国际私法对“Public Law Taboo”的突破

在全球化时代,调整跨国民商事关系的国际私法中出现了一个较为显著的发展趋势——即国际私法开始突破＂公法禁忌（Public Law Taboo）＂,有关法庭在国际民商事案件中适用外国公法;若干国家的国际私法以及有关国际立法均肯定了外国公法在国际私法案件中的可适用性。

The Challenges of Water Pollution, Threat to Public Health, Flaws of Water Laws and Policies in Pakistan

In an era of unprecedented urbanization, population and industrial growth pressure is serious threat for the water management in Pakistan in present days. Water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff limited natural fresh water resources in the country. Human health is facing serious problems due to deteriorating drinking water quality. Current review paper provides an insight to the water quality problems in Pakistan with an attempt to emphasize the challenges of water laws enforcement. Although Pakistan has developed many water laws the state of implementation is dominant, intermediate pollution crises are still remaining. We could come to the conclusion that strictly enforcement is compulsory for water environment regulations in Pakistan. Moreover, it is necessary to establish a reliable risk assessment system for water quality, human health and ecological safety.

A Brief Analysis about the Public Property Attribute of the Fiscal and Taxation Law

From the date of birth, the fiscal and taxation law in China is always rooted in Chinese land, Chinese resources and aimed at solving Chinese problem.As a famous scholar on the fiscal and taxation law professor Jianwen liu once said： ＂the fiscal and taxation law is a very important law, it not only involves the entire country macro economic operation but also involves the interests of families and everyone＇s interests.＂This article will combine professor Jianwen Liu＇ s research results in the past two years, from the view of the field of law to discuss why the fiscal and taxation law known as public property.

Vietnamese State Budget Accounting With the Relationships Between the State Budget Law and International Public Sector Accounting Standards （IPSAS）＊ Pham Quang Huy University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

For a long time, Vietnam has modifications in all aspects in the society. For many years, Vietnam has improved features in administrative works as well as in different areas, such as public administration, finance, and accounting In the accounting content, budget accounting is an important thing which is worth noting. However, along with the achievements, Vietnam is also facing a number of limitations to be overcome for ensuring transparency in the state budget. Since then, the main purpose of the article is to provide a general picture of budget accounting in Vietnam and what has not been done through finding the relationships with budget regulations and international public sector accounting. The results showed that Vietnam will transform and issue the new law on budget and build up a new model for controlling information published by data accounting system in the future.

Cosmopolitan Democracy and Democratic Public Law

Cosmopolitan democracy model is presented by David Held, beyond idealistic perspectives of left and right ideologies, mainly with a legal view, and found a global impact. As a prominent theorist in the field of democracy studies, David Held, by integrating the principle of autonomy in the model of constitutional democracy with the principle of participation in the model of participatory democracy, introduces a novel composition named ＂cosmopolitan democracy＂ that is a conception of democratic legal relations. Held is the first man who seeks to investigate democracy separated from the ideological models in relation to general human rights and identifies main areas of power in human life. He considers totally seven sets of rights necessarily enabling people to enjoy a free and equal participation in setting their communities. These rights include： right to health, welfare rights, cultural rights, civil rights, economic rights, political rights, and the right to enjoy a peaceful livelihood. Held＇s ultimate desire is to realize ideals of cosmopolitan democracy model in the global sphere, beyond the lessons of the West and the East. Through rethinking the theoretical and practical frameworks of this theory in today＇s world, the current paper seeks to study its role in reproducing democratic realism so that it would prepare the ground for the global consensus far from the ideal models.

