Lightning in a Forest (Wild) Fire: Mechanism at the Molecular Level

The mechanism of lightning that ignites a forest fire and the lightning that occurs above a forest fire are explained at the molecular level. It is based on two phenomena, namely, internal charge separation inside the atmospheric cloud particles and the existence of a layer of positively charged hydrogen atoms sticking out of the surface of the liquid layer of water on the surface of rimers. Strong turbulence-driven collisions of the ice particles and water droplets with the rimers give rise to breakups of the ice particles and water droplets into positively and negatively charged fragments leading to charge separation. Hot weather in a forest contributes to the updraft of hot and humid air, which follows the same physical/chemical processes of normal lightning proposed and explained recently[1]. Lightning would have a high probability of lighting up and burning the dry biological materials in the ground of the forest, leading to a forest (wild) fire. The burning of trees and other plants would release a lot of heat and moisture together with a lot of smoke particles (aerosols) becoming a strong updraft. The condition for creating lightning is again satisfied which would result in further lightning high above the forest wild fire.

菰米研究现状及产业发展趋势

菰米作为营养均衡的无麸质全谷物食品,含有丰富的营养物质,具有重要的营养、保健和医学价值。该文系统总结了近年来在菰米的营养成分和加工应用方面的研究进展,指出菰米中富含的营养物质主要有碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂质、维生素、酚类化合物、植物甾醇、γ-谷维素和γ-氨基丁酸等,具有抗氧化和抗心脑血管疾病等活性。菰米现有加工方式单一,应用处于初级阶段,开展菰米新加工方式研究,拓展其应用特性是当前该领域的重要研究任务。展望了未来我国菰米深入研究与加工应用的发展方向,未来菰米需选育优良品种、扩大种植率;菰米加工可从主食食品、休闲食品和发酵食品三大类进行研发,也可作为膳食补充剂添加进食品中,提升产品营养价值。

Genetic Diversity in Wild Populations of Poacynum hendersonii from Inland Arid Regions of Northwest China

[Objective] Study on the genetic diversity in wild populations of Poacynum hendersonii.[Method] Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)technique was employed to analyze the genetic diversity in five wild populations of P.hendersonii sampled from Xinjiang,Gansu and Qinghai provinces.[Result] Totally 165 clear and repeatable bands were generated in RAPD reaction by using 20 primers screened from 80 primers,of which 110 were polymorphic,accounting for 66.67%.At species level,Nei's gene diversity index(H),Shannon's information index(I)and genetic differentiation coefficient(Gst)were 0.220 5,0.304 7 and 0.908 2,respectively.P.hendersonii germplasm resources share a high level of genetic diversity,and genetic differentiation mainly exists among the populations.Results from genetic distances and cluster analysis showed that relationships among P.hendersonii populations were to some extent related with their geographical and climatic characters.[Conclusion] This study suggests that the conservation of P.hendersonii should focus on the protection of many populations,particularly the Qinghai population.

野生二粒小麦AP2家族基因鉴定与表达模式分析

AP2转录因子在植物信号转导、生长发育和胁迫响应方面发挥着重要作用。为探索AP2转录因子在野生二粒小麦中的分子特征,基于野生二粒小麦基因组信息,采用Blast和Hmmer进行AP2家族成员鉴定,对鉴定到的成员进行蛋白质理化性质、亚细胞定位、系统进化树、保守结构域、基因扩增、顺式作用元件、密码子偏好性、表达模式和遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在野生二粒小麦中共鉴定到265个AP2基因,主要定位在细胞核和叶绿体中。根据系统进化树将其分为3个亚族,各亚族之间的保守结构域和基因结构存在保守性与多样性。AP2含有多个与生长发育和非生物胁迫相关的顺式作用元件。AP2基因的密码子偏好性可能受到压力选择作用。从AP2基因的表达模式看,该家族成员可能发生了亚功能化,且对盐胁迫响应有重要作用。通过对不同小麦群体中核酸多样性和分化指数分析,AP2基因部分成员在野生二粒小麦中具有较高的遗传多样性。

自然资源保护区环境教育效果评价研究——以武当道茶(Eurya Alata)保护示范区为例

作为全球生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,我国的野生植物资源遭受着严峻的生存威胁。因此,分析野生植物资源保护区周边农户的环境教育效果具有现实意义。采用武当道茶保护示范区的调研数据,基于KAP理论构建“环境教育状况、认知、态度和行为”框架评价农户环境教育效果,并对其参与意愿影响因素进行分析。结果表明:1)武当道茶保护示范区农户野生植物资源保护教育的综合得分为62.6分,整体水平处于“效果明显范畴”,4个评价体系的得分为行为层面(75.2分)、态度层面(60.2分)、知识层面(57.8分)、实施层面(52.2分)依次递减的特征,呈现出重行为轻认知的特点。2)IPA对比分析图显示,环境行为位于继续保持区域,环境态度位于过度加强区域,环境知识位于次要加强区域。农户行为是提升野生植物资源保护教育效果的首要条件,未来需要继续保持;农户的知识是关键因素,未来需要进一步加强;农户的态度效果因子可适当放缓。3)农户的性别、年龄以及文化水平是影响环境教育感知的重要因素,男性受访者的环境教育感知强于女性,但在行为意识方面有欠缺,女性农民则相反。年龄越大的农户其感知能力越弱,文化程度越高的农户,环境教育效果越好。建议大力挖掘野生植物资源保护与可持续利用内容,加强对农户关于农业生物多样性保护方面的宣传教育与普及;从完善野生植物资源保护教育设施、丰富野生植物资源保护教育内容等措施提升农户的环境教育效果。

