important to Chinese-English dictionaries.The quality of the dictionary and users' understanding are affected by the correctness and appropriateness of their translation.This paper mainly focuses on the translation of four-character Chinese idioms with color words in New Century Chinese-English Dictionary.The research shows that there are three strategies for Chinese fourcharacter idioms loaded with color words in the dictionaries:literal translation,free translation and the integration of literal translation and annotative translation.

Image-Processing in Translation of Chinese Idioms into English

This paper explores the commonly used translating methods and the frequency of their usage through the analysis of the examples of imagery idioms in Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Idioms.Findings include the following.First,three image-processing methods in translation of Chinese idioms into English are adopted commonly,namely,preserving the original image method,replacing the original image method and giving up the original image method.Second,changing the original image method and giving up the original image method are the major translation methods in the idiom translations surveyed.

宾步程《中德字典Deutsch-Chinesisches Wrterbuch》研究

1905年问世的《中德字典》是第一本由国人编译的德汉双语词典,作为历史文本在中西方文化交流过程中承担着双向文化沟通的桥梁作用,是中德文化交流中的重要里程碑。西方近代工业革命以来产生了大量新生事物,这些包含新学科、技术观念的术语通过双语词典实现了在汉语中的传递。以《中德字典》为研究对象,阐明编者身份、编纂缘由和体例,剖析词汇释义方法,梳理旧词汇、俗语俚语在德汉翻译中使用和外来语的翻译方法。

大历史观视域下毛泽东对推进中华民族共同体建设的贡献与启示

大历史观是做好哲学社会科学研究应有的理论视野,以大历史观考察中国共产党推进中华民族共同体建设的百年历史,毛泽东当之无愧是奠基者、引领者。他领导各民族共同缔造新中国,使各民族“开始团结成为友爱合作的大家庭”;领导确立民族区域自治制度,大力培养和任用少数民族干部;明确民族平等团结,各民族共同发展、实现共同繁荣等处理社会主义民族关系的基本原则;为推进中华民族共同体建设奠定了根本政治前提、根本制度基础和根本原则遵循。以史为鉴,新时代建设更加牢不可破的中华民族共同体需要做到“三个相统一”,即坚持马克思主义民族理论的守正与创新相统一,坚持以中国共产党领导推进中华民族共同体建设与以人民为中心相统一,坚持中华民族历史方位与推进中华民族共同体建设目标定位相统一。

世界文化遗产中国大运河传说叙事与中华民族共同体意识凝铸

中国大运河是世界文化遗产,也是包涵丰富历史文化资源的中华文化符号。这个国家策略下的大规模航运工程,反映了中华民族协同发展的历史进程与政治理念,是中华民族团结统一的象征,也是中华民族文化交融的纽带和精神品格的载体。中国大运河的传说叙事承载着中华民族共同的历史记忆、共享的文化传统与共识的价值观念,表达了运河流域民众在长期交往和共同生活中生成的文化认同与民族情感,也提供了阐释大运河与中华民族共同体意识历史渊源与文化关系的民间视角。传说的传承,是民众唤醒历史记忆、巩固文化认同的过程。在挖掘传说资源的基础上,通过文化空间体系建构和文艺创作等途径,实现大运河民间传说的当代传承与活化利用,发挥其在遗产保护、文脉传承与记忆延续方面的文化功能,对于铸牢中华民族共同体意识具有重要的实践意义。

汉语词典学研究70年

从词典学理论与价值研究、词典编纂与修订研究、词典编纂的个案研究、词典编纂的方法创新四个方面梳理汉语词典学研究70年来的发展脉络,回顾汉语词典学的研究情况,继而得出词典学研究具有以编纂实践为基础、研究阶段特点明显和期刊发表阵地集中的特点,同时分析汉语词典学的研究趋势,并对其未来发展提出若干建议。

词类标注对词典释义的促进作用

词类标注和词典释义有着密切的关系。从词类标注的视角来审视词典释义,更容易发现释义中以前不易发现的问题,可以使释义更加严谨、更加精细化,从而促进词典释义的质量提高。本文从词目和释义词语的语法属性的一致性、动词和形容词义项的增补、虚词释义的修改、冗余义项的删除四个方面对此予以阐述。每个方面选取若干条目,这些条目都是因词类标注而发现释义存在问题,从而对释义做出了相应的修订。通过对它们的修订来具体说明词类标注对词典释义的促进作用。

《汉语大字典》人部词语释义商补

《汉语大字典》是一部以解释汉字的形、音、义为主要任务的大型语文工具书,由于其收录汉字众多,且知识涉及面极其广泛,跨越时代之久远,收录编写难度巨大,书中内容难免出现遗漏。本文针对《汉语大字典》人部词语中义项漏收、义项分合不当的问题进行讨论。

《现代汉语词典》数量词标注相关问题考察

文章对《现代汉语词典》(第7版)中标注的42个数量词进行考察,主要从意义和结构的六个方面区分了词和短语,根据功能、参考意义归纳出名词8个、形容词8个、代词3个、副词和助词各1个。文章最后认为数量词不宜单独立类,数量词应归入现代汉语现有词类,而数量短语不应做类型标注。