The Criminal Law of Public Order as a Guardian of Public Interest in Terrorist Acts Scenario

Promotion of a model of the criminal law of public order represents an important point of reflection in criminal law doctrine. Public order, as a juridical good, has many predispositions to be exposed to criminal activity, and in this point of view, its special protection through criminal law norms constitutes a major concern of criminal legislation objectives. Criminal legislation （as a regulatory and modifying tool within society） is an intelligent social product It is a concrete expression of the important contribution of society in ensuring qualitative and quantitative relations of the model of public order. The latter finds expression as the object of a subjective right, which cannot be divided from the affirmation made by criminal legislation as a primary juridical good. In this context, the model of public order is associated with that of protection of general interest, in the subjective sense of the right to punish （ius puniendO, implemented by state authorities. In their universal meaning, all criminal offences in one way or another affect the normal functioning of public order, but terrorist acts can violate or impinge upon public order more closely and specifically. While affecting the designated model of public order, terrorist crimes put in question the architecture of the rule of law. In response to the mechanisms of terrorist offences, two main criminalization techniques are elaborated： （1） the classical technique of criminalization; and （2] the enumerative technique of criminalization. Criminal sanctions, by which the repression of this criminal vector is carried out, aim at ensuring not only the survival of human society, but also its cardinal values and interests, as well as the technical and scientific progress.

Empirical Test of Wagner＇s law in New Public Management Countries＇ Tax Revenue

The essence of empirical test of Wagner characteristic in new public management countries＇ tax revenue is to test the influence of economic growth on tax growth since new public management movement. Under IMF statistical framework, by using E-G two-step method in co-integration test and Granger causality test and empirically testing of the gross tax revenue and classified tax revenue in Australian, Canada, France, America, Britain these five countries, we can find that most indicators in most countries do not confirm to Wagner＇ s law. With the growth of GDP, tax revenue as a percentage of GDP rises periodically but not permanently. This period can be called the validity period of Wagner＇ s law in financial scale.

Public Welfare Crowdfunding in the Context of the ＂Charity Law＂

The formulation and promulgation of the ＂Charity Law＂ provides the legal basis for various forms of charitable activities, and also makes more and more commonweal activities go forward.And It also provides legal guidelines and direction for the increasingly active but ＂mixed＂ Internet public crowdfunding, and ensures smooth operation. Although the ＂Charity Law＂ still lacks certain aspects of public crowdfunding, it still outweighs its disadvantages and is Respected. Based on the relevant articles of the ＂Charity Law＂, this article elaborates on the ＂Charity Law＂ brought to public welfare crowdfunding from the main bodies of fund-raising, the flow of charity, charity donation and personal assistance.

Landmark Law Provides Equal Safeguards to Public,Private Property

Atier more than a quarter-century of market-oriented economic policies and unprecedented economic growths, China on March 15, 2007enacted its first law that provides equal legal safeguards to both public and private properties. The 247-article People＇s Republic of China Property Law, which is due to come into effect as of October 1, 2007, stipulates that ＂the property of the State, the collecfive, the individual and other obligees shall be protected by law, and no units or individuals may infringe upon it＂.

Public Security Penalties Law Respects, Protects Human Rights

On August 28, 2005, China＇s highest legislature adopted the Law on Penalties in Respect to Public Security Management （hereinafterrefen＇ed to as the Public Security Penalties Law for short）. The Law, adopted at the 17th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People＇s Congress, shall become effective for implementation on March 1, 2006 to replace the Regulations on Penalties in Respect to Public： Security Management （Herein after referred to as the Public Security Penalties Regulations for short） that has been in practice for 18 years.

欠发达地区县级公共图书馆法治建设任重道远——对鄂、渝、湘、黔若干县级图书馆的调研分析

文章选取了我国欠发达地区25个县级公共图书馆,围绕《中华人民共和国公共图书馆法》的具体实施情况开展深入调查。发现当前我国欠发达地区县级公共图书馆的法治化治理水平有所提升,但地方政府依法保障的情况仍然堪忧。为此提出了4个基层公共图书馆法治建设着力点,为新时代基层公共图书馆的法治化建设和高质量发展提供参考。