Pro/E Wild Fire中零件库的建立方法

以Pro/E Wild Fire软件为基础,详细地论述了零件库的建立方法,分析了每种方法的优缺点,提出了适用范围,使零件库的建立更加简单化,从而有效的提高了实体建模速度,缩短了设计周期。

Identification of Endophytic Bacillus BHL3501 from Wild Soybean and Its Inhibitory Effect against Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)

[ Objective] The paper was to identify endophytic bacillus BHL3501 from wild soybean and its inhibitory effect against soybean cyst nematode. [ Meth- od] Through morphological characteristic, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA analysis, a strain of endophytic bacterium BHL3501 with ne- maticidal activity isolated and screened from the root of wild soybean was identified, the effects of BHL3501 metabolite solutions with different dilution multiples on egg hatching and activity of 2rd instar juvenile of soybean cyst nematode were also studied. [ Result ] BHL3501 strain was preliminarily identified to be Bacillus sp.. The relative inhibitory rate of its original fermentation broth on egg hatching of soybean cyst nematode after 24 h was 98.3% ; the relative inhibitory rate under 10- time diluted solution treatment was 79.5%, which had significant difference with sterile water control. The corrected mortality rate of 24 instar juvenile was 93.1% after treated by original fermentation broth for 24 h, the treatments of all diluted solutions had significant difference with sterile water control. [ Conclusion ] BHL3501 metabolites had strong inhibitory effect against egg hatching of soybean cyst nematode, which also had strong toxic effect on its 2nd instar juvenile.

Wild Ornamental Plant Resources and Their Application to City Gardening in Hainan Province

This paper deals with the wild ornamental plant resources which are suitable for the application to gardening in Hainan Province and with the significance and the influencing factors in the application and extension of these resources to gardening. The strategies for the application of the wild ornamental plant resources have been established as the result of this research.

线性回归M估计量的Wild Bootstrap方法研究

Wild Bootstrap是一种适用于回归方程中存在异方差时的再取样方法。本文通过线性回归Huber估计量的模拟研究,比较了不同的bootstrap方法,并验证了wild bootstrap方法在有限样本下的有效性。通过运用一种简单有限样本统计量对wild bootstrap加以修正,对于存在异方差性且基于固定设计的回归模型而言,wild bootstrap成为首选的重复抽样法。

On the Description of Naturalism in The Call of the Wild

自然主义最早由法国的小说家左拉提出 ,美国小说家弗兰克·诺里斯将其介绍入美国 ,而杰克·伦敦则被认为是美国最伟大的自然主义小说家之一 ,他的自然主义观点在《野性的呼唤》中得到了最充分的体现。达尔文的“大鱼吃小鱼 ,适者生存”的自然主义观点在书中由巴克的形象充分地体现了出来。本文试图探讨自然主义在《野性的呼唤》中的表现 。

论wild rice不一定指野生稻

野生稻,英文译为wild rice,但笔者在查阅有关野生稻(wild rice)的英文文献时发现,wild rice除指代禾本科稻属中的野生稻之外;还有文献指代的是禾本科菰属的菰米。因此,本文分两部分阐述,野生稻与菰的比较、wild rice不一定指野生稻,为后人查阅wild rice时辨别菰或野生稻提供有效的帮助。

清至民国时期贵州野菜的辨别、加工与价值探析

贵州地处云贵高原,地理环境的复杂多变造就了丰富多样的野菜种类。各族人民常根据野菜的外形、生长季节等因素来辨别其可食用性。因野菜中多年生植物较多,且季节性强,一年中大部分时间都有不同类型的野菜可供采摘,即使是在出产量少的季节,亦有加工储存之野菜可供食用,以至于在20世纪80年代前,贵州黔东南、黔南部分少数民族地区仍常年不种家蔬,专以野菜为食。野菜除充饥外,还具有药用、营养、饲用、观赏等价值。因此,充分认识贵州野菜的资源优势,对贵州山区经济的发展有着重要意义。