“三治融合”何以赋能农村集体公益设施建设和管护——基于内生动力的视角

内生动力不足是困扰农村集体公益设施建设和管护的重要因素。文章以西安市长安区四皓村美丽乡村建设为例,分析“三治融合”如何激发内生动力进而赋能农村集体公益设施建设和管护:首先,“三治融合”构成的农村“现代公共规则”与农村发展内生动力中的认同、参与、资源等基本要素相嵌合;其次,以党组织为核心的组织机构,通过“三治融合”的治理模式,形成内外部力量的有效互动,构建不同价值的双重循环,搭建个体与集体间的利益关联,产生农村集体公益设施建设和管护中的内驱力;最后,乡村公共事务治理不能仅依赖外部力量的介入,内外力量的互动是农村发展过程中内生动力生成的逻辑前提,构建村民个体与村社共同体的关联和认同是关键。

“检察公益诉讼法”基本原则确定之思考

“检察公益诉讼法”制定的基本原则是贯穿这部法律和检察公益诉讼实施过程的根本性、指导性原则,是高度抽象的行为规范和价值判断标准。自检察公益诉讼制度正式确立以来,中央和地方层面出台了多种规范性文件,为“检察公益诉讼法”基本原则的确定提供了重要的现实参考和依据。“检察公益诉讼法”基本原则的确定需要在理论层面对检察机关在公益诉讼中的地位、检察公益诉讼的地位以及检察公益诉讼的实践样态作出回应,以综合考量“遵循诉讼制度的原则”“遵循宪法、法律、相关法规的原则”“《人民检察院组织法》《检察官法》中的原则性规定”是否可纳入基本原则的范畴。立足于检察公益诉讼的本质属性,同时指导行政公益诉讼和民事公益诉讼,兼顾诉前程序和诉讼程序,建议将“检察公益诉讼法”的基本原则确立为“公共利益保护原则”“客观公正原则”“相互配合、相互制约、协同保护原则”。

论公共卫生治理的政府责任

多元共治时代,公共卫生治理中政府责任要打破基于行政任务进行责任配置的传统逻辑,将政府责任的厘定置于“公共任务公私合作”和“行政任务公私合作”的双重视域。公共卫生治理中行政机关作为公共任务公私合作的主导者和行政任务公私合作的责任方,在承担领导与促进责任、组织与动员责任、履行或担保责任、监督与救济责任之时,其内部构造差异明显。新时代公共卫生治理体系建构必须着眼于中国式社会治理共同体这一整体性视角,科学厘定公共卫生治理中政府责任的内部法律构造,统筹推动公共卫生治理法治化进程。

效力性强制性规定的规范构造:要素缺失与补正

强制性规定在司法实践中被分为效力性与管理性,这在相当程度上是为防范公法的不当干涉,实现管制与自治的平衡。该概念构造试图仅根据规范意旨将强制性规定一分为二,并对法律行为效力具有不同影响,充斥着公法管制思维,先验地肯定某一社会公共利益绝对高于所有个人利益,却忽略了社会公共利益的多元性以及最终服务于个人利益,而且个人利益也会转化为社会公共利益,应当采取违法行为效力个案具体认定的私法思路。评价法律行为效力不能完全无视私主体主观因素,法律行为无效作为私法上最严厉的惩罚,如果绝对否定主客观相一致将会过度侵犯行为自由。商事营利追求和自由主义等特性也要求对商事交易行为的无效更为慎重。应当避免将合同生效、履行这一私法逻辑推论不当套用到公法规制当中,不顾其对于私法自治干预程度的巨大差异。