麦克纳姆轮农业机器人路径跟踪——基于改进野马算法

针对麦克纳姆轮农业机器人在智能大棚中的路径跟踪问题,建立了运动学模型和动力学模型,设计了一种新型的双环比例微分-分数阶比例积分导数(Proportional Derivative-Fractional Order Proportional-Integral Derivative,PD-FOPID)控制器对全局路径进行动态跟踪控制。对于控制器参数多且整定困难的问题,首先采用帐篷映射初始化种群策略、精英主义记忆策略、动态余弦权重策略和柯西—高斯变异策略对原始野马算法进行改进,然后利用略改进野马算法(Improved Wild Horse Optimizer,IWHO)对控制器最优增益参数优化。实验结果表明:所开发的算法在探索和开发阶段方面性能优异,且PD-FOPID控制器在整定工作中表现突出。路径跟踪仿真证明,设计的双环PD-FOPID控制器比FOPID控制器更具显著的优势,能够避免动态误差累积,快速响应调整到规划路径,在提高农业大棚机器人路径跟踪控制质量方面具有巨大的潜力。

基于Wild Bootstrap非参数方法的AR模型线性检验

介绍了AR模型线性的非参数核检验统计量,并对检验统计量进行了检验水平和检验势的Wild Bootstrap模拟.模拟结果显示,非参数核检验统计量的Wild Bootstrap检验稳健性和可靠性都比渐近检验高,TAR与双线性AR模型比其他3种AR的检验势高.

Wildes虹膜识别方法的研究

虹膜识别技术是一门利用人类特有的生物特征——虹膜,来验证个人身份的科学。由于虹膜的结构具有独一无二、稳定及难于复制等特性,所以,这种识别方法提供了一种相对可靠和稳定的身份鉴别途径。对Wildes的虹膜识别方法[1]的图像采集、图像的预处理、特征提取和匹配等过程进行了研究,找出了这种识别方法存在的不足之处,并提出了切实可行的改进措施,大大提高了原系统的精度。

图形-背景视域下叶芝抒情诗的认知解读——以The Wild Swans at Coole为例

认知诗学图形-背景理论可以阐释英裔爱尔兰诗人叶芝抒情诗The Wild Swans at Coole(《柯尔庄园的野天鹅》)。以诗歌创作的社会环境、诗人的个人经历及创作风格为参照,诗中的意象、句法语义、韵律及语篇衔接等所体现的图形与背景关系得以清晰化,诗歌主题意象的象征意义得以深入理解,从而使观者获得情感体验,达到诗歌的审美效果。得出结论:诗歌的深入理解应建立在诗歌内容与相关背景信息相结合的基础上。

On the Value of "Wild Play Grounds" in Promoting Local "Carefree Travelling"

'Wild Play Grounds' are the wild places which can attract people to visit.And the 'Wild Play Grounds' are generally the naturally existing places with unique charm,rather than the established tourist attractions or scenic spots.There are no formal organizations for the daily management.Both tickets and clear geographical borders can not be found here.In this research,'Carefree Travelling' is an integrated project of tourism resources in Shandong Province promoted in 2007.Because of their particular characteristics,the 'Wild Play Grounds' have a certain relationship with 'Carefree Travelling',and they are the natural resources of 'Carefree Travelling'.The development of 'Wild Play Grounds' is the further exploitation of the 'Carefree Travelling' resources as well as a better expanding of the tourist market.Relying on the 'Wild Play Grounds',it also has many advantages to develop 'Carefree Travelling',and it will bring good economic and social benefits.Local government should play an important role in developing the 'Wild Play Grounds'.

A Comparative Study Of two Chinese Versions of Wilde's De Profundis

Oscar Wilde was one of the most successful playwrights of the late Victorian era in London.De Profundis is a collection of letters written by him while he was imprisoned after being convicted of "gross indecency" with other men.The language in it is colloquial yet still retains the distinguishing features of Wilde's work,which is full of the flowers of speech and sparkling of ideas.The two Chinese versions of the book exhibit exquisite techniques of the translators and their different ways of dealing with the various problems of translation.This article is going to do a comparative work between the two versions.In chapter 3,there will be a detailed analysis of the two versions from different aspects to see how the two translators reproduce the grammatical and functional meaning of the source language while still retaining the original style.

The Call of Humanity in The Call of the Wild

Jack London is one of the greatest American novelists. Many of his works are very popular among readers all over the world. This paper firstly gives a brief introduction of Jack London and The Call of the Wild. Then it analyzes the theme and main Characters of this novel. At last the implied meaning is discussed.

The role of wildlife (wild birds)in the global transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes

Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent global health challenge in human and veterinary medicine. Wild animals are not directly exposed to clinically relevant antibiotics; however, antibacterial resistance in wild animals has been increasingly reported worldwide in parallel to the situation in human and veterinary medicine. This underlies the complexity of bacterial resistance in wild animals and the possible interspecies transmission between humans, domestic animals, the environment, and wildlife. This review summarizes the current data on expanded- spectrum 13-1actamase （ESBL）, AmpC IB-lactamase, carbapenemase, and colistin resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates of wildlife origin. The aim of this review is to better understand the important role of wild animals as reservoirs and vectors in the global dissemination of crucial clinical antibacterial resistance. In this regard, continued surveillance is urgently needed worldwide.