我国《对外关系法》的内容体系及其实施探讨

“涉外法律”可以分为“涉外公法”“涉外经济法”与“涉外私法”。2023年6月28日通过并于同年7月1日生效的《对外关系法》属于“涉外公法”的范畴。该法共有六章四十五条,含总则、对外关系的职权、发展对外关系的目标任务、对外关系的制度、发展对外关系的保障及附则。它意在申明中国的对外关系活动将严格按照法治轨道运行,促使涉外法律体系更为完备,更有利于开展涉外法治斗争和维护国家、企业和国民利益。针对该法的宣示性及高度抽象和概括性,在该法实施过程中,我们首先应加大相关研究,为立法体系的进一步完善和有效实施打下基础;其次要协调好《对外关系法》与其他相关法律的关系;再次采取有效实施《对外关系法》的具体举措;最后要注重非国家行为体对实施《对外关系法》的影响与作用。

中国信用法学自主知识体系的构建

在我国社会信用体系建设过程中,社会信用似乎成为核心概念。从概念产生的角度观察,“社会信用”与“信用”为同一含义,“社会”只是强调信用应用领域的广泛性,宜采用“信用”之称。目前,信用的外延已经从传统的经济信用扩展至公共信用,展现出浓厚的本土色彩。信用领域的扩展导致信用法学研究对象的非单一性,信用法学应纳入领域法学而非部门法学的范畴。据此,问题导向的视角、实用主义的立场和兼容并蓄的路径构成了信用法学自主知识体系建构的方法论。以之为指导,立足中国信用实践,关切遏制公权和维护私益的信用立法价值取向,阐明本土化的概念系统,以信用法律关系和信用信息处理规则为双重主线叙事,才能实现信用法学自主性和体系化。

自然资源资产有偿使用的法治化构造

自然资源资产有偿使用是生态文明体制的改革重点。从基本属性、资源利用和表现形式三个方面廓清自然资源资产的概念内涵是建构自然资源资产有偿使用制度的逻辑起点。在宏观层面,公权力规制失范与私权利保障失衡是阻滞自然资源资产实现有偿使用的主要原因。在实践层面,价值核算体系混乱、使用范围模糊、使用方式粗放是推动自然资源资产有偿使用走向法治化道路的现实动因。以法治维度构造自然资源资产有偿使用制度,应以“公权管制”与“私权自治”为中心,准确释明自然资源资产的法律概念;明确允许有偿使用的自然资源资产范围;建立自然资源资产收益共享机制;完善自然资源资产有偿使用的程序性规则,为维护国家所有者权益和建设美丽中国提供制度保障。

专门立法进程下公益诉讼发展进路的系统检视

我国公益诉讼的创制自始预设“公益维护”价值目标,其十多年显性发展历程包含四个“逻辑阶段”;德国团体诉讼的演进动力源于“公益属性”二阶进化,其百余年显性历程塑造立体化制度架构。制度功能的契合使未曾交集的两者暗含逻辑共性,发展进路的差异使这种共性呈现“片段化”特征。“超激进实用主义”进路之下,检察行政公益诉讼创制由司法引领,立法和配套解释同步以确保制度不断齐备,从而迅速定型;民事公益诉讼创制却由立法先导,“超简化”立法未能确保“给付之诉”完整创设以持续其司法展开进程,陷入发展进路危机。未来,应立足党的二十大报告关于“完善公益诉讼制度”的明确要求,依托已纳入《十四届全国人大常委会立法规划》一类项目之《检察公益诉讼法》(《公益诉讼法》一并考虑)立法进程,统合公益诉讼零散的制度规则。为此,检察行政公益诉讼固可安享“超激进实用主义”进路的红利,民事公益诉讼却须系统调适发展进路。

我国乡村振兴促进法软法治理机制及其优化适用

《中华人民共和国乡村振兴促进法》呈现出针对乡村治理的软法进路,在诸多方面发挥了其软法内容所具有的弹性、开放性及补充性作用,是我国探索软法治理的有益尝试,但也存在软法机制未充分发挥的问题。当前,应在软法硬法互动效应的强化、授权性的公众参与及治理信息共享等方面着手,弥补乡村振兴促进法软法机制的不足,寻求我国乡村振兴发展的软法治理进路。